Her man to

A sentence is a group of words that contains

a subject and predicate, makes sense by
itself, and can stand alone.
The subject names the person, place, thing,
or idea that the sentence will be about.
The predicate is the action or condition part
of a sentence. It tells or shows what the
subject does, is, or appears to be.

NOUN PHRASE

VERB PHRASE

NOUN

VERB

They
He
The police
The professor and his colleagues

run
sleeps
is exercising
read and study

Make more sentences of this type by supplying the missing parts in

the following sentences:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

_________ is thinking.
_________ are studying.
The sun _________
_________ is singing.
The wind __________

6. _________ is playing.
7. _________ were ringing.
8. Professor Root _________
9. _________ had been waiting.
10. The children _________

The complete subject comes first in a

sentence.
The complete subject can be expressed in
these ways:
1. A noun by itself. (The horse runs fast).
2. A noun and modifiers. (The horse which
is on the left runs fast)
3. A pronoun (It runs fast)

The complete predicate usually comes after

the subject.
The complete predicate can be expressed in
these ways:
1. A verb by itself. (He goes)
2. A verb with adjective or adverb
complement. (He is tall, He is at
home)
3. A verb with an auxiliary. (He can swim)
4. A verb with a noun or pronoun. (She
become a doctor, She enjoys it)

Agreement of Subject and Predicate

The singular subjects in the third person, like
she and Sheila are followed by the s form of
either the simple verb or an auxiliary.
Ex: Dr. Sheila teaches.
She is lecturing.
He doesnt study.
She doesnt approve.

Agreement and Compound Subjects

a. If the parts of the compound
subject are joined by and, whether
they are singular or plural, the plural
form of the verb is used.
The boys and girls are playing.
Mark and Helena agree.

Agreement and Compound Subjects

b. If the parts of the compound
subject are singular and are joined
by such connectives as or, nor, either

or, neither nor, not only but

also, the singular form of the verb is

used.
Either John or his friend is invited.
Neither Helga nor Andy works.

Agreement and Compound Subjects

c. If the compound subject joined by or, nor,

either or, neither nor, not only but

also are different in number of person, the

part nearest the verb determines the form of

the verb used.
Either John or his friends are invited.
Not only the students but also the teacher
is excited.

Agreement and Collective Nouns

Occasionally, a noun that is singular form
may be used in a plural sense.
The crowd were waiving their hands and
shouting.
The committee were arguing.
Usually, collective nouns like class, group,
committee, jury, and so on are considered
singular and the s form of the verb is used
with them.
The committee is meeting.
The jury has been dismissed.

Verb Forms and Auxiliaries That do

not Change Form for Agreement
The simple past form of the verb
and modal auxiliaries do not
change when the person or
number of the subject changes.
-

The guests came

He worked
We can sing
They must go

He came
They worked
He can sing
It must run

a. Use a form of the auxiliary be in each of the

following blanks.
Example: The engineers and the company
president are attending.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Both the teachers and the students _____

reading.
Neither Jim nor Tom _____ writing.
Teddy and his brother _____ talking.
Either Ron or his brothers _____ leaving.
Mrs. Smith, together with her daughters, _____
shopping.

b. Combine the following pairs or groups of

sentences into one sentence. Make sure that the
subjects and predicates agree.
Example: The boy is talking. He is laughing. (and)
The boy is talking and laughing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The students are listening. The students are writing.

(and)
John is not speaking. John is not writing. (or)
They observe. They report. (neither, nor)
The boys are conducting research. The girls are
conducting research. (not only, but also)
He runs. He jumps. (either, or)

c. Find the elements in the following sentences that form the

basic sentence pattern noun + verb.
Example: After a long wait, the gleaming glass doors of the
new department store finally opened to the public. The
doors opened.
1. The 6:45 express train from Newtown at long last
arrived at the crowded stations.
2. A small but vicious dog at our neighbors house noisily
and persistently barked all night.
3. The securely wrapped package of spare parts for the
tractor came yesterday by registered mail.
4. In spite of our best efforts, all essential work in the
rubber tire factory stopped completely.
5. A very famous musician from the conservatory played
for one hour yesterday.

A direct object follows a transitive verb.

A transitive verb is incomplete. To complete
it, you must use a direct object.
The direct object usually receives or results
from the action.
The direct objects always answer the
questions what? or whom?

The students asked Prof. Ted

(Whom did they ask?)
The students asked a lot of questions.
(What did the students ask Prof. Ted?
She assigned some homework.
(What did she assign?)
We met Mrs. Ross.
(Whom did we meet?)

Tim told his friends something exciting. The

university had awarded him a scholarship.
The scholarship committee sent him the news
yesterday. Tim showed me the letter. It gave
him all the details. Each month, the university
will mail him a check. Then, he must pay the
university the required fee. The university has
given Tim a very great honor.

Some transitive verbs take a direct object and

some take two objects.
The transitive verbs that take two objects
have a give meaning.
The first object is an indirect object. The
second object is a direct object.
The indirect object answers the questions to
whom? or for whom?
The words to or for are suggested in the
meaning of indirect object.

The students asked Prof. Ted a lot of question.

The students asked a lot of question to Prof.
Ted (indirect object).
( To whom did the students ask a lot of
questions?)
She assigned them some homework.
She assigned some homework to them (indirect
object).
(To whom did she assign some homework?)

Object of preposition is an object which

occurs after a preposition.
Sam gives Ross a present.
Sam gives a present to Ross.
(To is a preposition, Ross is the object of the
preposition).
I am thinking about the homework.
(About is a preposition, homework is the
object of the proposition).

Finish each of these sentences and indicate its sentence

pattern as (1) noun + verb or (2) noun + verb + noun.
Example:
My friend enjoyed the party (2)
I always sleep well every night (1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Louis loves _____ .

He enjoys _____ .
She practiced _____ .
The children are playing _____ .
They like _____ .
Tommy studies _____ .
She goes _____ .
Yesterday, we went _____ .
I saw _____ .
She had _____ .

Combine the following groups of sentences into one

sentence
Example: The students read constantly. They read
books about marine life.
The students read books about marine life
constantly.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The students take examinations. They take them

quite regularly.
The cat eat hungrily. They eat fish and mouse.
She studies biology. She studies several hours a
day. She studies hard.
She will study plant life. She will study next
semester.
Lia studies mathematics. She studies every night.

1.

Make more sentences of this type by supplying the

missing parts.
Example: Mr. Chen teaches the new students _____ .
Mr. Chen teaches the new students
mathematics.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

He gives _____ lessons.

The university _____ Tim a letter.
Mrs. Gonzales will buy _____ a present.
_____ paid Tono his salary.
_____ will show _____ the way.
Dr. Rom asked the class _____ .
The UN offered _____ a fellowship.
The director promised the employees _____.
_____ assigned _____ our duties.
This problem has caused _____ a lot of trouble.

Combine the following pairs of sentences into one sentence, using the
pattern noun + Verb + Noun + Noun.
Example:
Bruce lives in a house. Mr. Ave is renting it.
Mr. Ave is renting Bruce a house
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Thomas received the letter. The university mailed it on

Tuesday.
His friends received the news. Tom told it.
Tom received a scholarship. The university gave it.
Ted receives instructions. The supervisor gives them.
Sara will receive a check each month. The bank will issue it.
The committee will receive a receipt. Thomas will send it.
The Smiths will receive a latter. John will write it.
The scholarship committee will receive many questions.
Students will ask them.
The scholarship winners received congratulations. The class
sent them.
They received a gift. Their friends bought it.