Rural Development Programs

Gurudutt

Accredited Social Health Activist

Are community health workers instituted by the government of India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare as part of the
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).

ASHAs are local women trained to act as health educators and promoters in their communities
Their tasks include motivating women to give birth in hospitals, bringing children to immunization clinics, encouraging family
planning (e.g., surgical sterilization), treating basic illness and injury with first aid, keeping demographic records, and
improving village sanitation
ASHAs are also meant to serve as a key communication mechanism between the healthcare system and rural populations
ASHAs must primarily be female residents of the village that they have been selected to serve, who are likely to remain in that
village for the foreseeable future
ASHAs must have class eight education or higher, preferably be between the ages of 25 and 45, and are selected by and
accountable to the gram panchayat (local government)

Process Indicators Number of ASHAs selected by due process, trained and attending review meeting every year
Outcome Indicators Percentage of newborns who are weighed, children with diarrhea and ORS received, deliveries
with skilled assistance, completely immunized children in the 12-23 months age group

Impact Indicators Infant Mortality rate, Child Malnutrition rates and number of cases of tuberculosis or leprosy as
compared to last year

Anganwadi

Means Country Shelter and were started by Indian government in 1975 as part of the Integrated Child Development
Services program to combat child hunger and malnutrition.

Provides basic health care :- include contraceptive counseling and supply, nutrition education and supplementation, as well as
pre-school activities, centres may be used for oral rehydration salts, basic medicines and contraceptives.
Worker Functions
Provide care for newborn babies, vaccination, antenatal care for pregnant women, immunization against tetanus
Provide supplementary nutrition to both children below the age of 6 as well as nursing and pregnant women ensuring the
regular health check-ups of women falling in age group of 15-49 years
Benefits
Firstly since the worker lives with the people she is in a better position to identify the cause of the various health problems and
hence counter them
Secondly though Anganwadi workers are not as skilled or qualified as professionals they have better social skills thus making
it easier to interact with the people
Anganwadi workers are well aware of the ways of the people, are comfortable with the language, know the rural folk
personally etc. which makes it very easy for them to figure out the problems
Challenges and Solutions
There have been public policy discussions over whether to make anganwadis universally available across the country to all
eligible children and mothers
Anganwadis are staffed by officers and their helpers, who are typically women from poor families. The workers do not have
permanent jobs with comprehensive retirement benefits like other government staff
There are legal and societal issues when Anganwadi-serviced children fall sick or die.
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Balwadi
Is an Indian pre-school run in rural areas and for economically weaker sections of the society, either by government or NGOs
A rural pre-primary school run economically but scientifically and using as many educational aids as possible, prepared from
locally available materia
Developed by Tarabi Modak , the first balwadi was started in Bordi a coastal village in Thane district of Maharashtra by Nutan
Bal Shikshan Sangh in 1945
The purpose of Balwadis is to provide a child facilities for physical and mental growth at school and at home
Balwadis were developed as a part of the government of India's poverty alleviation programme by universalising education.
They were developed for children of India's rural poor.

Balwadi Nutrition Programme

is a healthcare and education programme launched by the Government of India to provide food supplements at Balwadis to
children of the age group 36 years in rural areas

This program was started in 1970 under the Department of Social Welfare, Government of India
The food supplement provides 300 calories of energy and 10 grams of protein per child per day.
Balwadis are being phased out because of the implementation of the Integrated Child Development Services programme

Bharat Nirman
Is an Indian business plan for creating and augmenting basic rural infrastructure

It comprises projects on irrigation, roads (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana), housing (Indira Awaas Yojana), water supply
(National Rural Drinking Water Programme), electrification (Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana) and
telecommunication connectivity.

