8.1-BSSPAR-Handover Control Adjacencies PDF

Handover Control & Adjacencies
BSSPAR S10.5
Module 08
BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0
NOKIA
Module Objectives
At the end of this module, the participant will be able to:
List ten types of handovers, in the order in which they are prioritised.
State the parameters defining the minimum intervals between handovers
and between handover attempts.
Discuss the target cell evaluation process.
Explain the parameters associated with power budget handovers.
Name the parameters used to control umbrella handovers.
List the parameters associated with MS speed detection and handovers.
Discuss the mechanism and parameters for handover due to signal level or
quality.
State the various types of imperative handovers and their associated
parameters.
Explain the Advanced Multilayer Handling (AMH) concept and parameters.
NOKIA
Handover
Control &
Adjacencies
Contents (1 of 2)
1. Module Objectives
2. Introduction to the Handover Process
3. Handover Decisions
4. Handover Timers
5. Target Cell Evaluation Process
6. Radio Resource Handovers
Power Budget (PBGT)
Umbrella, & Combined Umbrella - PBGT
MS Speed (FMMS & MS_SPEED_DETECTION)
Quality & Level (RXQUAL & RXLEV)
7. Imperative Handovers
MS-BTS Distance
Rapid Field Drop (RFD)
Enhanced Rapid Field Drop (ERFD)
NOKIA
Handover
Control &
Adjacencies
Contents (2 of 2)
8. Traffic Reason Handovers
9. Load Control between layers: AMH
10. Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band (DADL/B)
11. Handover Parameter List
12. Adjacent Cell Parameter List
13. Practical Examples of Handovers
14. Handover Control Exercise
15. Handover & Power Control Exercise

16. Key Learning Points
17. Review Questions
NOKIA
Overview
Handover
Process
Why are handovers needed?

Call continuity
- to ensure a call can be maintained as an MS moves in

geographical location, from the coverage area of one cell to
another
Call quality
- to ensure that if an MS moves into an area of poor quality

or poor coverage, the call can be moved from the serving cell
to a
neighbouring cell (with better quality) without dropping the
call
Traffic Reasons
- to ensure that the traffic within the network is optimally

distributed between the different layers or bands of a network
NOKIA
Handover Causes
Handover
Process
Uplink Quality
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO
Downlink Quality
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO
Uplink Level
AV_RXLEV_UL_HO
Downlink Level
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO
MS Speed
AV_MS_SPEED
Timing Advance
AV_RANGE_HO
QUALITY
&
INTERFERENCE
LEVEL
THRESHOLD
COMPARISON
MS SPEED
DISTANCE
RAPID FIELD DROP
Adjacent Cells
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)
CHANNEL ADMINISTRATION
IMPERATIVE
HO
DIRECTED RETRY
Others causes;
- Intelligent Underlay/Overlay (IUO)
POWER BUDGET
- Traffic Reason Handover (TRHO)
- Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band (DADL/B)

NOKIA
UMBRELLA
PERIODIC
CHECKS
Handover
Process
Handover Priorities
If 2 or more Handover (& PC) criteria are satisfied simultaneously, the following
priority list is used in determining which process is performed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Uplink and downlink Interference

Uplink quality
e.g if downlink quality &
Downlink quality
slow moving mobile criteria
Uplink level
were satisfied
Downlink level
simultaneously
Distance
HO with cause downlink
Enhanced (RFD)
quality performed
Slow moving MS
Better cell i.e. Periodic check (Power Budget HO or Umbrella HO)
11. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)

12. PC: Upper quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Handover Timers
Minimum time between consecutive handovers related to the same

connections
minIntBetweenHoReq (MIH)(HOC)
Minimum time between handover attempts after a failure
minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt (MIU)(HOC)
Applied differently in Intercell / Intracell handovers
Additional Guard Periods are used for Back-handovers
Quality
Distance
Traffic reason
Interference
Parameter
Value
minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt (MIU)(HOC)
minIntBetweenHoReq (MIH)(HOC)
NOKIA
0 ... 30 sec
0 ... 30 sec
Handover
Process
Handover Failure Timer
Reversion to old channel OR no radio resource available

minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied only to intra-cell handover attempts
Other failure cases (BSS failures)
minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt (MIU) applied to all types of handover attempts
Reversion to old channel
( 1 + NUMBER_OF_HO_FAIL ) * minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt (MIU)
applied to handover attempts to the same target cell
No Radio Resource Available
minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied to handover attempts to the same target

cells ( all those in the list )
Other Failure Cases
minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied to all types of handover attempts
NOKIA
Guard Period for Back-Handover
Handover
Process
After a HO due to quality (UL/DL) and interference (UL/DL):

a Power Budget HO back is not allowed during
GUARD_TIME = 2 * hoPeriodPBGT (HPP)(HOC)
an Umbrella HO back is not allowed during

