Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Name:
_______________________
ID:
_______________________
Please Note:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Question
Grade
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Answer:______
E. In an oil-water system, which of the following is not a reason why the effective permeability
of the oil phase is less than the absolute permeability:
(a) adverse capillary forces cause water to plug a channel because the pressure gradient is
insufficient to push the interface through a pore constriction
(b) trapping of clustered globules
(c) viscosity of oil is less than viscosity of water
(d) the water phase flow interferes with the flow of the oil phase
(e) immobilized drops of water plug some pore channels
Answer:______
F. The retrograde regions are:
(a) inside the two-phase region and in one of them, as the temperature and pressure is raised, the
amount of the liquid phase remains constant
(b) inside the two-phase region and in one of them, as the pressure is raised, the amount of the
liquid phase drops
(c) inside the two-phase region and in one of them, as the pressure is raised, the amount of the
liquid phase rises
(d) adjacent but outside the two-phase region and in one of them, as the pressure is raised, the
amount of the liquid phase drops
(e) inside the two-phase region and in one of them, as the viscosity is raised, the amount of the
liquid phase drops
Answer:______
G.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
NmBoi
(a) Which term or terms represents the change in free gas volume in reservoir at time t
(expressed at reservoir conditions) ?
NmBoi
NmBoi
+ NRsi N p R p (N N p )Rs Bg
Bgi
(b) If the above material balance equation was modified to include cumulative gas injected, GI,
which term would be modified and state final form of this term ?
NmBoi
(c) In an oil reservoir where there is no gas cap, no water drive, no water production, no active
gas injection, what does the material balance equation reduce to ?
(d) For a given reservoir, the initial reservoir pressure is 4200 kPa and the PVT and production
data is given versus pressure and time in the following Table. The porosity is 0.3 and initial
water saturation is 0.2.
Time, Years
0
2
P, kPa
4200
3400
Rs
52
47
Bo
1.11
1.10
Bg
0.010
0.012
Np, Mm3
0
15
Rp
62
57
(i) Is there a gas cap in this reservoir ? How can you tell this ?
Since Rp > Rs, yes there is a gas cap.
krA
krB
0.2100000
0.2310714
0.2521428
0.2732143
0.2942857
0.3153571
0.3364286
0.3575000
0.3785715
0.3999999
0.4207143
0.4417857
0.4628571
0.4839286
0.5050000
0.5260714
0.5471429
0.5682143
0.5892857
0.6103572
0.6314286
0.6525000
0.6735715
0.6946429
0.7157143
0.7367857
0.7578571
0.7789286
0.8000000
0.0000000
0.0000008
0.0000130
0.0000659
0.0002082
0.0005084
0.0010542
0.0019531
0.0033319
0.0053371
0.0081346
0.0119099
0.0168680
0.0232333
0.0312500
0.0411816
0.0533111
0.0679413
0.0853941
0.1060114
0.1301541
0.1582032
0.1905587
0.2276404
0.2698875
0.3177590
0.3717331
0.4323077
0.5000000
1.0000000
0.8804812
0.7715315
0.6725691
0.5830237
0.5023360
0.4299582
0.3653545
0.3080007
0.2573857
0.2130103
0.1743886
0.1410480
0.1125295
0.0883883
0.0681944
0.0515325
0.0380033
0.0272237
0.0188276
0.0124670
0.0078125
0.0045549
0.0024063
0.0011019
0.0004026
0.0000974
0.0000086
0.0000000
Oil
B = ________________
(e) Does the data suggest the reservoir rock is water or oil wet ?
Oil-wet
(f) At Sw = 0.4, what is the mobility ratio ?
k w AP
q w w L k w w w
M=
=
=
=
qo k o AP k o o o
L
o
M = (0.0053371/1)/(0.2573857/3) = 0.06221
fw =
fw =
1
=
1 + qo qw
1
k
1 + o
o
k w
w
1
k
1 + ro
o
krw
1 + w ae bS
o
1
= 0.005856
0.2573857 0.0053371
1 +
3
1
(h) If the OOIP in the reservoir is estimated to be 100 million m3, what is the maximum
recoverable oil from the reservoir given the relative permeability data above ?
Recoverable Oil = (RF) (OOIP)
RF =
1 S wc S orw
1 S wc
q=
kA
k = (20 cc/min)(1m3/1000000cc)(1min/60s)(0.001)/(1000)(9.81)A
= 4.33 D
(c) If the target water saturation in the sand was to be 0.3, how much water, in m3, should be
added to the sandpack ?
Sw = 0.3 = Vw/PV
PV = (0.33)(3 m)(/4)(0.10m)2
Vw = 0.3 PV = 0.002333 m3
(d) The sandpack is initially saturated with water and then it is allowed to flow out at the bottom
of the sandpack.
(i) What is the wetting fluid and what is the nonwetting fluid ?
Wetting = water
Nonwetting = air
(e) The capillary pressure for this sand is given in the following Figure.
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Water Saturation
(v) If the contact angle is estimated to be 30, determine an estimate for the average pore
radius ?
2 cos
Curvature = 84615 m-1 =
r
so get
r = 2.05e-5 m
9
CP
Liquid+Vapour
C
A
Vapour (Mixture)
D
A
Liquid Mixture
T
(b) For a single component, draw the vapour-liquid P-T diagram on the following Figure.
Indicate the critical point and where two-phases would occur.
CP
Two Phases
T
(c) For water, name a pressure and temperature where two fluid phases simultaneously exist.
Boiling point, 100C and 1 atm
10
(d) The steam zone in a thermal oil recovery process contains water at saturation conditions and
methane at total pressure equal to 2 MPa. The mole fraction of water in the vapour phase is
equal to 0.6.
(i) What is the partial pressure of methane in the vapour phase ?
Partial pressure of methane = (0.4)(2) = 0.8 MPa
(ii) If the K-value for methane is equal to 13.4, what is the mole fraction of methane in
the liquid phase ?
yCH4 = 0.4
K-value = y CH4/x CH4 = 13.4
xCH4 = y CH4/13.4 = 0.4/13.4 = 0.02985
11