Objectives
Bharat Nirman is a business plan for rural infrastructure which was implemented by the Government of India in order to provide
some basic amenities to the rural India.
It aims at providing safe drinking water to all the under developed areas in India by 2012.
It also aims to develop housing facilities for the poor. Initially the scheme targeted 60 lakh additional houses to be constructed
for the poor within the year 2009, but now the plan has been extended to 2014 and the targeted house to be constructed has
been increased to 1.2 crore.
The plan also includes to cover 40% of the rural area with telecommunication facilities by the year 2014 and provide
broadband coverage to all the 2.5 lakh Panchayats by the year 2012.
The plans suggests to construct all weather roads by the year 2012 in order to connect all the villages of India having a
minimum population of 500 ( 250 in case of hilly or tribal areas).
The plan aims to provide electricity to every village by the year 2012.
The plan aims to provide an additional one crore hectare of irrigational land by the year 2012
Subdivision
The Government of India will try to improve the infrastructural facilities of these six sections individually which will result in the
overall development of the infrastructural facilities of the country
Waters, Roads, Housing, Telephone, Electricity, Irrigation
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Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana or DDUGJY is an Government of India scheme aimed to provide continuous
power supply to rural India
It is one of the key initiative of Modi Government and it aims to supply 24x7 uninterrupted power supply to all homes
The government plans to invest Rs 75,600 crore for rural electrification under this scheme. The scheme will replace the
existing Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY)
To separate agriculture and non agriculture feeders facilitating judicious rostering of supply to agricultural and non-agricultural
consumers in rural areas
Strengthening and augmentation of sub transmission and distribution infrastructure in rural areas, including metering of
distribution transformers/feeders/consumers
Reduction in peak load, Improvement in billed energy based on metered consumption and providing access to electricity to
rural households
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana or DDU-GKY is a Government of India youth employment scheme
The Yojana aims at training 10 lakh (1 million) rural youths for jobs in three years, that is, by 2017.
The minimum age for entry under the Yojana is 15 years compared to 18 years under the Aajeevika Skills Programme.
Skill development training centres to be launched so as to address the unemployment problem in the rural area.
The skills imparted under the Yojana will now be benchmarked against international standards and will complement the Prime
Ministers Make In India campaign.

The Kaushalya Yojana will also the address the need for imparting training to the differently-able persons
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District Rural Development Agencies

Principal organ at the district level to oversee the implementation of anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of Rural
Development.
This agency was created originally to implement the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). Subsequently the
DRDAs were entrusted with number of programmes of both state and central governments
Rural development and poverty alleviation programmes are implemented on a decentralised basis, keeping in view the large
geographical areas, the administrative requirements and the need to involve grassroots-level officials and the community in
the implementation of the programmes
At the central level the Ministry of Rural Areas & Employment has been implementing these programmes.

The Ministry is responsible for the release of central share of funds, policy formulation, overall guidance
monitoring and evaluation of the programmes
Task of DRDA has been to identify the needs of the rural population and reach the appropriate schemes where they are
needed.
DRDA is not only a body to disburse the funds for the schemes but also provide appropriate Managerial and Technical
support.

Indira Awas Yojana

A social welfare programme, created by the Indian Government, to provide housing for the rural poor in India
The differentiation is made between rural poor and urban poor for a separate set of schemes operate for the urban poor(like
the Basic Services for Urban Poor). One of the major flagship programs of the Rural Development Ministry to construct
houses for BPL population in the villages

Features
The houses are allotted in the name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife. The construction of the houses is the
sole responsibility of the beneficiary and engagement of contractors is strictly prohibited
Sanitary latrine and smokeless chullah are required to be constructed along with each IAY house for which additional financial
assistance is provided from Total Sanitation Campaign and Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana respectively
Eligibility Criteria - Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, freed bonded labourers, minorities and non-SC/ST rural households
in the BPL category, widows and next-of-kin to defence personnel/paramilitary forces killed in action (irrespective of their
income criteria),ex-servicemen and retired members of paramilitary forces residing in rural areas
Implementation - IAY is an allocation based, centrally sponsored scheme funded on a cost sharing basis between the Central
Government and the State Government in the 75%:25% ratio, except in case of North-eastern states and Union Territories
(UTs), where for NE it is 90% and UTs it is 100%

Integrated Rural Development Program

Self-employment program intended to raise the income-generation capacity of target groups among the poor. The target
group consists largely of small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers and rural artisans living below the poverty line.
Pattern of subsidy is 25 per cent for small farmers, 33-1/3 per cent for marginal farmers, agricultural laborers and rural
artisans and 50 per cent for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes families and physically handicapped persons.
The objective of IRDP is to provide suitable income-generating assets through a mix of subsidy and credit to below-povertyline families with a view to bring them above the poverty line
The aim is to raise recipients above the poverty line by providing substantial opportunities for self-employment.
Example - development programs have played an important role in increased agricultural production by educating farmers
and providing them with financial and other inputs to increase yields
To enable identified rural poor families to cross the poverty line by providing productive assets and inputs to the target groups
The assets, which could be in primary, secondary or tertiary sectors, are provided through financial assistance in the form of
subsidy by the government and term credit advanced by financial institutions
To provide self-employment opportunities to the rural poor through provision of capital subsidy and bank credit so as to help
rural poor acquire productive income-generating assets and training to upgrade their skills