GUARD_TIME = 2 * hoPeriodUmbrella (HPU)(HOC)
After an inter-cell HO due to MS-BS distance:

a HO back to the source cell is not allowed during
GUARD_TIME = 20sec + minIntBetweenHOReq (MIH)(HOC)
After a Traffic Reason HO:

Power Budget HO & Umbrella HO back to the source, not allowed during
GUARD_TIME = 20sec + minIntBetweenHOReq (MIH)(HOC)
Repetitive Intra Cell HO not allowed during
GUARD_TIME = 4 * minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt (MIU)(HOC)
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Threshold Comparison Process
The Handover process may be triggered by:
IF
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO <
hoThresholdsQualDL
THEN
Downlink Quality HO is performed
Threshold comparison:
Quality
Level
Distance
Load
Periodic checks:
Power budget
Umbrella
Averaged value obtained from

measurement averaging process using
hoAveragingQualDL
Threshold level
based on nx & px
IF
EnablePowerBudgetHO = Yes
THEN
PBGT comparison performed
every
hoPeriodPBGT seconds
Target Cell Evaluation Process

NOKIA
Handover
Process
Handover Decision Algorithm
In all Handover cases

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, A)
A = msTxPwrMax(n) - P
P = depending on MS Classmark
For imperative handovers
only Eq. 1 has to be satisfied
Except for Umbrella Handover
1.
1.
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > hoLevelUmbrella(n)
The additional condition

2.
2.
PBGT > hoMarginPBGT(n)

where
PBGT = ((msTxPwrMax - msTxPwrMax(n))-(AV_RXLEV_DL_HO AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n)) - (btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR))
PBGT > hoMarginLev/Qual(n)

where
PBGT = (AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) - AV_RXLEV_DL_HO)-(btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)
(Note: enableHoMarginLevQual must = Yes) - for RxLev & RxQual handovers
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Cell Preference Based on Load

Conditions
Best candidates to RR Management:
intra BSC HO max 16 cells under the same BSC as the
source cell
inter BSC HO numberOfPreferredCells (NPC)(BSC)
Only for Adjacent Cells

of the same BSC
(intra-BSC) analysis
Load check of Candidates by btsLoadThreshold (BLT)(BTS) (0..100%)

1.
If overloaded priority decreased by hoLoadFactor (OF)(ADJC) (0..7)
2.
Comparison of Candidates' priorities (hoPriorityLevel (PRI)(A) (0..7))
If there are two or more Adjacent cells with equal priorities
3.
-> Ranking based on radio properties (RxLev)
NOKIA
Target Cell Evaluation
Handover
Process
Load Evaluation Example

Case 2: One cell with higher priority
Case 1: All cells have equal priority

Cell
Rx_Level
1. Load
hoLoadFactor
2. Priority
New Priority
-75
overl.
1
3
2
-80
overl.
1
3
2
-83
n.overl.
1
3
3
3. Rx_Level
-75
-80
=> cell list
c , a ,b
cell
Rx_Level
1. Load
hoLoadFactor
2. Priority
New Priority
-75
n./overl.
2
4
4/2
-80
n.overl.
1
3
3
-83
n.overl.
1
3
3
3. Rx_Level
-75
-80/-80 -83
=> cell list

=> cell list
NOKIA
a,b,c (if cell a is not overloaded)

b,c,a
Handover
Process
C/I Based HO Candidate Evaluation
Designed to estimate the level of the potential interference for each handover
candidate (used during the target cell evaluation process)
The purpose is to direct the mobile station to a cell which can provide a
minimum interference service at the current location of the MS
OPTIONAL - Enabled using O&M parameter ciEstMethod (HOC) on a cell-bycell basis

Each Adjacent Cell can have up to 5 "reference cells"
Real source of interference or just reference
Parameter
Value
ciEstMethod (HOC)
LAC1-5 (ADJC)
CI1-5 (ADJC)
L1-5
(ADJC)
W1-5 (ADJC)
AVE (Average taking method)

