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V-type engine
Radial engine Direct and reverse crank method
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The force on the sides of the cylinder walls (FN) and the vertical component of FB
(i.e. FBV) are equal and opposite and thus form a shaking couple of magnitude FN x X
or FBV x X.
From above, we see that the effect of the reciprocating parts is to produce a
shaking force and a shaking couple. Since the shaking force and a shaking couple
vary in magnitude and direction during the engine cycle, therefore they cause very
objectionable vibrations.
Thus the purpose of balancing the reciprocating masses is to eliminate the shaking
force and a shaking couple. In most of the mechanisms, we can reduce the shaking
force and a shaking couple by adding appropriate balancing mass, but it is usually
not practical to eliminate them completely. In other words, the reciprocating
masses are only partially balanced.
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From the above discussion, we see that in the first case, the primary
unbalanced force acts along the line of stroke whereas in the second
case, the unbalanced force acts along the perpendicular to the line of
stroke.
The maximum value of the force remains same in both the cases.
It is thus obvious, that the effect of the above method of balancing is
to change the direction of the maximum unbalanced force from the
line of stroke to the perpendicular of line of stroke.
As a compromise, let a fraction c of the reciprocating masses is
balanced, such that: cmr = B.b
Therefore, Unbalanced force along the line of stroke
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A single cylinder reciprocating engine has speed 240 r.p.m., stroke 300
mm, mass of reciprocating parts 50 kg, mass of revolving parts at 150
mm radius is 37 kg. If two-third of the reciprocating parts and all the
revolving parts are to be balanced, find: 1. The balance mass required
at a radius of 400 mm, and 2. The residual unbalanced force when the
crank has rotated 60 from top dead centre.
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Notes :
1)
2)
3)
For a two cylinder engine with cranks at 180, condition (1) may be
satisfied, but this will result in an unbalanced couple. Thus the above
method of primary balancing cannot be applied in this case.
For a three cylinder engine with cranks at 120 and if the reciprocating
masses per cylinder are same, then condition (1) will be satisfied because
the forces may be represented by the sides of an equilateral triangle.
However, by taking a reference plane through one of the cylinder centre
lines, two couples with non-parallel axes will remain and these cannot
vanish vectorially. Hence the above method of balancing fails in this case
also.
For a four cylinder engine, similar reasoning will show that complete
primary balance is possible and it follows that
For a multi-cylinder engine, the primary forces may be completely
balanced by suitably arranging the crank angles, provided that the
number of cranks are not less than four'.
The closing side of the primary force polygon gives the maximum unbalanced
primary force and the closing side of the primary couple polygon gives the
maximum un-balanced primary couple.
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Hareesha N G, Dept of Aero Engg, DSCE, Blore
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The algebraic sum of the secondary forces must be equal to zero. In other
words, the secondary force polygon must close, and
The algebraic sum of the couples about any point in the plane of the
secondary forces must be equal to zero. In other words, the secondary couple
polygon must close.
Note : The closing side of the secondary force polygon gives the
maximum unbalanced secondary force and the closing side of the
secondary couple polygon gives the maximum unbalanced secondary
couple.
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In order to give the primary balance of the reciprocating parts of a multicylinder engine, the problem may be treated as that of revolving masses
with the reciprocating masses transferred to their respective crank pins.
The position of planes is shown in Fig. a
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In order to find the mass of the third cylinder (m3) and its angular position, draw the force
polygon, to some suitable scale, as shown in Fig. d, from the data given in Table (column 4).
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The secondary crank positions obtained by rotating the primary cranks at twice the
angle, is shown in Fig (e).
Now draw the secondary force polygon, as shown in Fig. ( f ), to some suitable
scale, from the data given in Table (column 4).
The closing side of the polygon shown dotted in Fig. ( f ) represents the maximum
secondary unbalanced force.
By measurement, we find that the maximum secondary unbalanced force is
proportional to 582 kg-m.
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The cranks and connecting rods of a 4-cylinder in-line engine running at 1800 r.p.m.
are 60 mm and 240 mm each respectively and the cylinders are spaced 150 mm
apart. If the cylinders are numbered 1 to 4 in sequence from one end, the cranks
appear at intervals of 90 in an end view in the order 1-4-2-3. The reciprocating mass
corresponding to each cylinder is 1.5 kg.
Determine : i. Unbalanced primary and secondary forces, if any, and 2. Unbalanced
primary and secondary couples with reference to central plane of the engine.
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From the secondary force polygon as shown in Fig., we see that it is a closed
figure. Therefore there are no unbalanced secondary forces. Ans.
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A five cylinder in-line engine running at 750 r.p.m. has successive cranks 144 apart, the
distance between the cylinder centre lines being 375 mm. The piston stroke is 225 mm and the
ratio of the connecting rod to the crank is 4. Examine the engine for balance of primary and
secondary forces and couples. Find the maximum values of these and the position of the
central crank at which these maximum values occur. The reciprocating mass for each cylinder
is 15 kg.
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The position of the cylinders and the cranks are shown in Fig. (a), (b)
and (c).
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With the reference plane midway between the cylinders 3 and 4, the
data may be tabulated as given in the following table :
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From Fig. (d) and (f), we see that the primary force polygons and couple polygons
are closed figures, therefore there are no out-of-balance primary forces.
Thus the engine is balanced for primary forces and couples.
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From Fig. (e) and (g), we see that the secondary force polygons and couple polygons
are closed figures, therefore there are no out-of-balance secondary forces and
couples.
Thus the engine is balanced for secondary forces and couples.
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We know that the centrifugal force acting on the primary direct and
reverse crank
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Note :
The component of the centrifugal forces of the direct and reverse
cranks, in a direction perpendicular to the line of stroke, are each
equal to
, but opposite in direction.
Hence these components are balanced.
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In the similar way as discussed above, it will be seen that for the
secondary effects, the mass (m) of the reciprocating parts may be
replaced by two masses (each m/2) placed at D and D such that
OD = OD = r/4n.
The crank OD is the secondary direct crank and rotates at 2 rad/s in
the clockwise direction, while the crank OD' is the secondary reverse
crank and rotates at 2 rad/s in the anti CW direction as shown in
Fig. .
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The position of three cylinders is shown in Fig. Let the common crank be along the
inner dead centre of cylinder 1. Since common crank rotates clockwise, therefore
is positive when measured clockwise.
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From Fig.(a), we see that the secondary direct cranks form a balanced
system.
Therefore there is no unbalanced secondary force due to the direct
cranks. From Fig. (b) we see that the resultant secondary force is
equivalent to the centrifugal force of a mass 3 m/2 attached at a
crank radius of r/4n and rotating at a speed of 2 rad/s in the
opposite direction to the crank.2
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A radial aero-engine has seven cylinders equally spaced with all the connecting rods coupled
to a common crank. The crank and each of the connecting rods are 200 mm and 800 mm
respectively The reciprocating mass per cylinder is 3 kg. Determine the magnitude and the
angular position of the balance masses required at the crank radius for complete primary
and secondary balancing of the engine.
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Balancing of V-engines
Consider a symmetrical two cylinder V-engine as shown in Fig.
The common crank OC is driven by two connecting rods PC and QC. The lines of
stroke OP and OQ are inclined to the vertical OY, at an angle .
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The balancing of V-engines is only considered for primary and secondary forces as
discussed below :
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