Program is implemented in all the blocks in the country as a centrally sponsored scheme funded on 50:50 basis by the centre
and the state

Khadi and Village Industries Commission

A statutory body formed by the Government of India, under the Act of Parliament, 'Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act
of 1956

An apex organization under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, with regard to khadi and village industries
within India, which seeks to - "plan, promote, facilitate, organise and assist in the establishment and development of khadi and
village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development

The Commission has three main objectives : The Social Objective - Providing employment in rural areas
The Economic Objective - Providing salable articles
The Wider Objective - Creating self-reliance amongst people and building up a strong rural community spirit
Schemes and Programmes of the Commission
Prime Ministers Employment Generation Program - merger of two schemes - Prime Minister's Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) and The
Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP). beneficiary is required to invest his/her own contribution of 10 per cent of
the project cost, rest 90% is granted by banks
Interest Subsidy Eligibility Certification Scheme Major Source of Funding, loans are provided by the banks to the members to
meet their working/fixed capital requirements
Rebate Scheme - Made available by the Government so as to make the price of Khadi and Khadi products competitive with
other textiles.
Terms and Relevance
Khadi, refers to handspun and hand-woven cloth. The raw materials may be cotton, silk, or wool, which are spun into threads on a
Charkha (A traditional spinning implement).

Village Industry - Industry that is located within a rural area, where the Fixed Capital Investment per Artisan (weaver) does not
exceed Rupees One hundred thousand
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Minimum Needs Programme

Was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan (197478), to provide certain basic minimum needs and improve
the living standards of people
Aims at "social and economic development of the community, particularly the underprivileged and underserved population
Components
Rural Health, Water Supply, Rural Electrification, Elementary Education, Adult Education, Nutrition, Houses for Landless
Labourers

Principles
the facilities under MNP are to be first provided in those areas which are at present undeserved so as to remove disparities
among different areas
the facilities under MNP should be provided as a package to an area through intersectorial area projects to have a greater
impact
Objectives

One peripheral health centre for 30,000 population in plains and 20,000 population in tribal and hilly areas
one sub-centre for a population of 5000 people in the plains and for 3000 in tribal and hilly areas
one community health centre for a population of 100,000
to extend support of nutrition to 11 million eligible persons
to consolidate mid-day meal program and link it to health, potable water and sanitation

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Ministry of Rural Development

Branch of the Government of India, is entrusted with the task of accelerating the socio-economic development of rural India.
Its focus is on health, education, drinking water, housing and roads
The ministry has two departments, Department of Rural Development and Department of Land Resources, each headed by a
senior civil servant designated as the Secretary of the Deportment

Department of Rural Development

The department run three national-level schemes: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) for rural roads development,
Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) rural emploment and for rural housing, Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY)
It handles the administration of District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), and has three autonomous organizations under it: Council of Advancement of Peoples Action and Rural Technology (CAPART)
National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD)
National Rural Road Development Agency (NRRDA)

Department of Land Resources

The Department of Land Resources run three national-level programs: Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)
National Land Record Modernisation Programme (NLRMP)
Technology Development, Extension & Training Programme (TDET)

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National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (1/2)

Is an apex development bank in India having headquarters based in Mumbai (Maharashtra) and other branches are all over
the country
Was established on 12 July 1982 by a special act by the parliament on recommendation of Shivaraman Committee and its
main focus was to uplift rural India by increasing the credit flow for elevation of agriculture & rural non farm sector
NABARD is active in developing financial inclusion policy and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion and its
stakes are currently hold by Govt. of India (99%)
Associates with NABARD
International associates of NABARD ranges from World Bank-affiliated organizations to global developmental agencies
working in the field of agriculture and rural development.
Help NABARD by advising and giving monetary aid for the upliftment of the people in the rural areas and optimizing the
agricultural process
Role
Looks after the development of the cottage industry, small industry and village industry, and other rural industries. NABARD
also reaches out to allied economies and supports and promotes integrated development
Serves as an apex financing agency for the institutions providing investment and production credit for promoting the various
developmental activities in rural areas
Takes measures towards institution building for improving absorptive capacity of the credit delivery system, including
monitoring, formulation of rehabilitation schemes, restructuring of credit institutions, training of personnel, etc.
Co-ordinates the rural financing activities of all institutions engaged in developmental work at the field level and maintains
liaison with Government of India, State Governments, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and other national level institutions
concerned with policy formulation
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National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (2/2)