MAX (Maximum taking method)
NONE (C/I estimation not used)
Location area code of reference cell 1-5 0 ... 65535

Cell identification of reference cell 1-5 0 ... 65535
Level adjustment for reference cell 1-5 - 63 ... 63 dB
C/I estimation weight parameter for reference cell 1-5 0 ... 10
NOKIA
C/I Calculation
Handover
Process
C/I is calculated for the handover candidates

Averaged over the reference cells
(Average)
By taking the worst interferer (Maximum)
priorityAdjStepforBand1
.
>= LowerC/ILimit1
>= LowerC/ILimit2
.
>= LowerC/ILimit6
>= LowerC/ILimit7
C/I is compared to 7 user-defined bands

Priority of the Cell is incremented by the
quantity associated with the band -8 Eliminates the Adjacent Cell from the candidates list
Parameter
Value
lowerCIlimit (L1-L6)(HOC) L1 (Lower C/I limit for band 1) -128 ... 127 dB
L2 (Lower C/I limit for band 2) -128 ... 127 dB
L6 (Lower C/I limit for band 6) -128 ... 127 dB

(P1-P7)(HOC)
P1 (Priority adj. for band 1)

NOKIA
-8 ... 7
-8 ... 7
-8 ... 7
Handover
Process
C/I Modified Cell Priority
C/I estimates used to:

Remove any HO candidates whose predicted C/I is below acceptable level
Increase priority rating of cells with good C/I
Reduce priority rating of cells with bad C/I
Modified cell priority equation:

PRIORITY(n) = hoPriorityLevel(n) - hoLoadFactor(n) + CI_Priority_Factor(n)
Applies to all handover cases that use priority levels
(e.g. PBGT, RxLev, RxQual, Umbrella)
but not imperative handovers
(e.g. DR, RFD, distance)
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Radio Resource Handovers
A handover is considered as a Radio Resource Handover if the cause

is one of the following reasons:
Level (uplink / downlink)
Quality (uplink / downlink)

Interference (uplink / downlink)
Power budget
Umbrella
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Handover Thresholds
When the BSC receives measurement results from the BTS it always
compares each of the processed results (averages) with the relevant
thresholds:
hoThresholdsLevDL/UL
hoThresholdsQualDL/UL
hoThresholdsInterferenceDL/UL
msSpeedThresholdNx/Px (STN)/(STP)(HOC)(ZEHO)(1..32)(6)/(3)
OPTIONAL - FMMS in Macrocell, lower & upper speed thresholds, Nx, Px
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Power Budget Handover (1/3)

Process & Parameters
Trigger
Periodic Check - hoPeriodPBGT (HPP)(HOC)
Candidate Selection
Equation 1 & 2 used
Priority and Load considered
When used in association with Umbrella HO (& AdjCellLayer
(ACL)(ADJC)),
PBGT handovers are only between cells of the SAME layer
Parameter
Range
hoPeriodPBGT (HPP)(HOC)
enablePwrBudgetHandover (EPB)(HOC)
rxLevMinCell(n) (SL)(ADJC)
msTxPwrMax(n) (PMAX1 & PMAX2)(ADJC)
hoMarginPBGT(n) (PMRG)(ADJC)
NOKIA
1 ... 63 (SACCH)
Y/N
-110 -47 dBm
5 43 & 0 36 dBm
-24 63 dB
Handover
Process

Flowchart for Handover Algorithm
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Example
Equations 1 and 2 are used
Serving Cell:
Best Adjacent Cell:
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO = -90 dBm

msTxPwrMax = 33 dBm (= 2W)
btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W)
BTS_TX_PWR = 42 dBm = (16 W)
hoMarginPBGT(n) = 6 dB
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) = -80 dBm

rxLevMinCell(n) = -99 dBm
msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm (= 2W)
btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W)
1.
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > rxLevMinCell(n) + Max (0, msTxPwrMax(n) - msTxPwrMax)

-80 dBm > -99 dBm + (33 dBm - 33 dBm) = -99 dBm
2.
PBGT = ((msTxPwrMax- msTxPwrMax(n)) - (AV_RXLEV_DL_HO-AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n))

- (btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)
PBGT = ((33dBm-33dBm)-(-90 - -80)-(42dBm-42dBm)
= 10 dB
10 dB > 6 dB
OK !!!!
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Umbrella Handover
Used in multi-layer/band networks (better for bands - no speed criterion)

Typically used in association with PBGT (Combined PBGT/Umbrella feature)
Trigger
Periodic Check (hoPeriodUmbrella) (HPU)(HOC)
Candidate Selection
Equation 1' used
Consistency between MS classmark and target cell power constraints
Priority and Load Considered
Parameter
Value
enableUmbrellaHandover (EUM)(HOC)
hoPeriodUmbrella (HPU)(HOC)
hoLevelUmbrella (AUCL)(ADJC)
dcsMicrocellThreshold (DMIC)(BSC)
dcsMacrocellThreshold (DMAC)(BSC)
NOKIA
Y/N
0 63 (SACCH)
-110 -47 dBm
0..36 & 0..33 dBm (GSM1800 & 1900)
0..36 & 0..33 dBm (GSM1800 & 1900)
Handover
Process
Handover Comparison
Max power capability of MS >= gsmMacrocellThreshold
HO allowed only to a macrocell ( MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) >= gsmMacrocellThreshold )
gsmMicrocellThreshold < Max power capability of MS < gsmMacrocellThreshold

HO only to middle size cell ( gsmMicrocellThreshold < MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) < gsmMacrocellThreshold )
Max power capability of MS <= gsm MicrocellThreshold

HO allowed only to microcell ( MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) <= gsmMicrocellThreshold )
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Umbrella Handover Algorithm
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Umbrella Handover Example
Example - Priority microcells

hoLevelUmbrella macro macro = -47 dBm
(prevents Umbrella HOs between adjacent macrocells)
hoLevelUmbrella macro micro = -85 dBm
PBGT Handover
between SAME
layer cells
hoThresholdLevDL = -90 dBm

GSM MS class 4 (33 dBm)
gsmMacrocellThreshold = 33 dBm
gsmMicrocellThreshold = 33 dBm
msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm
1800 Macro
Umbrella Handover
down to micro layer
hoLevelUmbrella = -85dBm
1800 Micro
RR Handover
out of micros
A
-85 dBm
-90 dBm
NOKIA
B
Umbrella
Handover
Handover due
to Level
Handover
Process
Combined Umbrella & Power Budget
When enablePowerBudgetHo = Yes & enableUmbrellaHo = Yes (HOC)

Power Budget Handover to cells of the same layer
Umbrella Handover to cells of different layer
Based on
gsmMacrocellThreshold, gsmMicrocellThreshold (BSC)
msTxPwrMax, msTxPwrMax(n) (BTS, ADJC)
MS classmark
UMB
RR
PBGT
umbrella HO
radio reason HO
power budget HO
macrocells
PBGT,RR
UMB,RR
UMB,RR
PBGT,RR
microcells
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Adjacent Cell Layer Parameter
Three layers visible to serving cell (relative to serving cell)
Parameter
Used in target cell evaluation for;

Fast moving MS handling in macro cell
HOs based on MS speed (BSS6)
Combined umbrella and power budget
adjCellLayer
(ACL)(ADJC)
UPPER layer (e.g. 900

macro)
SAME layer (serving
layer)
LOWER layer
(micro)
N (not in use)
NOKIA
Handover
Process
MS Speed Based Handovers
Mobile distribution in multi-layer networks based on speed of mobile
Slow moving MS lower layer (micro) cells

Fast moving MS upper layer (macro) cells
Two proprietary Nokia features;
Fast Moving Mobile Support (FMMS)
Estimation of MS speed based on duration of stay in target cell
used to move MSs from UPPER (macro) to LOWER (micro) cells
MS_SPEED_DETECTION
Measurement of MS speed based on zero-crossing detection
process
Used to move slow MS from macro micro & fast MS from micro
macro
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Fast and Slow Moving MS
Combination of Fast Moving MS Handling (BSC) and MS Speed Detection (BTS)

macrocell with RF hopping
fast MSs
BSC
BSS5/Fast MS
BSS6/MS speed
BTS
Adjacent cell
measurements
meas_res
HO&PC
algorithm
BTS
slow MSs
Crossing rate algorithm
microcell(s)
no RF hopping
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Fast Moving Mobile Support