Undertakes monitoring and evaluation of projects refinanced by it.
NABARD refinances the financial institutions which finances the rural sector.
The institutions which help the rural economy, NABARD helps develop.
NABARD also keeps a check on its client institutes.
It regulates the institution which provides financial help to the rural economy.
It provides training facilities to the institutions working the field of rural upliftment.
It regulates the cooperative banks and the RRBs, and manages talent acquisition through IBPS CWE

NABARD is also known for its 'SHG Bank Linkage Programme' which encourages India's banks to lend to [[self-help group
(finance)|self-help groups]] (SHGs). Because SHGs are composed mainly of poor women, this has evolved into an important
Indian tool for microfinance
Has a portfolio of Natural Resource Management Programmes involving diverse fields like Watershed Development, Tribal
Development and Farm Innovation through dedicated funds
Rural Innovation
Through assistance of Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, NABARD set up the Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund

Purpose of RIDF is to promote innovation in rural & agricultural sector through viable means whose effectiveness depends
upon many factors, but the type of organization to which the assistance is extended is crucial one in generating, executing
ideas in optimum commercial way

Rural Innovation Fund is a fund designed to support innovative, risk friendly, unconventional experiments in these sectors that
would have the potential to promote livelihood opportunities and employment in rural areas
Assistance is extended to Individuals, NGOs, Cooperatives, Self Help Group, and Panchayati Raj Institutions who have the
expertise and willingness to implement innovative ideas for improving the quality of life in rural areas
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National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

Later renamed as the "Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act" (or, MGNREGA), is an Indian labor law and
social security measure that aims to guarantee the 'right to work'. It aims to ensure livelihood security in rural areas by providing
at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled
manual work
Another aim of MGNREGA is to create durable assets (such as roads, canals, ponds, wells). Employment is to be provided within
5 km of an applicant's residence, and minimum wages are to be paid. If work is not provided within 15 days of applying,
applicants are entitled to an unemployment allowance, which legal entitlment.
To be implemented mainly by gram panchayats (GPs). The involvement of contractors is banned. Labor-intensive tasks like
creating infrastructure for water harvesting, drought relief and flood control are preferred.
Apart from providing economic security and creating rural assets, NREGA can help in protecting the environment, empowering
rural women, reducing rural-urban migration and fostering social equity, among others
Details of Law
The Act is to be implemented by the State Government, with funding from the Central Government.
The basic unit of implementation is the Block. In each Block, a "Programme Officer" will be in charge
Implementing agencies include any agency that is "authorized by the Central Government or the State Government to undertake
the implementation of any work" taken up
Main implementing agencies are the Gram Panchayats: at least 50 per cent of the works (in terms of share of the NREGA funds)
have to be implemented through the Gram Panchayats
Other implementing agencies include the Panchayat Samiti, the District Panchayats, and "line departments" such as the Public
Works Department, the Forest Department, the Irrigation Department as well as NGOs also
The wage employment must be provided within 15 days of the date of application. The work entitlement of 100 days per
household per year may be shared between different adult members of the same household
Furthermore the Act sets a minimum limit to the wages, to be paid with gender equality, either on a time-rate basis or on a piecerate basis
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National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

To promote transparency and accountability, the act mandates monthly squaring of accounts.To ensure public accountability
through public vigilance, the NREGA designates social audits as key to its implementation
Law and Constitution of India
The Act aims to follow the Directive Principles of State Policy enunciated in Part IV of the Constitution of India. The law by
providing a 'right to work' is consistent with Article 41 that directs the State to secure to all citizens the right to work

Article 21 of the Constitution of India that guarantees the right to life with dignity to every citizen of India, this act imparts dignity
to the rural people through an assurance of livelihood security