(FMMS)
Process
FMMS used in macrocell layer to 'estimate' the speed of a mobile based on

measurement reports on adjacent microcells
Macro cells parameters
for each adjacent micro cell:
Counter for each adjacent micro cell

+2
measurement and over rxLevMinCell
-1
no meas. or bad level
fastMovingThreshold(FMT) 0..255
rxLevMinCell (SL)(ADJC)
Target cell selection based on adjacent

cell RX_LEVEL and on hoLevelUmbrella
macrocells
hoLevelUmbrella = -85 dBm
(AUCL)(ADJC)
time t
HO
FMT Counter
FMT Threshold = 40
(FMT)(ADJC)
microcells
time t
FMMS HO
initiated
NOKIA
Handover
Process
MS Speed Detection Processing

3
BSC averages speed
indications using
msSpeedAveraging BSC ignores indications if;
AV_MS_SPEED
UL DTx used during SACCH
MS changing power during SACCH
BTS
BSC
Adjacent cell
measurements
AV_MS_SPEED is compared with

thresholds;
LowerSpeedLimit (slow MS)
UpperSpeedLimit (fast MS)
to direct MS to appropriate layer
(cell priorities used)
BTS
Candidate Selection
2
1
BTS 'measures' MS speed based

on zero cross rate algorithm providing
call is on non-hopping TCH (no SDCCH)
MS_SPEED_DETECTION not suitable
for use with frequency hopping networks
NOKIA
BTS sends MS speed

measurements to BSC
every SACCH period
(~480ms)
Fast-moving to upper /
Slow-moving to lower
layer adjacent cells
Equation 1' used
Priority considered
Handover
Process
FMMS & MS Speed Detection

Parameters
Parameter
Value
adjCellLayer (ACL)(ADJC)
FastMovingThreshold (FMT)(ADJC)
N / Same / Upper / Lower

-110 ... -47 dBm
0 255 (SACCH frames)
FMMS
0 means "Not Used"
msSpeedAveraging (MSA)(HOC)
1 ... 32 (SACCH frames)
lowerSpeedLimit (LSL)(HOC)
upperSpeedLimit (USL)(HOC)
msSpeedThresholdNx (STN)(HOC)
msSpeedThresholdPx (STP)(HOC)
0 255 (1 step 2km/h)

0 255 (1 step 2km/h)
1 32
1 32
MS Speed
Detection
adjCellLayer (ACL)(ADJC)
N / Same / Upper / Lower

-110 ... -47 dBm
NOKIA
Handover
Process
FMMS & MS_SPEED_DETECTION
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Handover due to Quality (1/3)

Process
Trigger
Threshold Comparison (hoThresholdsQualUL/DL with px/nx)
(QUR/QDR)(HOC)
Candidate Selection
Equation 1 used
Equation 2 used if enableHoMarginLevQual = N (MRGS)(ADJC)
Equation 2' used if enableHoMarginLevQual = Y
Parameter
Value
hoThresholdQualUL/DL (QUR/QDR)(HOC)
px (QUP/QDP)
nx (QUN/QDN)
hoMarginQual(n) (QMRG)(ADJC)
NOKIA
07
1 32
1 32
-110 -47 dBm
5 43 & 0 36 dBm
-24 24 dB
Handover
Process

NOKIA
Handover
Process

Example
Equations 1 and 2 are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set Yes (MRGS)(ADJC)

hoMarginQual = 0 dB (QMRG)(ADJC)
Trigger for Handover HO due to Quality
A
2 dB
B
Cell B is selected as potential candidate for
HO due to Quality since 2 dB > 0 dB
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Handover due to Level (1/3)

Process
Trigger
Threshold Comparison (hoThresholdsLevUL/DL with px/nx)
(LUR/LDR)(HOC)
Candidate Selection
Equation 1 used
Equation 2 used if enableHoMarginLevQual = N (MRGS)(ADJC)
Equation 2' used if enableHoMarginLevQual = Y
Parameter
Value
hoThresholdLevUL/DL (LUR/LDR)(HOC)
px (LUP/LDP)
nx (LUN/LDN)
hoMarginLev(n) (LMRG)(ADJC)
NOKIA
-110 -47 dBm

1 32
1 32
-110 -47 dBm

5 43 & 0 36 dBm
-24 24 dB
Handover
Process

Example
Equations 1 and 2 are used if parameter enableHoMarginLevQual is set Yes (MRGS)(ADJC)

hoMarginLev = 4dB (LMRG)(ADJC)
Trigger for Handover due to Level
Cell A
(RxLev) Threshold
defined by;
hoThresholdLevUL/DL
= -92 / -95 dBm
(LUR/LDR)(HOC)
2 dB
Cell B
Cell B is not selected as candidate for

HO due to level, since 2dB < 4 dB
NOKIA
Handover
Process

NOKIA
Handover
Process
Handover due to Interference (1/4)

Process
Trigger:
Threshold Comparison for Quality (hoThresholdsQualUL/DL with px/nx)
Threshold Comparison for Level
(hoThresholdsInterferenceUL/DL with
px/nx)
Candidate Selection
Priority for InterCell / Intracell HO selected at BSC independently for UL /
DL
Priority InterCell HO
Quality HO if any candidate
If not IntraCell HO
Priority IntraCell HO
Parameter
Value
hoThresholdInterferenceUL/DL (IUR/IDR)(HOC) -110 -47 dBm
px (IUP/IDP)
1 32
nx (IUN/IDN)
1 32
enableIntraHoInterfUL/DL (EIC/EIH)(HOC)
Y/N
hoPreferenceOrderInterfUL/DL (HUL/HDL)(BSC)
NOKIA
INTER / INTRA
Handover
Process

Example
Equations 1 and 2 are used if parameter enableHandoverMarginLevQual is set Yes (MRGS)(ADJC)

hoThresholdQualDL
=5
(QDR)(HOC)
hoThresholdInterferenceDL = -85 dBm (HOC)
hoPreferenceOrderInterfDL = intra (HDL)(BSC)
Field strength higher than threshold

(AV_RXLEV_DL_HO >
hoThresholdsInterferenceDL
Bad quality
(AV_RXQUAL_DL hoThresholdsQualDL
Handover due to DL interference
intra cell handover !!
Trigger for Handover due to Interference
Cell A
Threshold (Interference Lev)
-85 dBm
Cell B
RXLEV
0
RXQUAL
5
NOKIA
Handover
Process

Flowchart for Handover Algorithm (1)
A
NOKIA
Handover
Process

Flowchart for Handover Algorithm (2)
A
NOKIA
Handover
Process
8. Imperative Handovers
Handovers considered to be imperative:
Handover due to Distance

Order to empty a cell (from O&M)
Directed Retry and IDR
NOKIA
Handover
Process
MS-BTS Distance Handover
Distance Process
Distance Process ---> msDistanceBehaviour (0,1..60,255) (DISB) (in BSC)
0
: Release immediately
1 - 60 : Release after certain time 1 - 60 s, try handover during that time
255
: No release, only imperative Handover attempt
Value
Parameter
enableMsDistanceProcess (EMS)(HOC)
msDistanceHoThresholdParam (MSR)(HOC)
px (MSP)
nx (MSN)
Y/N
0 63
1 32
1 32
msDistanceBehaviour (DISB)(BSC)
0, 1 60, 255
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Rapid Field Drop Parameters
Trigger
Threshold Comparison (HoThresholdRapidLevUl
(px)
Rx_Lev_UL (Not averaged / Only UL)
Serving
Cell
Candidate Selection
Only Chained adjacent cell
Equation 1 only / no priority
Multi-Layered Network
Parameter
Value
hoThresholdLevUL (forRapidFieldDrop)(RPD)(HOC) -110 ... -47 dBm

[hoThresholdRapidLevU1N 0 ... 32]
chainedAdjacentCell (CHAIN)(ADJC)
NOKIA
Y/N
Chained
Cell
Handover
Process
Rapid Field Drop Example
MS
Serving
Cell
Example
Chained
Cell
hoThresholdRapidLevUL(RPD) = - 93 dBm
hoThresholdRapidLevUlN (px) = 2
chainedAdjacentCell = Yes
Serving
Cell
-93 dBm
1st
Rapid Field Drop Handover
NOKIA
.
.
2nd
Handover
Process