Fundamental Right enshrined in Article 16 of the Constitution of India guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public
employment and prevents the State from discriminating
Article 40 mandates the State to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be
necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government
Problems Identified by CAG
A fall in the level of employment, low rates of completion of works (only 30 % of planned works had been completed), poor planning
(in one-third of Gram Panchayats, the planning process mandated by the act had not been followed), lack of public awareness partly
due to poor information, education and communication IEC) by the state governments, shortage of staff (e.g., Gram Rozgar Sewaks
had not been appointed in some states) and so on.
Controversies
It is making agriculture less profitable. Landholders often oppose it on these grounds.
Landless laborers are lazy and they dont want to work on farms as they can get money without doing anything at NREGA
worksites; agriculture will die if the NREGA continues;
Workers point of view:- laborers do not get more than Rs. 80 in the private agricultural labour market, there is no farm work for
several months; few old age people who are jobless for at least 8 months a year; when farm work is available they go there first;
farmers employ only young and strong persons to work in their farms and reject the others
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National Rural Health Mission

An initiative undertaken by the government of India to address the health needs of underserved rural areas and was initially
tasked with addressing the health needs of 18 states that had been identified as having weak public health indicators

The thrust of the mission is on establishing a fully functional, community owned, decentralized health delivery system with
intersectoral convergence at all levels, to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range of determinants of health such as water,
sanitation, education, nutrition, social and gender equality
Some of the Initiatives taken by NHRM
Accredited Social Health Activists

Rogi Kalyan Samiti (Patient Welfare Committee) / Hospital Management Society - is a management structure that acts as a group
of trustees for the hospitals to manage the affairs of the hospital.
United Grants to Sub-Centers :- Example Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNC) used grants to address
needs of poor households and children
Janani Suraksha Yojana :- aims to reduce maternal mortality among pregnant women by encouraging them to deliver in
government health facilities. Under the scheme cash assistance is provided to eligible pregnant women for giving birth in a
government health facility
National Mobile Medical Units, National Ambulance Services
Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram, Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram
Mother and Child Health Wings :- Focus on to reduce maternal and child mortality
District Hospital and Knowledge Center :- strict Hospitals are being strengthened to provide Multi-specialty health care including
dialysis care, intensive cardiac care, cancer treatment, mental illness, emergency medical and trauma care etc
National Iron+ Initiative -: an attempt to look at Iron Deficiency Anaemia in which beneficiaries will receive iron and folic acid
supplementation irrespective of their Iron/Hb status. This initiative will bring together existing programs (IFA supplementation for:
pregnant and lactating women and; children in the age group of 660 months) and introduce new age groups
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National Rural Livelihood Mission

Is a poverty alleviation project implemented by Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. This scheme is focused on
promoting self-employment and organization of rural poor.

The basic idea behind this program is to organize the poor into SHG (Self Help Groups) groups and make them capable for selfemployment.
This is one of the world's largest initiatives to improve the livelihood of poor. This program is supported by World Bank with a credit
of $1 Billion
Background
The basic idea behind SGSY scheme was to form SHG groups and help them to start some entrepreneurial activities. But individual
SHG groups were not able to sustain and they collapsed due to lack of initial support and skill.
SHGs got limited support for forward linkage and backward linkage. They had to face heavy competition and had little help from
government. Government support limited to giving fund and forming SHG groups.
Criticisms

Making NRLM mandatory to be a part of SHG for access to various services may exclude some people from this system. Not
everyone in rural area may be a member of SHG group and not everyone would like to be a member of such group.

Some people may like to form other aggregation mechanism or would like to start up new livelihood individually. So if the
government make it mandatory to be part of SHG as a means to access various service, the process will get corrupted and
exploitative

Lot of cases were SHG have been disintegrated or taken over by elites among the poor

Rural economy is very diverse, many segments are there within the rural low income group and also across broader rural economy
Not given serious attention to value added agriculture and rural MSMEs (Micro, small and medium enterprises) which, according
to the experience of most the countries play an important role in enabling and sustaining inclusive growth in rural areas

Three aspects regarding to using SHG groups:-Groups take time, lots of it, and we have always said that poor women are very busy. 2) Groups tend
to exclude individualist (sometimes they are called as entrepreneurs) who dare to be different, to do mad things like starting new types of businesses, which
may even create jobs for others. 3) Men are generally bad at working in groups, and they take bigger risk and are less reliable than women, but when they do
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succeed they tend to create more jobs than women do, for the vast majority who prefer to employed than to be self-employed

Pradhan Mantri Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana

Is a rural development program launched by the Central government in India in the financial year 200910 for the development of
villages having a higher ratio (over 50%) of people belonging to the scheduled castes through convergence of central and state
schemes and allocating financial funding on a per village basis