NOKIA
Handover
Process
Signal Level
Scenarios for Fast & Slow MSs
A MS moves away from cell site,

the signal is dropping gradually
A MS turns a corner,
the signal drops rapidly
Time
Signal Level
Figure 7 Signal Strength of a Fast Moving MS
MS moves away from cell site,

the signal is dropping gradually
MS turns a corner, the
signal drops faster than
moving in straight line
Figure 8 Signal Strength of a Slow Moving MS
NOKIA
Time
Handover
Process
ERFD Basics
An Enhanced Rapid Field Drop is detected when the uplink receive signal level falls by a
defined level over a set period of time. (Note: ERFD does not use a threshold like RFD)
On detection of an ERFD, the averaging window for neighbour cells, and the number of
zero results allowed in a measurement report, are modified in order to speed up the
monitoring of neighbour cells
The ModifiedAveWinNcell (ERAW)(HOC) and ModifiedNOZ (ERZ)(HOC) parameters

are modified over the period ErfdOver (ERD)(HOC)
If a Handover with cause RR is requested during ErfdOver, an ERFD Handover is initiated
using the Handover Target Cell Candidate list for that handover cause
Note: An ERFD Handover does not use 'Chained Cells' for target cell evaluation process
If Handover with RR cause is not detected during ErfdOver, ERFD Handover is stopped
NOKIA
Handover
Process
ERFD Parameters
In case of DDE (Deep Dropping Edge), the averaging window sizes

and
power budget period are reduced
level downlink window size
level uplink window size
adjacent cell averaging window size
handover period power budget
Parameter
Value
erfdEnabled (ERFD)(HOC)
DIS, UL, DL, or UDL (OPTIONAL feature)
ddeThresholdsLev (ERT)(HOC) 0 63 dB
Nx (ERN)
1 32
Px (ERP)
1 32
ddeWindow (ERMW)(HOC) 1 32 SACCH
modifiedAveWinNcell (ERAW) 1 32
modifiedNOZ (ERZ)(HOC)
1 32
erfdOver (ERD)(HOC)
0 64 sec
NOKIA
Handover
Process
ERFD Detection
ERFD Detection
25dB > 20dB

DdeThreshold
Serving cell
Ncell #1
ERFD HO
hoThresholdLevXL
XL = DL or UL
DdeWindow = 2
n(1):p(1)
-60
-60
-61
-63
-83
ErfdOver
-87
-89
-91
-94
ERFD HO initiated
to Ncell #1
-89
averagingWindowSizeAdjCell = 4
modifiedAveWinNcell = 2
NOKIA
-89
Handover
Handover
Process
ERFD Example
ddeWindow (ERMW)(HOC)
= 3 SACCH (n = 3)
ddeThresholdsLev (ERT)(HOC) = 10, px = 2 & nx =3
the BSC compares the most recent measurement sample 8 (multiframe k) with the
measurement sample 5 (multiframe k-n)
Sample
Signal
level
1
-71
dBm
2
-68
dBm
3
-70
dBm
4
-71
dBm
5
-69
dBm
6
-70
dBm
7
-75
dBm
8
-83
dBm
DDE_LEVEL = RXLEV(k- ddeWindow) RXLEV(k) = -69 dBm (-83 dBm) = 14 dB
NOKIA
Handover
Process
ERFD Flowchart
Another name for
ERFD Handover
NOKIA
Handover
MSC Controlled Traffic Reason Handover

MSC request Traffic reason handover
Target cell evaluation:

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RxLevMinCell(n) + MAX(0, Pa)
AND
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > TrhoTargetLevel(n) + MAX(0, Pa)
where
Pa = MsTxPwrMaxCell(n) - P
P = maximum power of MS
Interval between handovers and handover attempts:

Power budget and umbrella handovers back to the source
cell are not allowed during the quard time:
GUARD_TIME = 20 sec + MinIntBetweenHoReq
NOKIA
BSC Initiated Traffic Reason Handover

Handover
+0 dB +4dB
+6 dB
1. AV_RXLEV_NCELL (n) > TRHO_TARGET_LEVEL (n) +

Max (0, (MS_TXPWR_MAX_CELL (n) - P))
2. PBGT (n) > AmhTrhoPbgtMargin and PBGT (n) <
HOMarginPBGT
NOKIA
Practical Example of Handover

Practical Examples
1. Adjacent Channel in Adjacent Cell
C Ia - 9 dB
In practice after -6 dB -> interferencies + quality goes down to 4-5
hoMarginLev < -6 dB
-> Ping-Pong !!
X
2. Cell with Very Large Coverage Area A