The plan is considered ambitious as it aimed to bring a number of development programs to the villages.
Plan aims to build an "Adarsh Gram" (Model village} which has adequate physical and institutional infrastructure, in which minimum
needs of all sections of the society are fully met.
The village which is progressive and dynamic and its residents live in harmony. All the facilities necessary for dignified living should
be available and the residents are enabled to utilise their potential to the fullest
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
Is a nationwide plan (under centrally sponsored scheme) in India to provide good all-weather road connectivity to unconnected
villages
In order to implement this, an Online Management & Monitoring System or OMMS GIS system was developed to identify targets
and monitor progress.
It is developed by e-governance department of C-DAC pune and is one of the biggest databases in India. The system manages and
monitors all the phases of road development right from its proposal mode to road completion

The OMMS also has separate module to track the expenses made on each road. Based on the data entered by state and district
officers, OMMS generates detailed reports which are viewable in citizens section (omms.nic.in).

OMMS incorporates advanced features like E-payment, Password protected PDF files, Interactive Reports etc

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Regional Rural Banks

Are local level banking organizations operating in different States of India. They have been created with a view to serve primarily
the rural areas of India with basic banking and financial services
RRB's may have branches set up for urban operations and their area of operation may include urban areas too
Functions
The main purpose of RRB's is to mobilize financial resources from rural / semi-urban areas and grant loans and advances mostly to
small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers and rural artisans
The area of operation of RRBs is limited to the area as notified by Government of India covering one or more districts in the State
Providing banking facilities to rural and semi-urban areas. Carrying out government operations like disbursement of wages of
MGNREGA workers, distribution of pensions etc.
Providing Para-Banking facilities like locker facilities, debit and credit cards
Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana

Was a scheme launched by the Government of India to attain the objective of providing gainful employment for the rural poor.The
program was implemented through the Panchayati Raj institutions.

Was constituted by merging the provisions of Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Samridhi Yojana (JGSY). The
program is self-targeting in nature and aims to provide employment and food to people in rural areas who lived below the poverty
line.

The scheme has special provisions for women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and parents of children withdrawn from
hazardous occupations
The program is implemented by the District Panchayats, Intermediate Panchayats and Gram Panchayats. The resources are
allocated in the 203050 ratio.
The Gram Panchayats commence their work based on the approval of the Gram Sabha. 50 % of the funds for the Gram
Panchayats are used for the development of infrastructure in SC/ST dominated areas
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Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana

It aims to keep the soul of rural India alive while providing its people with quality access to basic amenities and opportunities to
enable them to shape their own destiny and places equal stress on nurturing values of national pride, patriotism, community spirit,
self-confidence and on developing infrastructure.
It envisages integrated development of the selected village across multiple areas such as agriculture, health, education, sanitation,
environment, livelihoods etc.
SAGY aims at instilling certain values, such as people's participation, Antyodaya, gender equality, dignity of women, social justice,
spirit of community service and etc in the villages and their people so that they get transformed into models for others.
The gram panchayat would be the basic unit for development. It will have a population of 3000-5000 in plain areas and 1000-3000
in hilly, tribal and difficult areas. In districts where this unit size is not available, the gram panchayats approximating the desirable
population size may be chosen.
The MP would be free to identify a suitable gram panchayat for being developed as Adarsh Gram, other than his/her own village or
that of his/her spouse. The scheme will be implemented through a Village Development Plan that would be prepared for every
identified gram panchayat with special focus on enabling every poor household to come out of poverty.
The constituency fund, MPLADS, would be available to fill critical financing gaps and gives focus to community participation.
The participation of women in the decision-making process will be encouraged. The scheme envisages holding Mahila Sabhas and
Bal Sabhas to discuss women and children specific issues and concerns.
Ensuring universal access to education facilities, adult literacy, e-literacy are also important goals of SAGY.
Adoption and adaptation of technology and introduction of innovations are critical to this programme, will include use of space
application and remote sensing for planning, mobile based technology for monitoring, agriculture technology for increasing
productivity etc.
At the national level, a separate, real time web based monitoring system will be put in place for the scheme covering all aspects and
components

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Social Audit
Social audit is a process of reviewing official records and determining whether state
reported expenditures reflect the actual monies spent on the ground
Civil society organisations (CSOs), nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), political
representatives, civil servants and workers of Dungarpur district of Rajasthan and
Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh collectively organise such social audits to
prevent mass corruption under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act

As the corruption is attributed to the secrecy in governance, the 'Jansunwai' or public

hearing and the right to information (RTI), enacted in 2005, are used to fight this
secrecy.

Official records obtained using RTI are read out at the public hearing to identify and
rectify irregularities

Social audits highlight: a significant demand for the NREGA, less that 2 per cent
corruption in the form of fudging of muster rolls, building the water harvesting
infrastructure as the first priority in the drought-prone district, reduction of outmigration, and above all the women participation of more than 80 % in the
employment guarantee scheme

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Swabhiman (Campaign)
Is a campaign of the Government of India which aims to bring banking services to large rural areas without banking services in the
country and is to be operated by the Ministry of Finance, Government of India and the Indian Banks' Association (IBA) to bring
banking within the reach of the masses of the Indian population
An initiative which seeks better financial inclusion within India will strive for rolling out banking services in 20,000 villages without
banking services with a population of 2000 as to improve participation of rural folks in different plans launched by government for
them
Under this plan, Banks will select business correspondents (bank saathi). They will act as intermediaries between the rural people
and the banks.
The key idea is that there is need for village level presence a customer-facing channel that is close to the customer preferably at a
walking distance of not more than three to four kilometers. For this, it is important to have entities which are good at delivering
outreach while operating in very difficult remote conditions.
Besides giving access to banking, it also enables government subsidies and social security benefits to be directly credited to the
accounts of the beneficiaries, enabling them to draw the money from the bank saathi or business correspondents in their village
itself.
Services Offered
The initiative also enables Government subsidies and social security benefits to now be directly credited to the accounts of the
beneficiaries so that they could draw the money from the Business Correspondents (BCs) in their village itself.
The Government hopes that the benefits of micro insurance and micro pension products reach the masses through this banking
linkage.
This program now makes it possible for the large number of migrant workers in urban areas to remit money to their relatives in
distant villages quickly and safely.
The facilities provided through banking outlets will enhance social security by facilitating the availability of allied services in course
of time like micro insurance, access to mutual funds, pensions, etc.
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Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana

Is an initiative launched by the Government of India to provide sustainable income to poor people living in rural areas of the country
aims at providing self-employment to villagers through the establishment of self-help groups. Activity clusters are established based
on the aptitude and skill of the people which are nurtured to their maximum potential. Funds are provided by NGOs, banks and
financial institutions
Working of Scheme
Intended to provide self-employment to millions of villagers. Poor families living below the poverty line were organised into Self-help
groups (SHG)s established with a mixture of government subsidy and credit from investment banks.
The main aim of these SHGs was to bring these poor families above the poverty line and concentrate on income generation through
combined effort. The scheme recommended the establishment of activity clusters or clusters of villagers grouped together based on
their skills and abilities.

Each of these activity clusters worked on a specific activity chosen based on the aptitude and skill of the people, availability of
resources and market potentiality
The SHGs are usually created by selecting individuals from the Below poverty-line (BPL) list provided by the Gram sabha. The
SHGs are divided into various blocks and each of these blocks concentrated on 4-5 key activities. The SGSY is mainly run through
government-run DRDAs with support from local private institutions, banks and Panchayati raj institutions.
The SHGs created may have a varying number of members based on the terrain and physical abilities of the members. It goes
through three stages of creation:
Group formation
Capital formation through the revolving fund and skill development and
Taking up of economic activity for skill generation.

The Swarna Jayanti Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY) has been renamed as National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

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Unnat Bharat Abhiyan

Is a Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India programme to uplift rural India.

The programme is being launched in collaboration with the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the National Institutes of
Technology (NITs) across the country

Is inspired by the vision of transformational change in rural development processes by leveraging knowledge institutions to help
build the architecture of an Inclusive India.

Their mission is conceptualised as a movement to enable processes that connect institutes of higher education with local
communities to address the development challenges of rural India through participatory processes and appropriate technologies for
accelerating sustainable growth
It also aims to create a virtuous cycle between the society and an inclusive university system by providing knowledge and practices
for emerging professions and to upgrade the capabilities of both the public and the private sectors.
Energy Key to Village Development
Invest in Distributed Solar for the adopted village.
Work towards developing a home /village based cottage industry.
Could look at traditional areas like stitching, weaving, etc.
Solar-LED lamps, low-end PCBs, etc.
CAD designs, etc.
Link village industry to markets

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