MS switched off in cell A and
transferred to area of cell X
20 km
MS switched on in new place
-> MS tries first old channel + neighbourgs
MS camped on cell A which is not in neighbourg list of cell X
-> do not listen BCCH of cell X -> no HOs to cell X !!!
NOKIA
Handover Control Exercise

Quality
Level Ho
No Action Needed
HoThresholdQualUL/DL
HoThresholdInterferenceUL/DL
Quality Ho
Interference Ho
RxLevMinCell(n)
Thresholds
RxLevAccMin
Quality Ho
Interference Ho
Level Ho
No action needed
HoThresholdLevUL/DL
Actions
RxlevAccMin
RxlevAccMin(n)
NOKIA
-50
-52
-54
-56
-58
-60
-62
-64
-66
-68
-70
-72
-74
-76
-78
-80
-82
-84
-86
-88
-90
-92
-94
-96
-98
-100
-102
-104
-106
HoThresholdLevUL/DL
-108
-110
dBm
Handover & Power Control Exercise

Quality
PcUpperThresholdQualUL/DL
Level Ho
PcLowerThresholdQualUL/DL
No Action Needed
Decrease Power
Increase Power
Power decrease
Power increase
Quality Ho
Interference Ho
Level Ho
No action needed
Quality Ho
Interference Ho
Thresholds
-50
-52
-54
-56
-58
-60
-62
-64
-66
-68
-70
-72
-74
-76
-78
-80
-82
-84
-86
-88
-90
-92
-94
-96
-98
-100
-102
-104
-106
-108
-110
PcUpperThresholdQualUL/DL
PcUpperThresholdLevUL/DL
RxLevMinCell(n)
PcLowerThresholdQualUL/DL
HoThresholdLevUL/DL
PcLowerThresholdLevUL/DL
RxLevAccMin
dBm
PcUpperThresholdLevUL/DL
PcLowerThresholdLevUL/DL
HoThresholdLevUL/DL
Actions
RxlevAccMin
RxlevAccMin(n)
NOKIA
Handover
Process
Handover Causes
Network Doctor Example
Handover Causes
NOKIA

8.1-BSSPAR-Handover Control Adjacencies PDF

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Handover Control & Adjacencies

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

15. Handover & Power Control Exercise

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

Why are handovers needed?

- to ensure a call can be maintained as an MS moves in

- to ensure that if an MS moves into an area of poor quality

- to ensure that the traffic within the network is optimally

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

- Traffic Reason Handover (TRHO)

- Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band (DADL/B)

Uplink and downlink Interference

11. PC: Lower quality/level thresholds (UL/DL)

Minimum time between consecutive handovers related to the same

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

Handover Failure Timer

Reversion to old channel OR no radio resource available

minIntBetweenUnsuccHoAttempt applied to handover attempts to the same target

Guard Period for Back-Handover

After a HO due to quality (UL/DL) and interference (UL/DL):

an Umbrella HO back is not allowed during

After an inter-cell HO due to MS-BS distance:

After a Traffic Reason HO:

Threshold Comparison Process

The Handover process may be triggered by:

Averaged value obtained from

Target Cell Evaluation Process

Handover Decision Algorithm

In all Handover cases

AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > hoLevelUmbrella(n)

The additional condition

PBGT > hoMarginPBGT(n)

PBGT > hoMarginLev/Qual(n)

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

Cell Preference Based on Load

Only for Adjacent Cells

Load check of Candidates by btsLoadThreshold (BLT)(BTS) (0..100%)

Comparison of Candidates' priorities (hoPriorityLevel (PRI)(A) (0..7))

If there are two or more Adjacent cells with equal priorities

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

Target Cell Evaluation

Load Evaluation Example

Case 1: All cells have equal priority

=> cell list

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

=> cell list

a,b,c (if cell a is not overloaded)

C/I Based HO Candidate Evaluation

OPTIONAL - Enabled using O&M parameter ciEstMethod (HOC) on a cell-bycell basis

AVE (Average taking method)

Location area code of reference cell 1-5 0 ... 65535

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

C/I is calculated for the handover candidates

C/I is compared to 7 user-defined bands

L6 (Lower C/I limit for band 6) -128 ... 127 dB

BSSPAR-Handover Control and Adjacencies/ 6-61025/2003/v 2.0

P1 (Priority adj. for band 1)

P6 (Priority adj. for band 6)

C/I Modified Cell Priority

C/I estimates used to:

Modified cell priority equation: