4 Rules and Standards ATV-Standerd = Wastewater - Waste~ ATV UDC 628.211,626.258; A128 628.22 + 628.24 (089) April 1992 Standards for the Dimensioning and Design of Stormwater Structures in Combined Sewers AV Abwassertechnische Vereinigung e.V. Aset of Rules and Standards devised by the Abwasseitechnische Vereinigung e.V. (ATV)* ‘Marketing: Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Abwassertechnik e.V. (GFA) Postfach 11 65, 0-53758 Hennet * German Assocation tor Waler Polson Cont! sie o leeve No, 12182iw The ATV ad hoc Working Group 1.9.1/1.3.3 in the ATV Specialist Committee 1.8 “Assessment and Treatment of Stormwater Discharge”, who prepared this ATV Standard A 128, is made up from the following members: Dr.-Ing. Géttle, Kempten, (Speaker) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Brunner, Karlsruhe Dr.-Ing. Durchschlas, Bochum Dipl.-Ing. Freund, Wiesbaden Prof. Dr.-Ing. Geiger,essen Dr.-Ing. Gniosdorsch, Frankfurt Dipl.-Ing. Jacobi, Darmstadt Ori-Ing. MeiBner, Miinchen Dipl.-Ing. Pawlowski, Berlin Dr.-Ing. Pecher, Erkrath Dipl.-Ing. SchittheIm, Dissetdorf Dr.-Ing. Schmitt, Kaiserslautern Dipl.-Ing. Sperling, Essen Dr.-Ing. Verworn, Hannover Dipl.-Ing. Willems, Essen Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolf, Kassel The Standard presented here has been prepared within the framework of the ATV committee work, taking into account the ATV Standard A 400 “Principles for the Preparation of Rules and Standards” in the Rules and Standards Waste- water/Wastes, in the October 1986 version. With regard to the application of the Rules and Standards, Para 1 of Point 5 of A 400 includes the following statement: “The Rules and Standards are freely available to everyone. An obligation to apply them can result for reasons of egal regulations, contracts or other legal grounds. Who- soever applies them is responsible for the correct applic- ation in specific cases. Through the application of the Rules and Standards no one avoids responsibility for his own actions. However, for.the user, prima facie evidence [shows that he has taken the necessary care. All rights, in particular those of translation into other languages, are reserved. No part of this Standard may be reproduced in any form by photocopy, microfilm or any other process or transferred or translated into a language usable in machines, in particular data processing machines, without the written approval of the publisher © Gesellschaft zur Férderung der Abwassertechnik e.V. (GFA), St. Augustin 1992 Produced by: Druck Car? Weyler KG, Bonncontents Page Scope of application and terms 7 Objective of stormwater treatment 7 2a Principles 8 2.2 Method of approach 8 3. Requirements on stormwater treatment 8 3.4 Technical requirements for the normal case (normal requirements) 9 3.2 Advanced requirements 12 3.3 Overall consideration of a lake or river 12 3.3.1 Common requirements in the overall drainage area 12 3.3.2 Combined requirements with different waters 13 4. Planning principles 13 an Reduction of the amount of wastewater produced 13 4a Rainwater run-off 14 4.1.2 Domestic and industrial wastewater flow 14 4.4.3 Sewer infiltration water flow 18, 4.2 Measures for wastewater treatment in the a combined wastewater system 15 4.2 Intermediate storage of combined wastewater 15 4.2.2 Redistribution of rainfall run-offs 16 4.2.3 Wastewater treatment measures 16 4.3 Structures with overflow 47 4.3.4 Stormwater overflows 18 4.3.2 Stormiater tanks with overflow 19 4.3.2.1 Stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormiater 20 4.3.2.2 Stormvater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater 20 4.3.2.3 Composite tanks 24 4.3.2.4 Sewers with storage capacity and overflow 22 4.3.2.8 Main and by-pass streams 23 4.3.3 Arrangement of several stormwater tanks with overflow a7 4.3.3.1 parallel stormwater tanks with overflow 27 4.3.3.2 Series stormwater tanks with overflow 27 4.3.4 Stormwater holding tanks 29 tesue HP. 12/32aaana bow a bbb eioaribd Pa97aMPAFDa990 Beaver nrannnm ny Roo T18 TAG 7.2 7.3 Ta Planning scope Determination of actual status Determination of the planning status Planning periods Standard and variant investigations Calculation principles Sizes of catchment areas Annual precipitation her Surface areas Ace and Ai Flow time tr Mean inclination group IGa Discharges Combined wastewater discharge to the sewage treatment plant @ Dry weather flow in daily average Qaw24 Hourly peak flow with dry weather flow Qaws Rain run-off from separated areas Qrse« Rainwater run-off Qrze Critical rainwater run-off Qrers Critical combined wastewater discharge Gerit Mean rainwater run-off ‘during overflow Gro Discharge rates Dry weather discharge rate auz4 Rainwater run-off rate ar Dry weather concentration caw Mean mix ratio in overflow water m Determination of the necessary tota storage volume Determination of the permissible overflow rate Influence of heavy polluters ae Influence of annual precipitation an Influence of sewer deposits as Dimensioning concentration in the dry weather discharge ca Theoretical dverflow concentration ceo Permissible annual overflow rate co Necessary total storage volumes Accountable. storage volumes Minimum storage volumes resue H9, 34 36 36 37 38 38 38 39 40 40 40 at at 42 42 43 44 44 46 46 46 48 50 518 8.4 8.4.4 8.4.2 8.2 8.2.1. 8.2.1.1 8.2.1.2 8.2.4.3 8.2.2 8.2.2.4 8.2.2.2 8.2.2.3 8.2.2.4 8.2.2 9 9.4 a2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.4 10. 10.1 10.4.4 10.4.2 10.2 10.2.4 Dimensioning of individual structures with overflow Simplified distribution method Approach Scope of application Verification Procedures Special basic facts Precipitation loading Registration of the sewer network Fictitious central tanks Approach 51 52 52 53 54 54 54 55 56 56 Preliminary calculation to determine permissible, mode1-dependent, overflow loads Petermination of the rehabilitation requirement Planning of measures Further verification parameters Requirements on pollution load calculation methods Dimensioning of individual structures with overflow Stormwater overflow Stormwater tanks with overflow Sewer with storage capacity and overflow Sewer with storage capacity with top-end overflow Sewer with Storage capacity with bottom-end overflow Stormwater holding tanks Construction and operation of structures with overflow Stormwater overflows General Method of construction of stormwater overflows with overflow weirs Method of construction of stormwater overflows with bottom openings (spring overflow) Stormwater tanks with overflow Method of construction of separation structures and overflows 56 57 58 60 61 62 62 65 67 67 67 68 6s 70 70 70 72 73 7310.2.2 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.3.4 41 Wat 11.2 11.2.4 14.2.2 44.2.2.4 1.2.2.2 11.2.2.3 11.3 11.3.4 14.3.2 12. 13. Method of construction of stormwater tanks with overflow Method of construction of sewers with storage volume Method of construction for discharges Maintenance and operation Maintenance facilities Cleaning and flushing facilities Measurement facilities Other records Dimensioning example Local situation Necessary total storage volumes Simplified distribution procedure Verification procedure Hydrologic method Hydrodynamic method Presentation of results Dimensioning of stormwater overflows Stormwater overflow SO 1 in Commercial Area 2 Stormwater overflow SO 2 in Sub-area Terms References Appendices 18 7 78 80 80 80 at at 82 82 84 85 26 30 30 30 93 93 93 34 38 102 desu 1. 12/92“we ae is Scope of Application and Terms These Standards apply for structures with overflows in the overall system of a combined wastewater sewer system within ihe catchment area of sewage treatment plants. It replaces the previous ATV Standard A 128 from 1977/1. Structures with overflows in combined systems are structures with an overflow into a lake or river such as, for example stormwater overflows (SO), stormwater tanks with overflows (STO) and sewers with storage capacity and overflow (SSCO) Stormwater holding tanks (SHT) are dealt with in ATV Standard A117. Stormwater sedimentation tanks (SST) serve for the treatment of stormwater with separate systems. They are also not dealt with here. Information is given in the ATV Working Report in Korrespondenz Abwasser” (1980), Vol 1 2. Objective of Stormwater Treatment For water management and cost reasons the priority task of the planning of measures for wastewater collection and stormwater treatment is the avoidance of stormwater overflow into the sewer system wherever this is possible. For the remaining giScharges, for technical water managément and economic reasons, stormwater structures with overflow are located in combined wastewater sewers. With precipitation run-off, high pollutant loads can occur which, with discharge into lakes and rivers, could load these heavily. Although the loadings appear only temporarily these can exceed those from the effluents of sewage treatment plants several times over during rainfall run-off. The task of stormvater treatment is so to limit the rainfall run-off into the sewage treatment plants that there the desired effluent values are maintained and, at the same time, the surge-type loadings of the lakes and rivers remain within acceptable limits. The aim of stormwater treatment must be the best possible reduction of the total emissions from stormwater overflows and sewage treatment plants within the scope of water management requirements. An effective protection of lakes and rivers and of sewage treatment plants from excessive loadings is to be expected if the necessary stormwater treatment takes place according to the criteria of these Standards. Iosve HO. 12/922.5 Principles The objective can be achieved with various formulations ~ from discharge avoidance to substance retention. Stormwater overflows are fundamentally to be assessed together with the sewage treatment plant for interrelated catchment areas of a section of a lake or river. Requirements on the sewage treatment plant run-offs and on the stormwater overflow ‘installations should be matched in their effectiveness for the Jake or river The regional and network specific quantities precipitation flow time, gradients, sewage storage capacity, heavy pollutants and areas drained with a separate system have a considerable influence on the overflow quantity and concentration. These are therefore taken into account. 2.2 Method of Approach Having taken into account the given possibilities of discharge reduction or discharge avoidance, both prerelieved and non- prerelieved overflow structures are to be dimensioned for the remaining discharges. The effectiveness of a stormwater treatment here depends not only én the available storage volume but also particulariy on the arrangement, design and operation of the installations (Chaps. 4 and 5). Basically, there two procedures available for the dimensioning and verification of the objective of the stormwater treatment: > simplified dimensioning procedure using diagrams (Chap. 8.1), - verification procedure using pollutant load calculations (Chap. 8.2). The objective is considered as being met if the requirements Of these Standards, with regard to pollutant retention, arrangement, design, dimensioning and method of operation of structures with overflows, are observed. Tanue NO, 12/02Requirements on Stormmater Treatment For different situations with lakes and rivers these Standards differentiate technical rules for the normal case (normal requirements) and advanced requirements according to the situation of the lake or river. While the normal requirements, which basically have to be met, are emission related advanced requirements are planned on the basis of intramission considerations. In the individual case it is to be decided which requirements are to be fulfilled. If a surface lake or river or a system of surface waters is loaded via several stormwater overflows or sewage treatment plants then it is to be verified both for every individual overflow structure and also for the total system, seen from the aspect of related water management, that the requirements placed are fulfilled 3.4 Technical Requirements for the Normal Case (Normal Requirements) The technical rules for thé normal case (normal requirements) are based on @ pure consideration of Gnissia> without aSSessment of the local situation of the Takes and rivers and extensively tie up with the previous ATV Standard A 128. With lakes and rivers without special protection or management requirements their observation is considered as sufficient. Deviations therefrom are to be justified in individual cases. The loading of a surface lake or river through stormwater overflow is determined by the induced pollutants and contaminants, their type, quantity, concentration as wel) as the duration and frequency of loading. As substitute for these parameters the annual pollutant load of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) is enlisted as general indicator for pollution. Dimensioning and verification criterion is therefore a theoretical, fictitious COD annual load which, in the mean over many years with average conditions, reaches the lake or river through run-off precipitation water. It is made up of the annual load of the immediate overflowed combined wastewater and the theoretical residual load of the stormwater Jointly treated. in the sewage treatment plant. deeue NO. 12/82a For the assessment of stormwater installations with overflow further criteria such as, for instance, the annual overflow rate and the overflow frequency and duration can be enlisted. According to the current status of knowledge it is not possible to make predictions on the actual pollutant concentrations of the combined wastewater of individual rain events. For this, the interaction of the many components which contribute to the pollution of the wastewater {eg. material accumulation and erosion on the surface and in the sewer) are too complex. However, basic interrelationships can be formulated in order to describe the essential influences on the annual pollutant load in their tendency. This is done here with a formulation of average pollutant concentrations for rain and dry weather From this situation a “reference load case” was defined in the Standards for average conditions in Germany for which a certain necessary storage volume in combined sewers is required. With this storage volume it should be ensured that, with average conditions according to the current status of knowledge an effective pollution protection is achieved. Deviations from the reference load case can lead to a reduction or increase of the necessary storage volume, Through the matching of the storage volume to the local conditions the load on lakes and rivers in individual cases is not greater than with average conditions. The reference load case is based, in particular, on the following agreed values - average annual precipitation 800 mm 4434 = COO concentration ‘in rainwater ears 107 mg/l 66 love te « > COD concentration in dry weather senmEKe 600 mg/1 450 - COB concentration in the stormwater in the , sewage treatment plant effluents 70 mg/1 HBS enue uO. 12/92Deviations from the reference load case are taken into account as follows: - the mean. precipitation over many years has, as locally dependent dimension, considerable influence on the stormwater pollution and on the overflow activity. Higher precipitation leads, as a rule, to heavier loading of lakes and rivers so that, with dimensioning, it leads to an increase of the necessary storage volume. - the laid-down COD concentration of 600 mg/1 in the dry weather run-off represents a theoretical value which, ~~ “withthe determination of the necessary total: storage volume according to Chap. 7, may not be undercut. A lesser pollution of the wastewater than 600 mg/1 aids the pollution protection as the necessary total storage volume is therefore not smaller. A higher pellution Jeads to a storage volume increase (heavy pollution surcharge). - in order to be able to carry out the dimensioning of the structures with overflow for a long planning period despite the possible annual or long-term change of the effluent value of a sewage treatment plant, the laying down of a theoretical constant effluent value is necessary. A mean COD run-off value of 70 mg/? was laid down under the assumption. of @ constant residual pollution in the sewage treatment plant effluent with wet weather. Actual measured deviations from this value have no influence on the determination of the necessary storage volume for stormwater treatment. The necessary total storage volume in the drainage network is determined taking into account the local conditions (Chap. 7). Subsequently it can be distributed according to a simplified Procedure (Chap. 8.1): Insofar as the application limitations of the simplified procedure are observed a special verification. of the overflowed COD load is not necessary. The COD load serves solely as theoretical guidance value for the application of the dimensioning process. How large this may be, dependent on local conditions, is determined in the respectively applied EDP pollution loed model in a preliminary calculation (Chap 8.2). A comparison with measured values can only provide information. Bemus ue. 12/323.2 Advanced Requirements If a particular protection or management requirement exists, further requirements can be placed which are deduced from : GatramiasioB considerations. They are not dealt with in this Standard. Information is contained on this in Appendix 1. 3.3 Overall Consideration of a Lake or River For the complete assessment of a stormwater installation with 3 overflow a total consideration for an associated stretch of a “lake or river or a waters system is necessary. This applies in particular for sections of a lake or river into which several overflows discharge close together. With this, a self-cleaning section is to be considered. The permissible total loading is, in such cases, to be distributed to the individual overflow > points taking into account the characteristics of the lake or - river and the requirements on the individual installations with overflow. The technical rules for the dimensioning of individual structures, according to Chaps. 9 and 10 are fundamentally to be fulfilled. In_order to meet the aim of these standards the load overflow relationship with regard to the lake or river together with the fulfilment of other legally required discharge values must A 3 be assessed and optimised (Chap. 4). With the assessment of the stormwater overflow the loading of the lake or river due - to the sewage treatment plant is to be included. 3.3.4 Common Requirements in the Overall Drainage Area If all overflow sewers of a drainage area empty into subsidiary and main waters with the same protection or management requirements, then the dimensioning of the stormwater installation with overflow can be carried out uniformly. Heaue W°, 12/923 3.3.2 Combined Requirements with Different Waters If several lakes and rivers, with different requirements, which still flow into a common main lake or river are present in one drainage area in closer proximity of the catchment area under consideration, then the requirements of the main lake or river are relevant. Should higher requirements be placed on the subsidiary waters than on the main lake or river then a transfer of the combined waters overflow to the less sensitive Jake or river can be considered. For the subsidiary lake or river itself, its own protection requirements are relevant _If_waters_with different _requirements are separated by river... _ areas (eg. a river and, independent of this, a lake), then each lake or river must be considered as an entity with an associated level of requirement. 4 Planning Principles e outline conditions described below should give an overview of the different measures for stormwater treatment in the combined system. Run-offs from settled areas, together with the diffuse substance input from agrioulture and the atmosphere, essentially determine the quality level of the lakes and rivers. Settled areas load lakes and rivers through - stormwater discharges from separate systems, - overflow from combined systems, - discharges from sewage treatment plant effluents. 4.4 Reduction of the Amount of Wastewater Produced Fundamentally: it should be examined whether the amount of wastewater can be reduced as, with this, the necessary investments and operating costs for a stormwater treatment can be diminished. In particular the following measures come into question for the discharge of stormwater, domestic and industrial wastewater and sewer infiltration water4.44 Rainwater Run-off The amount of stormwater depends primarily on the size of the hard, impervious surfaces connected to the sewer network. Measures for the reduction of the rainwater run-off are, for example: = percolation of non-harmful, polluted rainwater (eg. ATV Standard A 138), - direct discharge of lightly polluted discharge from roof surfaces and traffic surfaces into a lake or river (the run-off-from-heavity polluted traffic, industrial or other surfaces is to be discharged, in any case, into the wastewater or combined wastewater sewer network and/or is to be pre-treated), - avoidance of discharge from non-compacted surfaces, - use of rainwater as tap water. The pollution of rainwater run-off can, furthermore, be reduced through the following measures - frequent street cleaning (as, inter alia, pollutants are tied to fine particles the effectiveness of street cleaning using sweeping machines is limited), - removal of the causes for the heavy pollution of discharge surfaces, - | street drains with improved pollutant retention (dry and wet gullies), - frequent sewer cleaning, - flushing aids, 4.1.2 Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Flow With measures which aim to reduce the amount of domestic and industrial wastewater the effect on stormvater treatment in the combined wastewater system - eg. due to increased Concentrations or sewer deposits - is to be verified. Measures for the reduction of the amount of domestic and industrial wastewater are, for example: seve WO. 12/92= application of water saving techniques, - circulation systems in industrial operations. 4.1.3 Sewer Infiltration Water Flow The dimensioning regulations of this Standard assume that the amount. of sewer infiltration water is reduced as far as possible. If this is not the case then large storage volumes result from dimensioning according to this Standard. Measures For the reduction of sewer infiltration water are, for example - replacement of the usually non-permitted connection of jand drains and seepage pipelines with proper drains, = the sealing of leaking sewers and drains, - avoidance of faulty connections, - avoidance of discharges from lakes and rivers into wastewater sewers. 4.2, Measures for Wastewater Treatment in the Combined Wastewater System 3 Stormwater treatment in the combined system can include the following measure: - | intermediate storage of combined wastewater and subsequent treatment in a sewage treatment plant, - redistribution of the rainwater run-off within the sewer network, - wastewater treatment measures before discharge into a Jake or river. 4.2.1 Intermediate Storage of Combined Wastewater An intermediate storage of combined wastewater can already be achieved by the holding capacity of the sewers. For constructional and operational reasons, however, it is a sensible to retein and use storage spaces specifically. This takes place through Tesue n®, 12/92- stormwater tanks with overflows or sewers with storage capacity and overflow, - stormwater holding tanks, (eg. ATV Standard a 117), - deliberate backing-up of sewers (elevated overflow sills, discharge control in accordance with the details given by ATV Working Group 1.2.4, 1985). Rainwater run-off can also be stored in the interim on surfaces, such as, for example, by back-up on parking areas or flat roofs or by a reduction of the inlets into the sewer “network. AS, with this, a limitation of the usage is involved, these measures can only be brought into the planning in special cases. 4.2.2 Redistribution of Rainfall Run-offs A redistribution of the rainwater run-off within the sewer network with the aim of using available storage space evenly is, together with a discharge control, advantageous. Objective of a redistribution can also be an evening out of the overflow characteristics of stormwater overflow systems (eg. quantity, duration, frequency). The transfer of rainfall run-off into other sections of lakes or rivers requires an appropriate receiving waters situation. 4.2.3 Wastewater Treatment Measures Wastewater treatment processes presuppose balanced wastewater Joadings. Quantity and characteristics of the combined wastewater however vary so heavily that the information on wastewater treatment in sewage treatment plants cannot be transferred without question to.a stormwater treatment Nevertheless ‘the following principles can be used for stormwater treatment: - mechanical treatment through the settling effect as, for example, it is achieved in stormwater tanks according to this Standard, - high density and highly volatile fluids separators, - centrifugal separators, Issue ne, 12/92With all measures Tt Ts to B - screens, micro~sieving, precipitation, flocculation, - Filtration of overflowed combined wastewater (eg. ground Filtration). The retention of floating substances can be achieved basically by floating or fixed scumboards. An improved retention of coarse substance on the surface is possible using screens and sieves The technical wastewater measures must be subject to regular maintenance and monitoring. a sUSTY checked whether central arrangement at the sewage treatment plant or a decentralised arrangement in the drainage area meets the water protection requirements as well as being economically justifiable. Stormwater tanks in the area of the sewage treatment plant, depending on the local conditions, can also be used as an intermediate storage with accidents involving water harmful substances in the sewer system. In special cases this can also apply for stormwater tanks in the sewer network. Such an usage is to be agreed with the responsible water authority. 4.3 Structures with Overflow : The effectiveness of a construction measure for the treatment of stormwater depends, apart from the dimensions of the overflow tanks, on the arrangement of the overflow and storage structures in the sewer network and their design. An overflow following primary treatment (so-called fine overflow), for example, for even loading of the biological stage of the sewage treatment plant, is not permitted. Details on the method of construction are contained in Chap. 10. The upper edge of the overflow sill should, as a rule, lie above the water level of the dimensioned high water level of the lake or river. However, as a minimum, efforts should be made that, with a ten year high water level of the lake or river, the upper sill of the weir is still not overdammed with the relevant rainfall run-off in the overflow sewer.4.3.1 Stormwater Overf lows Stormwater overflows (SO) serve for the reduction of high combined wastewater discharge peaks (Fig. 1). They may be located only where the critical combined wastewater discharge Gerit can be further conveyed at full height and the stormwater treatment is carried out subsequently in a storage structure further downstreem. Efforts should be made to site a structure where combined wastewater to be overflowed shows the least pollution. It is, however, sensible to retain sufficient room for a possible, later, eg. through a modification of the ‘tank: ary expansion OF the ne If the commercial and industrial wastewater is considerably more polluted than domestic wastewater, or if the heavily polluted discharge with the draining of stormwater tanks with overflow is discharged into a combined wastewater sewer and if the necessary dilution of the combined wastewater in accordance with Chap. 9 can no longer be ensured, then - overflow can no longer take place via stormwater overflows. Stormwater Inflow 4 overflow . Discharge to sewage treatment plant a Take or = river Fig. 1: Functional diagram of a stormwater overflow With the discharge above the stormwater overflow of domestic or industrial wastewater. from an area drained using the Separate system attention is drawn to the minimum dilution of ‘the overflowed combined wastewater, in accordance with Chap: 9.1. rosue nO. 12/92Overflows into lake and rivers which at times carry little or no water should be avoided. If this is not possible at least a critical rainfall intensity (ie. at which overflow will come into action) of 15 1/(s-ha) is to be applied. Emergency overflows are not, in the sense of this Standard, to be seen as stormwater overflows. They are to be taken into account with verification procedures. 4.3.2 Stormwater Tanks with Overflow The selection of the site of a stormwater tank with overflow 0) aking Wité Secount the water manaaement and economic aspects. The greatest water management effect is achieved if the stormwater tank with overflow is sited below heavily sedimented sewer sections or sub-catchment areas. Reference values for the occurrence of deposits in the sewer network are provided as a diagram in Fig. 2. Gradient in % 250 00 009 “Diameter in mm Fig. 2: Reference values for the occurrence of sewer deposits If the gradient in the sewer network of the associated catchment area lies below the curve in Fig. 2 then one must reckon with deposits. This tendency increases with velocities which become smaller and with dry weather discharges. The relationships of the essential influences on the formation of Sewer deposits are emphasised in the inflow value aa in accordance with Chap. 7.1.3.= 20 - 4.3.2.1 Stormwater Tanks Retaining the First Flush of Stormwater Stormwater tanks retaining the first, flush of stormwater (STRFF) are to be arranged if a pronounced flushing surge is to be expected. As a rule, this is the case with small catchment areas with short flow times. They store a combined wastewater flushing surge if this occurs at the start of the discharge event. They are not flowed through by. overflow water. The stored contents must then be conveyed to the biological treatment stage of the sewage treatment plant Stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormwater are. to be planned essentially for the discharge of non-prerelieved drainage areas if the flow time with computed rain in the sewer network up to the tanks is not more than 15 to 20 mins. If stormwater overflows are arranged in the catchment area above a’stormwater tank retaining the first flush of stormwater, then the total flow time in the catchment area of this tank and not only the flow time below the stormwater overflow is to be applied 4.3.2.2 | Stormwater Tanks with Overflow for Settled Combined Wastewater With increasing size of catchment area one must reckon with ever more balanced -pollution concentrations without exaggerated flushing surge. In this case stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater (STOSC) are to’ be planned which aim to achieve a mechanical treatment of the combined wastewater. As opposed to stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormater, stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater have an overflow structure {0S¢), which comes into action once the tank is ful) and which féeds mechanically treated combined wastewater to the receiving water. As a rule a tank overflow (TO) (see also Chap. 9.2)is placed upstream in series to limit the maximum tank throughflow. Until they are filled STOSc act as a storage space and thereafter act as settling tank with overflow for a Partial inflow (as @ rule Qeriz) ‘into the receiving waters. At the end of the rainfall event the tank contents must be fed to the biological stage of the sewage treatment plant. Stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater are provided if: Tesue 0. 127/97- the flow time in the sewer network up to the tanks, with computation rain, is more than 15 to 20 mins or if no further exaggerated flushing surge is to be expected, - these tanks are in upstream series of other structures with overflow (networks prerelieved by SO or STO), - in exceptional cases the inflow to the tank can be more than the maximum possible throttle discharge. (Such cases can be locally influenced by varying sewer infiltration water or melting snow) 4.3.2.3 Composite Tanks Composite tanks (CT) are provided if flushing surges (from neighbouring parts of the catchment area) and also discharges with balanced pollution occur. They represent a combination of stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormwater and stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater and consist of a retention section and a treatment section. The in-coming combined wastewater is first stored in a retention part designed as a stormwater tank retaining the first flush of stormwater. Once it is full the combined wastewater that arrives subsequently flows through the treatment part which is designed as a stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater. Combined tanks come jinto consideration for the interface area between stormwater tank retaining the first flush of stormwater and the stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater ‘ or, if flushing surges are to be expected from neighbouring parts of the catchment area, with longer flow times. Composite tanks are dimensioned either as for stormmater tanks retaining the first flush.of stormwater or for stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater. Essential advantages: - retention and treatment effect in one tank, - division of volume between retention and treatment parts selectable, ~ by subdivision into several chambers the back-up frequency and thus the maintenance resources in the neighbouring throughflow part are reduced significantly. Essential disadvantages: Tesue we, 12/92= 22 - - smaller treatment effect compared with a pure stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined stormwater. 4.3.2.4 Sewers with Storage Capacity and Overflow Sewers with storage capacity and overflow (SSCO) differ in their effect through the position of the overflow structure. Sewers with storage capacity and overflow with top-end overflow (SSCTO) (Fig. 3) function as stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormHater. Sewers with storage capacity and overflow with bottom-end overflow (SSCB0) (Fig. 4) function as stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater i e main stream without tank. overflow. With dimensioning according to this Standard they are basically equivalent to both stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormwater and stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater nase Sever with storage capacity and overflo 4 Fig. 3: | Sewer with storage capacity and top-end overflow x/ REE Sever with scorage capacity and overi lov S50 | Fig. 47 Sewer with storage capacity and bottom-end overflow2 Essential advantages: - no structure in addition to the sewer necessary, - emptying with natural gradient. Essential disadvantages: - cannot exclude deposits, - volumes of SSCBO larger than with stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater, =" with Overflow Of SSCBO partial Washing oUt of storage volume contents into the lake or river. A sewer with storage capacity and overflow can be arranged if a sufficient drag tension fér the avoidance or reduction of deposits is to be ensured or if flushing aids are installed. In addition it is to be ensured that no harmful back-up results. A bottom-end overflow may not come into operation as often as one at the top-end as otherwise, with large rainwater run= offs, there is a danger that the pollution trapped in the storage volume is displaced by the subsequent, less polluted combined wastewater. The storage volumes must therefore be larger than for sewers with storage capacity and overflow with top-end overflow. 4.3.2.5 Main and By-pass Streams Stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormwater, stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater, composite tanks and sewers with storage capacity and overflow can be arranged in main or in by-pass streams (Figs. 5 - 10). With main streams the discharge fed on to the sewage treatment plant is led through the tank: with a by-pass stream it is fed past the tank. The draining of the tank into the by-pass can take place deliberately using discharge regulation (qualified by-pass) assue W8, 17/92- 24 - Fig. 5 Stormwater tank retaining the first #1 stormwater in main stream Qs, > Fig. 6 | Stormwater tank retaining the first flush of stormwater in by-pass stream sTOsc OSSC 2 Fig. 7. Stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater in main stream Tesue uO, 12/92Stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater in by-pass stream Fig. 8 RP + TP filled RP is filled P. is filled ro F nid RP > >a. T || 7] 7? joss Jossc Fig. 9 Composite tank in main stream (RP = retention part, TP = treatment part)RP is filled Tp is filled RP + TP filled —-—-| eo -4 ea it U | I TP = treatment part) u retention part, Whether a stormwater tank with overflow is arranged in the main or by-pass stream depends on the local height and site conditions. An arrangement in the by-pass is always advantageous if small height differences between inflow and outflow exist so that the stormwater tank with overflow must be drained using pumps. Nevertheless, more connecting pipelines than with a main stream flow and an additional separator structure are necessary. The main stream flow is suitable if sufficient height : difference is available between inflow and outflow and little freedom exists in the arrangement of the site. It offers operational and design advantages. Stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined sewage should, if possible, be arranged in by-pass streams as, generally, with this arrangement, combined wastewater is stored and overflows with a somewhat Tower pollutant concentration. The cause is that, at the beginning and end of a rainfall event the dry weather discharge mixes. with a relatively low rainfall run-off. Through slight dilution this combined wastewater is more heavily polluted. With the by-pass stream it flows past the tank up to the scale of the throttle discharge. Through this, the overall overflowed pollution . load, in comparison with stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined sewage in the main stream, reduces somewhat. Tesue NO. 12/92If a controlled tank drainage is planned or considered for the future, in which the draining of the stored wastewater to the sewage treatment plant does not take place immediately following the end of rainfall, then the by-pass stream is to be used. Otherwise the stored combined wastewater is continuously mixed with the subsequent dry weather discharge. There is a danger that, with this, more highly concentrated combined wastewater reaches the lake or river with a subsequent rainfall event. 4.3.3 Arrangement of Several Stormater Tanks with Overflow — With spatially separated sub-drainage areas such as, for example, with sections of communities or neighbouring communities, enclosed drainage areas should be provided with their own stormwater tanks with overflow. With the selection of the site of the tank it is to be investigated whether a technical and economically practical discharge regulation or control is possible. Thé maximum permissible feed flow of the sewage treatment plant may not be exceeded. With the subdivision of larger catchment areas into several sub- areas the individual stormwater tanks with overflow can be connected in parallel or in series. ~ 4.3.3.1 Parallel Stormwater Tanks with Overflow Here the total catchment area is so arranged that the tanks sited at the end of each sub-area are connected in parallel. With this, stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormwater, stormwater tanks with overflaw for settled combined sewage and composite tanks are possible in both main and by-pass streams Tanks connected in parallel (Fig. 11, top) present the more advantageous solution for water pollution control if they can be throttled,.by section, according to the permitted sewage treatment plant discharge. Modifications, such as, for example, with whirl separators are only practical for paralle connection as the once separated suspended and floating solids an only in this way reach the sewage treatment plant immediately and not reach further structures with overflow. reaue WO. 32/92Essential advantages: - stored combined wastewater reaches the sewage treatment plant completely, - there is no mutual influence between the tanks, - free choice of tank design, - clear hydraulic conditions and simple dimensioning. Essential disadvantages: ~___often higher construction costs:as_a result of an. __ integral delivery connector drain to the sewage treatment plant (transporter sewer or wastewater collector drain). Functional diagrams of paralle1 and series connected stormwater tanks with overflows Fig. 1 As) -3.3.2 Series Stormwater Tanks with Overflow \—" With series stormater tanks with overflow (Fig. 11, bottom) the upstream separated pollutants again mix with stormwater and, under certain conditions, overflow at the subsequent overflow tank. save WO. 12/092,Basically, the throttle discharge of series overflow tanks should grow in the direction of flow so that the stored contents of an upstream tank can be fed to the sewage treatment plant without leading to an overflow at the next tank. Series connected tanks with controlled overflow presume a very efficient sewer operation and a careful maintenance of the plant components. in individual cases the installation of measurement and control devices is to be examined with regard to the : relationship of usage to costs and maintenance. In the #_.__simplified dimensioning procedure;-without-controt-devices the specific volumes of the downstream tanks are usually larger as a result of the longer flow times, With regard to future development a later modification with control devices should be taken into account in planning 4.3.4 Stormater Holding Tanks Stormwater holding tanks (SHT) are to be installed if the Sewer network cannot further convey stormwater discharge peaks and an overflow of combined wastewater is not possible. If its run-off discharge rate qr (Chap. 6.3.2) lies above 5 1/(s.ha) then it has no significant influence on the subsequent stormwater overflows. In this case the complete catchment area including the areas above the stormwater tank with overflow is relevant for the dimensioning of overflow structures. 7 If the run-off discharge rate ar of individual stormwater tanks with overflow is under 5 1/(s.ha) and aboye the run-off discharge rate of the sewage treatment plant then this type of tank has a definitely unfavourable effect on subsequent overflows due to its long drainage durations. 5 Planning Scope The planning of stormwater overflow installations takes place based on ATV Standard A 101. Data for the following conditions are to be determined - actual status, ~. planning status. Tasue N°, “12/92For the rehabilitation of existing sewer networks both conditions are to be recorded; with new planning the planning status only. In each case the total catchment area of a sewage treatment plant is to be recorded (eg. general drainage plan). If required, the different planning levels are to be examined for this total network. Bat Determination of Actual Status The limitation and description of the catchment area with its ~~ —water-management—conditions: and_constraints belong, in... particular, to the clarification of the definition of the problem. In addition, the combined effect of stormwater treatment and sewage treatment plant is to be determined and the efficiency of the sewage treatment plant is to be established. The establishment of the actual status (inter alia number of inhabitants, areas, degree of sealing, dry weather discharge, Jakes and rivers) includes the assessment of the efficiency of the existing sewer system and the sewage treatment plant. Measurements of the dry-weather discharge as well as the total annual wastewater inflow of the sewage treatment plant is to be brought into ite determination. The dry-weather discharge 3 is to be compared with and supported by the water usage. 5.2 Determination of the Planning Status In order to establish the planning status (planning objective) the following must, in particular, be taken into account - town development plans, ~ area usage plans - building plans, ~ outline plans of other infrastructural installations. Yesue NO. 12/92ts The necessary data for the planning of sewer network and sewage treatment plant can be extrapolated from available data sources. 5.3 Planning Periods As a rule, the following are to be used as planning periods: - for the sewer network 50 = 100 years, - for the sewage treatment plant 18 - 25 years. Sa correct st “treatiner throttle discharges passed on from the stormwater overflow installations can be treated biologically to the full extent in the sewage treatment plant, the stormwater overflow installations must be designed to the expansion status of the associated sewage treatment plant. Therefore, the planning period of the sewase treatment plant of some 15 ~ 25 years is to be used as the planning period of the stormwater treatment plants. However, it must be verified that the stormwater treatment plants can also fulfil their function fully for the larger planning period of the sewer system. If, for example, larger storage volumes are necessary for this then the required space is to be kept free. 5.4 Standard and Variant Investigations With the assessment of ewisting facilities, objectives (water management, operational, cost-oriented, etc) are to be formulated based on usage times, usage durations, operational parameters, operational experiences and the therefrom resultant information on operational difficulties. In particular the existing loadings and reserve capacities are to be determined and assessed. Investigations of variants are to be undertaken based on similar criteria as for the standard investigation. However, different, objective dependent variants and alternative investigations are necessary. These should be supplemented by : cost investigations for better assessment. Teeue NO 12/923 ai The capability for implementation of the planned measures is to be examined. Intermediate conditions with staged expansion are to be examined for the establishment of priorities. 6. Calculation Principles For the complete catchment area of a sewage treatment plant that is drained using the combined system a necessary total storage volume must, in accordance with this Standard, be determined for the intermediate storage of combined wastewater. This applies equally for the simple distribution system (Chap. 6.1) as for the detailed verification syst (Chap. 8.2). The necessary initial data and the therefrom derived dimensions are defined and described below. 6.4 Sizes of Catchment Areas 6.1.4 Annual Precipitation hre The annual overflow duration depends, inter alia, on the annual precipitation her (her can, for example, be taken from ‘the Year Book of the German Weather Service). With increasing amounts of precipitation the combined wastewater is overflowed jonger and therefore must also discharge more wastewater directly imto the Take or river. The precipitation her in mm jis taken into account with the dimensioning (Chap. 7.1.2). 6.1.2 Surface Areas Aca and As ‘The catchment area covered or coverable by a sewer system is designated as drainage area Aca. It is subdivided into a hard surface area Aree and an unhardened surface area (Aca less Ares). The hard surface areas Ared are variously defined through different loss statements in EOP precipitation run-off models. The computed part of a catchment area from which the rainfall run-off,.after deduction of all losses, completely reaches a combined sewer system is designated the impervious area AsAG with VOr in m her.sees in mm Separate areas combined areas = VQr/(10 - her.ere) in ha (6.1) = annual rainfall run-off sum in the combined wastewater system, = effective precipitation (after deduction of losses). do not count as effective discharge areas, with precipitation percolation only with their — effective discharge part.Outer.areas_and—unharéened-surface- areas can, in general, be ignored. The impervious surface area Ay is, as a rule, significantly smaller than the hard surface area Area. So far as no calculations or measurements are available the impervious area of the hard surface is to be si ie. Ai 6.1.3 Flow The damping of et as equal, Area (6.2) Time tr discharge waves is influenced by the concentration time. The concentration in prerelieved sewer networks can only be determined with considerable effort. AS it only slightly influences the relieved annual pollution load it is alternatively replaced by the flow time: This can be calculated from the longest flow path in the sewer network with complete # illing or approximated from the time difference between the maximum values of relevant time curves. Flow times from widely separated areas can, with minor significance for the combined wastewater inflow, be ignored 6.1.4 Mean In accordance with ATV Stan Inclination Group IGs dA 118 “Standards for the Hydraulic Calculation of Wastewater, Stormwater and Combined Wastewater Sewers” the inclination of a drainage area is sub- divided into four groups: sepue we, 12/92inclination Group 16 Mean Terrain Gradient Jr 1 vce ze WS Jt S48 3 4% £ Jr € 10% 4 Jr > 10% For the overall catchment area of a stormwater overflow installation the mean inclination group derives from the squation T(Aca.s = 1G )/EAca st Hee ese EEE with Aca,i im ha = overall catchment area of the sub-area i, = inclination group (1,2,3 or 4) of sub~ area i. 6.2 Discharges 8.2.4 Combined Wastewater Discharge to the Sewage ~ Treatment Plant Qew The combined wastewater discharge Qew is made up from the dry weather discharge Quy together with the rainwater run-off Gr. As a rule Qcw is to be applied with not less than 2Qyk + Qiw2« (see ATV Standard A 131). AS Qew is often determined for a point in time far into the future this value usually deviates from the current combined wastewater discharge to the sewage treatment plant. Here there are two cases to differentiate: ~ . the sewage treatment plant is, for the foreseeable future (8 - 10 years) still in a position to treat biologically at least Qew > 20x + Qivz4, then the stormwater tanks are to be dimensioned to the actual sewage treatment plant capacity, eave NO, 12/87- should the sewage treatment plant to be expanded in the foreseeable future then the dimensioning of the stormwater tanks must already take into account the planning status of ‘the future sewage treatment plant. With parallel catchment areas the respective throttled discharges from the part areas may be more than Qew 2 20x + Osw24 if it is ensured that, at no time, the dimensioning inflow Qew to the biological stage of the sewage treatment plant is exceeded. This verification can, for example, be _carried out with discharge simulation with the planning of the sewer network controls 6.2.2 Dry weather Flow in Daily Average Qun24 The theoretical dry weather flow relevant for the individual catchment areas from combined and separate systems is made up from the wastewater discharges from the residential areas, including the small commercial part, Qs, the commercial part “@ , the industrial part Q; and the sewer infiltration water Qinee Qu2e = Qoza + Qeza + Qias in V/s (6.4) i Qawz4 = Qg2e + Qiwan with Qaz4 in V/s I - ws /86400 (daily average value), - I the number of connected inhabitants we in 1/(1'6) = annual average water consumption per inhabitant and day Qe2e in I/s = daily average commercial wastewater flow calculated from the annual average Qiee in i/s = daily average industrial wastewater flow calculated from the annual average Qiw24 in 1/s = annual average of the sewer infiltration water flow from Separate and combined systems with dry weather. Bssue 8°. 32732according” to: the: water-consumption; referred-to-the-respective ~ ~~ with all formulations consideration is to be given that the sum of the dry weather flow of one year , as a rule, must correspond with the annual dry weather flow sum of the inflow to the sewage treatment plant. : Particular value is to be placed on the realistic recording of the inhabitants and of the water consumption. Qc2« and Qi24 are to be determined on the basis of available figures taking into accdunt future developments separately. Only if this is not possible and values from comparable.areas are not available should one reckon with 0.2 to 0.8 1/(s-ha), impervious surface area ai, for commercial and industrial areas. Sewer infiltration water is to be determined with the same care on the basis of available figures taking into account future development. With this, care is to be taken that all possibilities to reduce the sewer infiltration water have been exhausted. If continuous measurements of the flow are available in the sewage treatment plant then an estimate of the quantity of the sewer infiltration water can be made using the minimum night values with dry weather. Insofar as no m@asurements are available or can be carried out one may reckon with up to 6.18 1/(s.ha) referred to the impervious area Ai depending on the groundwater conditions and the condition of the sewers in the separate and combined systems Note: due to the reference to the impervious surface areas and the details for average daily values the figures given deviate from ATV Standard A 118- 6.2.3 Hourly Peak Flow with Dry Weather Flow Qawx The daily peak Qavx of the dry weather flow is most accurately obtained from measurements which, however, are available only at the sewage treatment plant (see ATV Standard A 131). The generally relatively high peak values in the catchment sub- areas are more and more flattened on the way to the sewage treatinent plant due to the overlapping of the flow curves Insofar as no measurements are available Qewx is calculated from the dry weather flow, in the daily average; as follows Gin 1/8) esue W. 1279224 24 365 24 365 Gx = Gaze + err t— - Ocgze x ae be a be Qewn = Gon + Oiwas (6.5) with the indices ¢ for commercial, i for industrial and Qs in V/s = daily peak of the wastewater flow (see ATV Standard A 121) Gora in V/s | domestic-and. industrial wastewater part. — from Eqn. (6.41 -Qe14 in L/s O24 in L/s hourly duration per day according to ATV Standard A 118, eg. 14, 16 or 18 hr. acy) ai inh = working hours pex day (with an 8 hr shift) be, bs ind = production days per year 6.2.4 Rainwater Run-off from Separate Areas Qrs24 With the storage dimensioning one must reckon with rainwater run-off over and above the sewer infiltration water which appears with dry weather due to the barely avoidable inflow of stormwater into the wastewater network of separate systems. If no measurements are available then one must reckon with a supplement of 100 % of the average domestic and industrial waStewater flow Qesz« (the index § stands for separate areas}. Qusz« is determined using Eqn. (6.4) on the respective separate area (average daily value) Qrsz4 = Qus24 (6.6) With larger separate areas (eg. over 10 ha) a rainwater run- off measurement is recommended for the determination of the fundamental planning details.wlio 6.2.5 Rainwater Run-off Qr24 The rainwater run-off Qr24 of the total area’ derives from the difference between the combined wastewater flow Qew to the sewage treatment plant, the dry weather flow Quw24 at midday and the 24-hour average value of the rainwater run-off from separate areas Ors2« Gr2e = Gen = Gew2e - Qrs2a in 1/5 (6.7) In catchment sub-areas the rainwater run-off Qr24 is made up from.the combined wastewater flow at the throttle Q: instead of the combined wastewater flow Qew to the sewage treatment plant Qraa = Oe — Qaw24 - Qesaa in W/s (6.8) 6.2.6 Critical Rainwater Run-off Grerst The critical rainwater run-off Qreest ‘from a direct catchment area is determined as Qrerst = rerse > Av in I/s (5.9) with rerte in 1/(s-ha) = critical rainfall intensity (see Chap. 9.1). With growing flow time a flattening of the inflow waves occurs. Through this the stormiater overflows, the sum of overflows and thus also the relieved pollution load decrease This is taken into account with its dimensioning (Chap. 9.1) With the determination of the critical rainfall intensity for stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater the reduced influence of the flow time remains unconsidered. It is to be calculated with a constant rerie- 6.2.7 Critical Combined Water Flow Qerit The critical combined water flow is the sum of the average daily value of the dry weather flow and the critical run-off discharge of the immediately associated drainage area as well as, if necessary, 211 immediate top-end throttle discharges from stormwater overflows and stormwater tanks Tosue HO. 32/82with Gerit Qawee in /s = Grerse in I/s EQe,; in V/s 6.2.8 Mean Rainwater Run-off During Overflow Qro = Qawee + Orerse +E Qeis (6 .10) dry weather flow at midday from the immediate, intermediate catchment area (6.2.2) critical rainwater run-off from the intermediate catchment area (6.2.6) sum of all immediate upstream inflo: throttle discharges immediate, wing If one divides the relieved combined water discharge in one year at one overflow structure by the associated total duration. of the overfiow event then one obtains the average overflow discharge from the structure. At the same during the overflow process, the rainfall part Qrze discharges through the throttle time, (6.2 5) Both discharges together give the mean rainwater run-off Qro during all overflow events in the course of one year O- with vao “in m To inh Qre VOo/(Tai* 3.6) + Orea in = sum of combined water discharge in one = summed overflow durations in one year. (6. year 11) For stormwater tanks with overflow the mean rainwater run-off Qre during relief overflow can be approximated using the Following equation as long as the run-off discharge rate ar (6.3.2) Qre ar is smaller than 2 1/(s.ha) ar 0.50 + 0.885 (3.0A) + 3.2024) in V/s rote < 30 min 50/(tr + 100) F for te >» 30 min (6. 12) (6.13) Tssue 1.» with ar flow time reduction of the rainwater run-off, te in mm Tongest Flow time up to the stormwater tank (6.4.3) As in ha = impervious surface areas (6.1.2) Grzs in 1/s = rainwater part in the throttle discharge. With run-off discharge intensities over 2 1/(s-ha) the mean rainwater, run-off Ore during relief overflow must be determined by a verification procedure and Ean. (6.11). 6.3 Discharge Rates 6.3.1 Dry Weather Discharge Rate qaw24 The dry weather discharge rate quw2s, referred to the annual mean, derives as quotient of the dry weather flow Qaw2« (6.2.2) and the impervious surface area Ai (6.1.2) Qaw24 = Qéw2e/As in 1/(s-ha) (6.44) 6.3.2 Rainwater Run-off Rate ar The’ rainwater run-off rate ar, referred to the annual mean derives from the quotient of the rainwater run-off and the associated impervious surface area dr = Gr24/As in 1/(s-ha) (6.15) Two cases can be differentiated: - current rainwater run-off rate - future rainwater run-off rate rate is smaller the future If the current rainwater run-o one then it is to be clarified, in individual cases, whether the sewage treatment plant should be expanded, the stormater tanks dimensioned for a smaller ar or whether the development can, for the time being, be delayed (for this see Chap. 6.2.1, combined wastewater discharge to the sewage treatment plant)6.4 Dry Weather Concentration caw For the calculation of the necessary storage volume in the overall catchment area of a sewage treatment plant the CoD concentration in the dry weather flow must: be known. It is determined from measurements as annual mean value in the inflow to the primary settling stage. If measurements are available from the outflow of the primary settling stage only. then these values, as a rule, can be multiplied by 1.5. If measurements are not possible then the mean COD concentration is determined from the following equation + Qiw24) in mo/1 (6.16) Cow = (Qa-Ca + Qe-Ce + res )/(Qs + Oe + Here one is concerned with mean daily values which are derived from the annual mean. It should be noted that the concentration of for the complete dry weather flow, that is including the sewer infiltration water, applies. If, within the catchment area, there are discharges with higher concentrations (eg. heavily polluted commercial wastewater), the respective concentration values must be taken into account with the dimensioning of subsequent overflow structures both insthe simplified procedure (Chap. 8.1) and in the verification procedure (Chap. 8.2). 6.5 Mean Mix ratio in Overflow Water m The mean mix ratio between storm and dry weather during 411 overflow events results from the ratio of the mean rainwater flow during all relief overflow events in one year, including the rainwater flow from separate areas and from the simultaneously inflowing mean dry weather flow m= (Qro + Qrsz4)/Qaure (6.17) with Qeo in 1/s = mean rainwater flow during overflows (6.2.2), Qrs24 in 1/s.= rainwater flow from seoarate areas (6.2.4), Qow24 in 1/s = dry weather flow as daily mean (6.2.2) Kesue NO. 12/927 Determination of the Necessary Total Storage Volume The determination of the necessary total storage volume takes place for the whole catchment area of a sewage treatment plant above the last overflow structure. The surface areas, discharges, flow times, pollution concentrations and area characteristic values necessary for dimensioning are referred to this point in the network. In place of the dimensioning inflow the actual sewage treatment plant inflow is to be applied for the examination of the actual status. Tat Determination of the Permissible Overflow Rate The permissible overflow rate is influenced by several parameters. The mean pollution concentration in the overflowing combined wastewater, which depends on the mix ratio between stormwater and the domestic and industriai wastewater, is decisive. The more heavily polluted the overflowed combined wastewater is the less it may be relieved: this means the greater the necessary storage space will be. For the determination of the permissible overflow rate within the complete catchment area, all values (eg. impervious surface areas, flow times, mean inclination group) are necessary for the last throttle whose discharge is delivered completely into-the bidlogical treatment stage of the sewage treatment plant, without further overflow. If the throttle discharges of overflow structures in pacalle) catchment sub-areas flow into a common inflow to the-sewage treatment plant, without there being a further overflow Possibility available, then the storage requirement for each catchment sub-area can be determined separately. The necessary dimensioning parameters are, in this case, to be ascertained for each area at the throttle of the lest overflow structure The condition is that the sum of the throttle discharges from all parallel catchment areas, even with controlled discharges, at no time excceds the capacity of the biological treatment stage of the associated sewage treatment plant.In this Standard a reference loading case is assumed for the determination of the total storage requirement for combined wastewater. With average conditions the COD concentrations, in accordance with Chap. 3.1, are Cew:r:ctp = 600:107:70 (7.4) with the following abbreviations for the 24 hour values from the annual mean cew in mg/1_ = COD concentration in dry weather flow COD concentration in the running-off rainwater cr in m9/1 COD concentration in the sewage treatment plant effluent with storm weather. cre in mg/1 The mean COD concentration in the rainwater flow results from an assumed annual load of 800 kg per hectare of impervious surface area which is flushed with average conditions of 800 mm annual precipitation and a total discharge coefficient of 0.70. The portion of the precipitation which reaches the sewer network is 560 mm (effective precipitation). The respective concentrations arising in the overflowed combined wastewater cee depend essentially upon the dry weather concentration caw, the rainwater concentration cr, the mix ratio of both parts during the overflow and the sewer deposits. These infiuences are taken into account as follows Tet Influence of Heavy Polluters ap If a mean COD concentration of 600 mg/l is exceeded in the untreated cry weather flow then the necessary storage volume must be enlarged. This is achieved through the heavy polluter surcharge ap which reflects the increase of the pollution concentration a= 4 for cow £ 600 mg/1 (7.2) @p = Caw /600 for cow > 600 mg/1 with mean COD concentration in the dry weather flow from measurements or from the Ean. (6.16) Cav in mg/1 nO. rayaz~ 46 = 7.4.2 Influence of Annual Precipitation an The annual relief overflow duration at stormwater tanks with overflow depends on the annual precipitation her (her can be taken from the Year Book of the German Weather service). With increasing precipitation the combined wastewater is relieved for longer periods and therefore also more domestic and industrial wastewater is discharged straight into the receiving water. In order to keep the thus relieved annual pollution load more or less constant 2 mathematical dependency of the pollution concentration of the long-term mean annual precipitation is assumed for the determination of the permissible overflow rate. The influencing factor results from the equation an = hee /800 - for 600 < hrr = 1000 mm (7.3) an =~ 0.25 for her < 600 mm ah = + 0.25 for her > 1000 mm with hee in mm = long-term local annual precipitation With hee over 1000 mm or below 600 mm the relationship between annual overflow duration and overflow load, in general, no longer exists. With precipitation areas with more than 1000 mm one is here concerned primarily with mountainous areas in which the snow element can no longer be ignored in the annual precipitation, The simulation of thawed water flow cannot currently be formulated as a general rule of technology. Annual precipitation amounts below 600 mm are to be connected with increased pollution concentrations in the rainwater flow so that a further reduction of the necessary storage volume can be excluded through reasons of water pollution control 7.1.3 Influence of Sewer Deposits aa The current knowledge on al] processes which lead to the build-up and removal of sewer deposits are insufficient for a mathematical description. Therefore, only tendencies can be reflected with a surcharge with the dimensioning of the storage volumes for the combined wastewater, assuming the reference loading case. Tesue 9, 12/92Haste Sewer deposits are, as a minimum, to be expected during the nighttime hours in sub-areas of nearly all combined wastewater sewers, primarily in the early sections and stretches with small gradients. The depositing potential in a sewer network depends on the drag tension which occurs with dry weather as well as with storm weather.. The smaller the flow and the sewer gradient ere the higher, as a rule, is the tendency to sewer deposits. The base gradients in the overall drainage area of the sewage treatment plant aré relevant. As replacement, the area determined inclination group IGa (6.1.4) is applied. Together with the dry weather discharge rate qav2s (6.3.1) and the ratio xg from the daily mean Qew2s (6.2.2) and the daily peak Qawx (6.2.3) of the dry weather flow 24 + Qaw24/Qawx (7.4) the addition for sewer deposits aa can be determined from Fig. 12 or Appx. 4. If, using operational measures, attention is paid that, for example, it can be shown that sewer deposits can be excluded through regular flushing with dry weather Flow, then the addition for sewer deposits can’ be reduced or done away with completely (aa 0). gdh 2015 wee 0605 4 | i T 1 Ee sane * QyuzelAy im U/C) Rens \. Ka = 2 Qgu74/ Qoue (1) 0.2 | ans a 005 WN \ adv2e “ \S a \ \ SAN NN Wovenpve of ox i 7 3 7 a 1 vs 7 Mean Inclination Group IGy Tnfluence ef sever deposits a, {-1} Fig. 12: Influence of sewer deposits Issue u®. 12/92T.1.4 Dimensioning Concentration in the Dry Weather Flow caw The pollution concentration in the dry weather flow has, with average conditions, according to Eqn. (7.1), the value 600 mg/l. In order, with dimensioning, that local conditions can be taken into account, a locally relevant dimensioning concentration is determined from the three significant influence values for heavy polluters, annual precipitation and sewer deposits. car= 600: (a> + an + a2) in mo/I (7.5) TAS Theoretical Overflow Concentration cco The combined calculation for the determination of the mean pollution concentration in overflow water takes place with the dimensioning concentration cy from Eqn. (7.5) and the mean mix ratio m according to Ean. (6.17) cco = (mcr + ca)/(m + 1) in mgo/7 (7.6) If the impervious surfaces areas are loaded with a verifiable COD annual pollution load higher than 600 kg/ha then the rainwater discharge concentration cr can be calculated, analogous to the procedure in Chap. 7.1, as 560 mm effective precipitation in the Eqn. (7,6). Annual precipitation amounts deviating from the reference load case are taken into account with the influence factor an. 7.1.6 Permissible Annual Overflow Rate ee As the unrelieved portion from the rainwater flow sum runs to the sewage treatment plant and loads the lake or river with the concentration cts, a pollution load balance can be produced together with the mean concentration cee. From the objective of the stormwater treatment there follows, for average conditions (reference load case) with the given concentrations for the permissible overflow rate Objective equation: Plo + Plee £ Plr VQr-@0- Ceo + VOr-(1 = Go) cep ¥ VOr- cr reove WO, 12/92~al- with Plo in kg = overflowed annual pollution load from combined wastewater overflons, Pltp in kg = annual pollution load in the stormwater of the sewage treatment plant effluent, PLe in kg = load flushed from the surface through rainwater VQ, in m = rainwater discharge sum of an average year, eo = quotient from the overflowed combined wastewater quantity as annual mean and the rainwater discharge sum. Solved with regard to ee there results, after applying the values from Eqn. (7.19) of the determination equation for the permissible overflow rate eo = 3700/(ceo ~ 70) in % (7.7) With lakes and rivers with a mix ratio MLWQ/Qpx > 100 with MLWQ:in 1/s = mean low water flow into the lake or river, daily peak of domestic and industrial wastewater flow to the sewage treatment plant Qex in T/s the permissible annual overflow rate'e. may be increased by a factor which increases linearly from the value 1.0 with MLWQ/Qox = 100 up to the Value 1.2 with MLWQ/Q»x > 1000. The permissible overflow rate eo is a theoretical value which has been derived from the reference load case with hee = 800 mm. The influence of other annual precipitation amounts is taken into account with the value an in Ean. (7.5). The actual overflow. rate e in a drainage area deviates more or Jess according to the local précipitation conditions from the dimensioning value eo. Tene w9, 12/82= 48 - 1.2 Necessary Total Storage Volumes In order to be able to maintain the permissible overflow rate there needs to be a certain storage capacity in the sewer network. The specific storage volume Vs can be taken from Fig. 13. Also needed for this is the rainwater run-off rate ar (6.3.2) from the dimensioning discharge of the biological treatment stage and from the associated total catchment area. The necessary storage space results as Viz Ves As in m (7.8) i “ oroge velune Vg in o/h Rainfall discharge cate q, ia 1/(s.na) Specific storage volume in dependence on the FF rate and the permissible rainwater run- overflow rate In Appendix 3 there is a form with which the necessary total storage volume can be determined manually. In addition, in rmulas for the diagram in Fig. 12 Appx. 4, approximation (influence of sewer deposits) and Fig. 13 (Specific storage volume). ronue we. 92/92A required specific total storage volume of 40 m3/ha represents, in general for water management. and economic reasons, an upper limit. If, from dimensioning in accordance with Chap. 7, a higher value is necessary the reasons for this are to be given and, again, all possibilities according to Chap. 4 are to be exhausted in order to reduce the loading of the lake or river. If the sewage treatment plant can accept a rainwater run-off rate of more than 2 1/(s.ha) or, despite all efforts in accordance with Chan. 4 for the reduction of the Joading of the lake or river, a specific storage volume of over 40 m3/ha is necessary, then the scope of application of Fig. 13 is exceeded. The determination of the necessary total storage volume then takes place iteratively with a verification procedure according to Chap. 8.2 in.the following manner: — selection of the local applicable precipitation loading (Chap. 8.2.1.1), = calculation of the mean stormater pollution ce from 600 kg/ha COD annual load and the effective precipitation, = registration of the sewer network (Chap. 8.2.1.1), - first estimate of the necessary total storage volume; precipitation run-off simulation with this volume as central tank (Chap. 8.2.2.1), = détermination of the mean overflow inflow Qre according to Eqn. (5.11) and the mean mix ratio m according to Eqn. (6.17), - determination of the theoretical overflow concentration cco according to Eqns. (7.5) and (7.6) ignoring the influence of the annual precipitation (an = 0), ~ determination of. the permissible overflow rate eo according to Eqn. (7.7) taking into account the upper theoretica] stormwater pollution cr ~ comparison of the actual theoretical rate with the permissible overflow rate; if required, iterative ‘improvement of the necessary total storage volume: until both values agree with each other.4 2 7.3 Accountable Storage Yolumes In the simplified distribution procedure in accordance with Chap. 8.1 the following storage spaces can be counted on top of the total volume: - stormwater tanks with overflow up to 1.2 ar (6.3.2). On this scale the negative influence (eg. lengthening of the overflow duration with subsequent overflow tanks) i6 still to be accepted even without verification process according to Chap. 8.2, - with stormwater activatable storage volume at sewage treatment plants, eg. in the retention capable primary settling tank with tank overflow into the inflow, = additional storage space which can be activated through movable weir silis, -~ static sewer volume above stream of stormwater tanks with overflow - also storage sewer volumes - under the horizontal. in the height of the lowest overflow crest, reduced in accordance with Eqn. (9.6) to the theoretical value of Ve at/As)/1.5 in, m3 /ha (7.9) with static sewer volume in sewers as a rule from DN 800 or corresponding cross-section area (water volume below the horizontal in the height of the lowest overflow crest), Veeae in m impervious surface area of the associated part catchment area (6.1.2). As in ha In the verification procedure in accordance with Chap. 8.2 all storage spaces are included, unreduced, into the precipitation simulation model as they are actually available.ws 7.4 Minimum Storage Volumes In order to be able to achieve sufficient settling effect in stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater minimum retention times in the annual mean should be maintained during aii relief overflows. For this, the mean rainwater run-off during the overflows, Qre according to Eqn. (6.12), is used for the site of the sewage treatment plant without taking into account the reduction of flow time (ep = 1.0), With the rainwater run-off rate ar for the sewage treatment plant there results the specific minimum volume for 20 mins retention time from the mean rainwater run-off during the overflows of Ve,min = 3.60 + 3.84 ae in m/ha. (7.10) If the combined wastewater discharge Gew of the sewage treatment plant is more than 2Qewx, then the rainwater run-off rate ar in Ean. (7.10) can be limited to the value which results from 2Qa0x: ar = ((48/xe - 1).Qaw2e - Qrszad/As in T/(s.ha) (7.11) For.all stormwater tanks with overflow ih the catchment area eatment plant the same specific minimum volume ofthe sewage is to be applied. Verified sewer storage volume can be calculated on the minimum volume. In this case the inflow sewer is to be treated as a sewer with storage capacity and overflow with bottom-end overflow. In each case the treatment conditions for the stormwater tanks with overflow (Chap. $.2) or sewers with storage capacity and overflow (Chap 9.3) as well as the requirements on the minimum mix ratio (Chap. 9.2) are to be maintained. Votoms denne ton 8. -Bimonciening of Individual Structures with Overflow The dimensioning of the stormwater overflow installations is completed in three stepsoy - determination of the necessary total storage volume (Chap. 7), - volume determination of individual stormwater tanks with overflow and sewers with storage capacity and overflow using a simplified distribution procedure (Chap. 8.1) or verification procedure (Chap. 8.2), = dimensioning of individual overflow structures according to normal requirements (Chap. 9) If the scope of application of the simplified distribution procedure is exceeded, then it must be verified for the planned measures that the objective of this Standard is being observed. The verification procedure in Chap. 8.2 serves for this purpose. The normal requirements on individual overflow structures (Chap. 9) are to be maintained in any case. Attention is drawn to Appx. 1 for advanced requirements on the rainwater treatment. 8.1 Simplified Distribution Procedure B11 Approach The approach with the dimensioning of individual stormwater tanks corresponds with the determination of the necessary total storage volume (Chap. 7). At each stormwater overflow of a combined wastewater network a certain total volume for combined wastewater storage must be available for the upstream catchment area. The dimensioning parameters for the establishment of the permissible overflow rate according to Chap. 7.1 are ascertained respectively for the total catchment area above the tank in question. The associated dis.iharge @ here corresponds with the throttle discharge of this tank which can be approximated as the mean value of the discharges at the beginning of retention and at the beginning of overflow. After the establishment of the permissible overflow rate the necessary storage requirement according to Chap. 7.2 can be determined for the total catchment area lying upstream. If one removes from this the already available accountable storage volume then one obtains the necessary size of the overflow tank in question. It is to be investigated whether this volume iS sufficient to maintain the treatment conditions and that the necessary minimum volume according to Chap. 7.4 is not undercut. rasue 1, 12/928.1.2 Scope of Application Tn order to be able to apply the simplified dimensioning using she distribution of the total volume.to individual structures the following scope of application must be observed. If this is pot possible then a verification procedure in accordance with Chap. 8.2 must be carried out in order to be able to take into account the no longer negligible influence on the overflow which occurs with the exceeding of the scope of application. ~The rainwater run-off rate ar (chap. 6.3.2) of the sewage treatment plant may not exceed 2 1/(s.ha). = The rainwater run-off rate ar for the upstream total catchment area of a stormater tank with overflow may not be greater than 1.2 times the rainwater run-off rate of the sewage treatment plant. ~ There may be, as a maximum, five stormwater tanks with overflow connected in series as, with more, the Inaccuracy of the simplified distribution procedure becomes too great, ~ Throttle discharges from.stormmater overflows must be at least as large as given in this Standard. ~The number of stormwater’ overflows “in the catchment area of an overflow tank may not be §réater than five as with more than these the accuracy of the simplified distribution procedure is too great ~ — Stormvater holding tanks within the catchment area in Question must ‘show a rainwater run-off rate of at least Gr 25 I/(s-ha). Its volume, in the simplified procedure, does not count towards the necessary total storage volume. It can only be taken into account in the Verification progedure (Chap. 8.2). ~The necessary specific storage volume Vs may not exceed 40 m/ha. few. a2/92 vl8.2 Verification Procedures 8.2.1. Special Basic Facts Verification procedures are to be employed when the scope of application of the simplified distribution procedure according to Chap. 8.1 can no longer be observed. The determination of the necessary total storage volume according to Chap 7.1 is, however, prerequisite for the maintenance of the norma requirements. Assuming that the total storage volume is’a single fictitiously arranged central tank upstream of the sewage treatment plant, the model specific annual COD load relieved as long-term mean from the total network, is calculated using the verification procedure in a preliminary calculation. In subsequent planning calculations an optimisation of the rainwater treatment measures can be carried out, whereby the previously calculated COD overflow load for the central tank may not be exceeded 8.2.1.1 Precipitation Loading The verification procedures are to be based on long-term series of rainfall which show the best possible relationship to local conditions. The rainfall series should cover a time period of at least ten years and represent, from statistical aspects, the basic entirety of the local precipitation activity In general, the actual task setting allows the long-term precipitation series to be replaced by a suitable rainfall series or a suitable rainfall spectrum. With this, it is to be verified that, with the replacement loading, the local overflow behaviour, in comparison with the long-term simulation, can be, described accurately. In opposition to this, the description of the precipitation activity is of less significance. Further detail] of this is contained in the Report of ATV Working Group 1.9.3 (1989) Jeewe me, 12/928.2.1.2 Registration of the Sewer Network In normal cases, for economic reasons, the long-term simulation can not be carried out ona detailed network (by section). Therefore, as a rule, a coarse network which is derived from the detailed sewer network must be produced for the pollution load calculation. With this, in the first instance, the main collector sewer is taken into account and secondary collection areas with comparable conversion behaviour summarised into sub-areas. The subdivision of the area should cover the avaitable and possible structure sites already in the preliminary calculation. As a rule, the reproduction of the total catchment area of a sewage treatment plant with a single transfer function is not permissible. Separate areas are dealt with as follows: - | the dry weather discharge from separate areas, which is made up from the domestic and industrial wastewater effluent and the sewer infiltration water effluent is treated as single discharge into the combined wastewater network. Both dry weather discharge components should, as far as possible, be derived from measurements (see chap. 6.2.2), = the stormwater portion from separate areas which reaches the combined wastewater network via the domestic and industrial wastewater network can be represented in that the rainwater run-off simulates the relevant impervious surface areas of a separate area and a fictitious stormwater overflow (separate element) is added. The throttle discharge of this stormwater overflow is so determined that the rainwater part, as far as possible determined from measurements with rainfall, is transferred onward and discharged into the combined system. If no measurements are available the hourly peak discharge with dry weather Quwx from the separate area is selected as throttle discharge The hydraulic equivalence of the coarse network and detailed sewer network is to be shown in a suitable manner. For example, in simple cases, the flow time in all catchment sub- areas should be of comparably size or, for example, the overflow volume as a result of annual dimensioning rain should be comparable at all structures for coarse network and fine network. Tesve 1, 12/928.2.1.3 Fictitious Central Tanks The total volume determined according to Chap. 7.2 is arranged centrally in the by-pass, before the sewage treatment plant, as stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater and without tank overflow structure, sufficiently deep that no sewer volume can be activated (central tank). The throttle discharge of the central tank corresponds with the inflow to the biological treatment stage of the sewage treatment plant. 8.2.2 Approach Dimensioning applying the verification procedure is carried out in the following step: - preliminary calculation for the determination of the permissible model—specific COD overflow load for a fictitious central tank, - determination of the rehabilitation requirement, - planning of measures, = verification that the permissible overflow load, determined in the preliminary calculation, is not exceeded. The. same model formulations and precipitation loadings are to be applied for all calculation variants. 8.2.2.1 Preliminary Calculation to Determine Permissible, Model-Dependent, Overflow Loads The preliminary calculation takes place with the pollution load model used in the verification procedure. Formulations for accumulation (contamination collection on the surface and in the sewer with small drag tension), removal of deposits and settling effect in drains and storage spaces as well as formulations for flushing surges with increased concentrations at the start of rainfall are permitted only with the agreement of the controlling authority. This regulation is necessary until assured information and generally accepted rules are available for the actual processes in the sewer network and storage spaces yo WO, 12/82For the preliminary calculation the coarse network is to be so modified that the annual combined wastewater quantity arising in the catchment area of the sewage treatment plant is fed to the central tank, completely and without back-up. For this one proceeds as follows. Every overflow is included in the calculation in that the throttle discharge in the preliminary calculation is set so large that everi peak discharges can be transported, free of overflow and back-up, in the mainstream through the structures (sO, STO, SHT), or past them in the by-pass, to the centra tank. Through this resultant or, in any case, existing overloading of sewer lines is to be removed mathematically by sufficient enlargement of the Sewer cross-section. The necessary cross-section enlargements for back-up-free discharge of the annual combined wastewater volume can, for example, be estimated for the annual dimensioning rainfall The overflow structure at the centrally placed stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater in the by-pass thus represents, in the preliminary calculation, the sole overflow to the -lake or river. The locally dependent influences of separate areas, heavy polluters and the annua? precipitation must be observed according to the condition to be investigated in the preliminary calculation. Only the diScharge conditions in, the network are so corrected that back-up-free discharge to the central tank is guaranteed. The preliminary calculation with the central tank gives the mode1~dependent COD annual overflow load. This parameter serves as objective parameter with the dimensioning of ali planning or optimisation variants. It may no longer be exceeded. 8.2.2.2 Determination of the Rehabilitation Requirement The determination of the rehabilitation requirement assumes the determination of the available loading of the lake or river through the application of the verification procedure on the actual status (see Chap. 6.1). In this procedural step the characteristics of the catchment area (sewer system and sewage treatment plant) are to be recorded with all characteristic values as are necessary. for the application of the total storage determination according to Chep. 7 and the application of the model. The pollution load calculation gives the theoretical loading of the lake or river in the actual status.The predetermined characteristic values are to be documented. With this one is concerned with operands which serve for the comparison with the theoretical permissible loading of the jake or river in accordance with the preliminary calculation (Chap, 8.2.2.1). The comparison of the operands allows the assessment of stormater treatment measures independent of the’ applied verification method and independent of the selected parameter formulations. 8.2.2.3 Planning of Measures With the planning of individual measures in the network the rules and notes given’ in Chap. 4 are to be observed. The jJessening effect of alternative measures on the overflow lead can be fully accounted for insofar as it is verifiable. For the actual drainage system, that is taking into account all influences which were suppressed in the preliminary calculation, the verification is to be implemented so that the overflowed COD annual load does not exceed the value from the preliminary calculation. In the verification procedure the overflowed COD. annual load calculated for sewers with storage capacity and bottom-end overflow without depositing is increased by 15 % compared with stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater. Through this global addition a smaller depositing effect in comparison with stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater and a higher pollution load in the sewage treatment plant effluent due to longer emptying durations of the volumetrically larger sewers with storage capacity and overflow are taken into account Should a theoretical depositing effect in the storage spaces be applied, in agreement, with the supervisory authority, the percentage figure of the applied depositing effect in the sewers with storage capacity and bottom-end overflow, in comparison with the depositing effect in the stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater, must be 10 % lower (eg. 15 % in stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater and 5 % in sewers with storage capacity and bottom-end overflow). In this case an increase of the theoretical overflowed COD annua! load of 15 %, as described above, is not necessary. Depositing effect is understood to be the reduction of the COD concentration in the overflowed combined wastewater in percent iesve ue. 12/82If alternative measures for the construction of storage yolumes in accordance with Chap. 4 are brought into play which ead to a system change in comparison with the initial status which was considered in the prelimindry calculation (eg. change of the degree of paving) then an adjusted preliminary calculation, taking into account this system change, is to be carried out. The results of this preliminary calculation are relevant for the assessment of the individual measures If, in the prognosis data, there are considerable risks with regard to planning safety and associated with serious effects on the stormwater treatment measures, then verifications, including the preliminary calculation also for planned intermediate conditions (eg. rehabilitated actual status) are to be carried out. If, for the planning status, a considerably Jarger requirement for storage volume is necessary then the measures are to be so planned that the requirements on the actual status are realised for an appropriate transitional period. The following verifications are to be carried out for each individual measur a)~ -observation of the minimum mix ratio according to Chaps 9.1-and 9.2 b) observation of the wastewater treatment conditions in accordance with Chap. 9 c) verification of the theoretical emptying times d) observation of the minimum volume according to Chap. 7.4 e) verification of the theoretical overflow characteristic figures according to Chap. 11.2.2.3, Table 2. All verifications are to be documented clearly and comprehensibly. The load sum of al] individual overflows within the catchment area of a sewage treatment plant may not exceed the permissible, model-dependent COD overflow load from the preliminary calculation Issue WO. 12/92The sum of all individual tank volumes may exceed or fall short of the necessary total storage volume in accordance with Chap. 7.2 insofar as the above-given verifications are met. Should the sum of all individual tank volumes of the planning calculation deviate considerably from the necessary total storage volume in the network then this is to be justified. 8.2.2.4 Further Verification Parameters For the assessment of the water management situation and advanced requirements on the stormwater treatment, further parameters can be determined with the aid of verification procedures, from the analysis of the combined wastewater system taking into account ~ given planning details (development planning, usages), - local conditions (implementability), - economy (cost effectiveness These could be, for example: = 6verflow discharge sum, overflow frequency, + overflow duration, =. overflow load, - overflow concentration, ~ hydraulic loading of the lake or river with certain Frequency, in each case as annual mean value for the total system and for individual structures. The terms given are to be found in more detail in the Report of ATV Working Group 1.9.3 (1989) Using the verification it is to be established whether the theoretical overflow behaviour at thé individual structures is in the best possible relationship to the acceptance capacity of the receiving lake or river. Which criterion is to receive a particular priority is to be determined based on the real characteristics of the lake or river. resus NO. 12/92The taking into account of the residual load of the rainwater run-off part, which must also be treated in the sewage treatment plant, can also be significant for the assessment of the conception of the stormwater treatment measures. 8.2.3 Requirements on Pollution Load Calculation Methods For the implementation of verification described in Chaps. 8.2.1 and 8.2.2 there are various pollution load calculation methods available (see Appendix 2): A. Hydrologic ~ empiric method B. Hydrologic - deterministic models ©. Hyérologic ~' hydrodynamic - deterministic models The selection of the suitable method depends essentially on the local overflow conditions and, from these, whether the method can be matched to the local conditions, ie. can be calibrated using available precipitation discharge and concentration measures. The selected method, the verification parameters and calculation formulations are to be agreed well jitime between customer, planner and test authority. The quality of the calculation method cannot fundamentally be assessed on the quality of the applied model module alone. rather it is determined by to what extent area-dependent, characteristics can be taken inte account and the model parameters of locally measured data can be calibrated for the actual application case. Relevant for the quality of the calculation results is, in addition, the care with the ‘involution of the initial data The dimensioning of the individual measures with verification procedures is based on a comparison between the theoretical ects of the planning variants and the preliminary calculation. The following belong to the minimum provisions of veri ication procedure: - sufficient detailed consideration of the catchment area and the drainage system (arez sub-division),= consideration of the local precipitation events in the form of statistically derived or measured precipitation data in accordance with Chap. 8.2.1.1, - simulation of the discharge formulation taking into account past events, - simulation of the discharge concentration for impervious surface areas including the auxiliary collector sewers in the sub-areas, - taking account of the locally dependent dry weather discharge and its properties at least as daily mean value, -. simulation of the discharge conveyance into the main collector sewers taking into account translation = simulation of the material transport in the main collector sewers according to the combination formulation with chronolegical overlapping of the rainfall and dry weather discharge and the respective load components, - simulation of the discharge and solids load distribution at all normal types of overflow structure taking into lccount the pre-filling and balancing of the input, “~ Further transported and relieved discharge sums and solids load, - clear and comprehensible documentation of input data, the model formulations applied, the model parameters and the calculation results. 3 Dimensioning of Individual Structures with Overflow O41 Stormwater Overflow In order to avoid an excessively large poliution input into individual sections of the lake or river the stormwater overflows must be designed with e minimum critical rainfall intensity between reeit = 7.5 and 15 1/(s.ha). The values for the critical rainfall intensity are to be determined dependent upon the flow time from Fig. 14 or from the following equation: ssue w8. 17/92Ferie = 15x120/(te + 120) in 1/(s.ha) (9.4) for te £120 min rerse = 7,5 1/(s.ha) for tr }® 120 min with tr in min = longest flow time up to the stormwater overflow from the immediate catchment area without taking into account the flow time in pure transport collector sewers. Korat 7 15°120/(t~ + 120) a T T | [| i ‘ >" tt z } oo : Lo fn FEE 7 | io i | © ! i fae j a 5 Lt | | Pe we rf T a ete I i (Eee IE EEE ee i feed \ ¢ » o e = Be Flow time te in min Fig. 14: Critical rainfall intensity dependent on flow time The discharge to be further transported GQ: results from the associated intermediate catchment area and a1} upstream throttle discharges (Chaps. 6.2.6 and 6.2.7). Should throttle discharges Qe,s from upstream stormwater overflows show, for example for design reasons, higher values than necessary in accordance with Eqn. (6.10), then only the necessary value from Eqn. (6.10) needs to be applied with downstream series stormwater overflows (see example Chap. 11.3.2). Yasue ue, 12/52> Minimum mix ratio: If, with commencement of averflow, there is a mix ratio between the rainfall and dry weather component parts below 7 jin the critical discharge then the mix ratio Mso is the basis for the stormater overflow. If the mean COD concentration in the dry weather discharge lies above 600 mg/1 then the minimum mix ratio Mso is to be increased in order to achieve a greater dilution Mso = (Qe - Qov24)/Odaw2e (4.2) Mso > 7 for cen < 600 mgo/1 Ms0 2 (cow ~ 180) For cow > 600 mg/l 60 with at in V/s throttle discharge with commencement of stormwater overflow from Eqn. (6.10) Gow24 in 1/s = daily mean value of the dry weather discharge (6.2.3) cov in mg/1 = mean COD concentration in the dry weather discharge from measurements or from Eqn. (6.16). Daily mean value Qsw24 and concentration caw are to be determined for the complete upstream catchment: area. The minimum throttle discharge derives from Eqn. 9.2 as Qe = (Meo + 1) Qawee (9-3) It is relevant if it exceeds the value according to Eqn. (6.10) Wastewater treatment condition: If sewer storage capacity is available upstream of the Stormwater overflow which can be activated by a lifted sill with rainfall, then the throttle discharge may be reduced in comparison with the above given dimensioning value only if the minimum mix ratio and the wastewater treatment conditions for the sewer with storage capacity and bottom-end overflow can be observed (Chap. 9.3.2).ae 9.2 Stormwater Tanks with Overflow Stormwater tanks with overflow must have at least a volume which meets Chap. 7.4. With stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater the treatment condition given below is to be met. For design reasons stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater of less than 100 m and stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormwater of less than 50 m are to be recommended. The theoretical emptying time of stormwater tanks with overflow as quotient of the specific storage volume Vs and the related ran-off discharge rate qr should not exceed 10 to 15 f this is not possible the design and operation notes hours. from Chap. 10 are to be observed: Minimum mix ratio It is to be examined for each individual structure whether, in the Jong-term mean, a minimum mix ratio in accordance with Eqn. (6.17) of Msvo 2 7 is maintained. If the mean coo concentration in dry weather lies above 600 mg/1 then the minimum mix ratio is to be raised in order to achieve greater dilution. Msto = for caw £ 600 mg/1 (9.4) Msto 2 (caw - 180)/60 for caw > 600 mg/1 with cay in mg/1 = mean COD concentration in the dry weather discharge from measurements or Ean. (6.16) In the simplified subdivision procedure the mean mix ratio Msto is calculated according to Eqn. (6.17). In the verification procedure the mean mix ratio at an overflow structure can be added from the results of a long- term simulation as follows: M = (caw - Cea)/(Cee - Gr) (9.5) Easue We 12/92with Ceo = Plo/VQe cr = Ple/VQr V@o in m = combined wastewater quantity overflowed as annual mean and the descriptions in Chap. 7.1.6. An undercutting of the permissible mix ratio can be avoided if, for example, heavily polluted wastewater from commercial and industrial concerns are fed past overflow structures, a reduction of the amount of wastewater is sought or the pre- treatment of heavily polluted wastewater is carried out. Should a significant undercutting be unavoidable advanced measures are to be examined before the discharge of the overflow water into the lake or river. In general, in such cases, a verification procedure in accordance with Chap. 8.2 is necessary. Wastewater treatment condition: In rectangular stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater the surface feed rate with a non-reduced critical rainfall intensity of +5 1/(s.ha) should not exceed the value 1045. nf In the plus-flow part of a composite tank (Chao. 4.3.2.3) here only the discharge fro the non-immediate part of the catchment area is taken into account with stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater one can assume, without particular verification, that a sufficient safety against’ sludge eddying is provided if the cross-section of the tank is so determined that, with rainfall with non-reduced rainfall intensity of 15 1/(s.ha), the mean horizontal flow.velocity in rectangular tanks is not essentially more than 0.05 ‘m/s The length of a rectangular tank should, in the flow direction, be at least twice the tank width. If a stormwater tank with overflow is divided into individual chambers then this applies for these “individual chambers.Circular stormwater tanks with overfiow for settled combined wastewater with tangential inflow, central discharge and overflow structure for settled combined wastewater at the circumference (Fig. 17) which are designed in accordance with the initial details of Chaps. 10.2.2 and 10.3.2 can be dimensioned with the same surface feed rate of 10 m/n without verification of the flow velocity. In order that the treatment conditions can be observed it is, as a rule, necessary to limit the tank inflow through the tank overflow. However if the discharge can take place over the overflow structure for settled combined wastewater without essentially exceeding the treatment conditions or if the tank overflow comes into action only seldom (less than 10 times annually) ‘then one can dispense with a tank overflow 9.3 Sewer with Storage Capacity and Overflow 9.3.1 Sewer with Storage Capacity with Top-end Overflow Sewers with storage capacity and top-end overflow, as a rule, are dimensioned as stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormwater insofar as the conditiens for these stormwater tanks can be met in accordance with Chap. 4.3.2.1, Otherwise they are to be treated as sewers with storage capacity and bottom-end overflow. They are also suitable for storage volumes below 50 m>. 9.3.2 Sewer with Storage Capacity with Bottom-end Overflow Sewers with storage capacity and bottom-end overflow in the simplified distribution procedure receive a supplement due to their poor settling effect. The specific storage volume Vs is to be determined as for stormwater tanks with overflow Vsscso = 1.5: Ve-Ay in m (8.8) with Vs in m/ha = specific storage volume (7.2) inna = impervious surface area of the associated catchment sub-area (6.1.2) tesue U8, 99 In the verification procedure the specialities for sewers with storage capacity and bottom-end overflow are to be observed in accordance with Chap. 8.2.2.3. The theoretical emptying duration of sewers with storage capacity and overflow should not exceed 15 hours. The minimum mix ratio is to be maintained as for stormwater tanks with over? ow. Wastewater treatment condition: In sewers with storage capacity and bottom-end overflow the horizontal flow velocity, with an unreduced critical run-off discharge rate of 18 1/(s.ha), should not exceed 0.30 m/s at the start of the structure. A smoothing stretch of sufficient length is to be provided in front of the structure with overflow, eg. through a gradual widening in the ratio 1:10. If this velocity cannot be maintained with existing installations, eg. with the back-up of sewers, then it js be decided, within the sense of this Standard, whether the existing conditions are still sufficient. to Stormwater Holding Tanks Stormwater holding tanks are not dimensioned according to this Standard. Their effect on subsequent structures with overflow deperids on the run-off discharge rate. Stormwater holding tanks, in the simplified distribution procedure, remain unconsidered in the dimensioning of overflow tanks if their ‘throttle discharge rate is greater than ar > 5 V/(s.ha) Their volume in this case cannot be added to the subsequent, storage volume. Stormwater holding tanks with throttle discharge rates below 5 1/(s.ha) considerably influence the subsequent structures with overflow. in these cases the volume distribution with the simplified dimensioning procedure is no longer satisfactory; a verification in accordance with Chap. 8.2 must be carried out In the verification procedure stormwater holding tanks, other than in the preliminary calculation, are taken inta account with full volume and actual throttle discharge. issue WO, 12/9210. Construction and Operation of Structures With overflow Planning principles for the structures and their arrangement ina sewer network are contained in Chap 4.3. Details of construction methods, maintenance and operation are dezit with below. The structures should be so designed that, with dry weather discharge, no deposits can form The relief sewer is to be dimensioned for the greatest possible discharge from the upstream overdamned sewer network in order to keep the structure with overflow free from back-up from the relief sewer with an exceeding of the theoretica rainfall. With this, the possible blockage of the discharge sewer, with small diameters of the discharge sewer, is to be taken into account. With larger diameters the throttle discharge of the discharge sewer can be put into the calculation. The discharge sewer to the sewage treatment pliant should, as a rule, have @ diameter no smaller than 0.30 m. In discharge sewers the installation of a contro? or exchangeable throttie device should be planned if the further transported discharge is to be matched’ to the respective actual status of the sewage treatment plant. The efficiency of the throttle is to be verified before being taken into service A higher selectivity of the discharge can, as a rule, be achieved through controlled slide valves, eddy throttles or similar adjustable throttle devices. Even differing development statuses can be taken into account through this or through a modification of the weir crest using added sills Longer throttle stretches are not recommended for this. If ee from floating Possible the overtiow is te’ be kept material through scum boards For’ the later monitoring of the effect of structures with overflow the necessary free spaces and empty pipes are to be provided for the installation of measuring equipments. Yasue W. 12/9240.1 Stormwater Overflows 10.1.1 General In order to be able to design stormwater overflows hydraulically correctly the remaining discharge in the sewer should be at least 50 1/s. The connected impervious surface area Ai (6.1.2) should not be less than 2 ha. In addition the flow velocity in the sewers of the inflow and discharge areas, with dry weather, should be at least 0.50 m/s. With smaller flow velocities attention is to be paid to a sufficient fiushing effect With new construction of a stormwater overflow, with a satisfactory gradient immediately below the stormwater overflow, a sufficiently large bottom step should be placed so that a possible, later necessary stormwater tank can be operated with free flow. Lateral junctions in the area of the stormwater tank with overflow are to be avoided in order to maintain hydraulically calculable flow conditions. Attention is to be given to air feed to the stormwater tenk with overflow and at the overflow-weir The hydraulic calculation of stormwater tanks with overflow is determined in ATV Standard A 111 (in preparation). 10.1.2 ° Method of Construction of Stormwater Overflows with Overflow Weirs A Stormwater overflow with overflow weir is to be provided if the rainfall run-off Ties: in the laminar regime. With turbulent discharge there is usually a transition point in or before the stormwater overflow so that the overflow conditions cannot be mathematically recorded. Through smoothing stretches with reduced base gradients or suitable braking stretches a laminar discharge at Qerit can be enforced. These smoothing stretches are not necessary if the overfall crest is raised up at least to the pipe crown of the inflow sewerVv Fig. 15 shows a diagram of a stormwater overflow with one~ sided, raised weir. The throttle must feed the dry weather discharge Qewx into the inflow sewer without backing-up. Therefore, a greater base gradient is to be arranged within the stormwater overflow by reduction of the cross-section. In exceptional cases this can also be achieved through a step in the base. The base of the discharge sewer should lie at least 3 em deeper than the inflow sewer. At Geese a back-up due to the throttle may occur up to the height of the overflow crest the weir crest is horizontal and is to be arranged at least 0.5 m above the crown of the throttle. The overflow crest should be smooth and well rounded. In the interest of a large storage volume (high weir crest) the weir crown should be determined at least the half cross- sectional height of the inflow sewer. With sufficient flushing of the inflow sewer it can be placed as high as the permissible back-up level allows, so that an additional storage space is created. nery shafe fetier over- Overftow Jew co 13ke | Fig. 15: Stormwater overflow with one-sided, raised weir With double-sided overflow the clear space below the throughflow channel should be at least 25 cm high over the whole length issue u, 12/82For the most part, due to the throttle effect, the sharp edge formation of the throttle mouth is preferred This should be accessible for cleaning tasks at all times from above (manhole shaft) or from a flooding-free stage. 10.1.3 Method of Construction of Stormwater Overflows with Floor Opening (Spring Overflow) If, due to the large gradient, the rainfall run-off takes place in the stable laminar regime then a stormwater overflow with floor opening is to be provided. The inflow sewer must run ina straight line for a sufficient length, Fig. 16: Stormwater overflow with floor opening The constructional design emerges from Fig. 16. The base plate may not, for hydraulic reasons, be placed higher than the base of the inflow sewer. The critical combined wastewater discharge Geriz must flow through the floor opening, without ‘the overflow sewer being acted upon. If an as smal] as possible extra loading in Comparison with Qerit is required in the discharge sewer to the sewage treatment plant then a flat Separation plate is to be selected in the floor opening. with this the flat plate is to be reduced, in a transition stretch, to the cross-section of the overflow channel, Otherwise a curved separation plate matched to the sewer profile can be emptoyed. Easue Hu. 12/92With very high requirements on the selectivity (extra loading with the greatest possible inflow less than 20 % of Qcriz) an effective throttling is to be planned in the discharge to the sewage treatment plant (see also ATV-Standard A 111, currently in draft). The base gradients in the inflow and overflow sewers are to be selected, if possible, with the same size. The length of the floor opening should, with regard to the maintenance, be et least 50 cm. For the fulfilment of these conditions a large base gradient must be available. A growing critical combined wastewater discharge conditioned by the staged expansion of the sewer network requires an extension of the floor opening by the moving.back of the drop edge. This can, if required, take. piace through extension of individual elements (prefabricated components) on the inflow side. In addition the separation plate can be made capable of sliding. The drop stream must be ventilated. 10.2 Stormwater Tanks with Overflow 10.2.1 Method of Construction of Separation Structures and overflows A flow-dividing structure and tank overflow should, if possible, be combined in one structure. With stormwater tanks retaining the first flush of stormwater in the main stream there is oniy one overflow which is in front of the tank and comes into action only if the tank is filled. It is designated as tank overflow structure (TOS) With stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater the overflow, over which the mechanicaliy treated combined wastewater. flows into the receiving water, is designated overflow structure for settled combined wastewater (OSC). With the maintenance of certain requirements one can dispense with the tank overflow structure (see Chap. 9.2) Tank overflow structures and flow-dividing structures are basically, to be designed as stormwater overflows. However, lateral junctions with sewers into the flow-dividing structure or into the tank flow structure are permissible A scum board must be sited in front of the overflow structure for settled combined wastewater. rssve HO, 12/32If, through a back-up device at the tank overflow, the overflow of the combined wastewater stored in the sewer network and tanks is prevented from overflowing at the tank overflow, then the thus gained storage volume can be added in the determination of the useful volume of the stormwater overflow. The height or type of design of the flow-dividing structure (FDS) do not influence the overflow activity of the tank overflow structure cr overflow structure for settled combined wastewater. As long as the. stormwater tank with overflow is not filled the combined wastewater inflow will be fed in without the tank overflow to the lake or river activating. The upper edge of the overflow structure for settled combined wastewater determines the theoretical storage volume of the stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater: It can lie below or above the upper edge of the flow-dividing structure or the base of the inflow. The results of a back-up in the inflow sewer are to be watched. The flow velocity in the inflow should, therefore; with Qewx, be as far as possible greater than 0.8 m/s in order, again, to remove deposits. This applies for an expansion circumstances from taking into service up to the planning level. The tank overflow structure may, with filled stormwater tank with overflow for settled wastewater, first activate with rainfall whose run-off lies aboye the required critical combined wastewater discharge (see Chap. 9.2). The upper edge of the tank overflow structure lies at least at the height of the overflow structure for settled combined wastewater hose with critical combined.wastewater overflow over the upper edge of the overflow structure for settled combined wastewater. In addition, it is recommended so to design the inlet that an even distribution of the inflow takes place and the turbulence in the tank is kept as small as possible. In order to achieve a good treatment effect at the overflow structure for settled combined wastewater, as long as possible overflow edges and a smail overflow height should be sought. The overflow edges are, if required, to be arranged in stepped height in order better to be able to measure the overflow event. Ligue wo. 12/52In opposition to stormwater overflows smoothing stretches are not necessary before the flow-dividing structure and the tank overflow structure, however, for operational reasons and for monitoring with water level measurements, they are recommended . 10.2.2 Method of Construction of Stormwater Tanks with Overflow With the planning and construction of stormwater tanks with overflow, attention is to be oaid to the local and hydraulic conditions as well as to the later operating behaviour, to the maintenance and to the monitoring Amongst other reasons, the favourable cleaning and maintenance possibilities, the simple control and, possibly, the smaller construction costs favour stormwater tanks with overfiow in open construction. Within residential areas it is, inter alia, for hygienic and conservation reasons, often appropriate to favour closed tanks. In addition, efforts should be made that the content of the tank efter filling drains in free flow. If this. cannot be achieved then at least the continuously flowing dry weather Gischarge should be further conveyed without it having to be raised. with the design of stormwater tanks with overflow the Following is basicaliy to be observed: with staged tank extension or sub-division of the total volume it is, for operating reasons, advantageous that the tank is so designed that the individual chambers are filled one after the other, ~ the rectangular stormwater tanks with overflow with flat floor and without flushing facility should have e longitudinal gradient of at least 1.0 % (better 2 %) and the lateral gradient is 3 to 5 %. With circular tanks the gradient to the middle of the tank should be at least 2%. Deposits are to be removed regularly. Therefore cleaning and/or flushing facilities are to be planned. Automatic flushing devices influence the tank design, tesue NO. 12/92wa - if the dry weather inflow in the main stream is fed right through the tank an individual channel is to be provided for this which is dimensioned for at least 3-Qox + Qew24, = the base drop at the discharge sewer should be at least so large that there continues to be no back-up in the inflow channel with the theoretical tank discharge, - stormwater tanks with overflow for settled combined wastewater are to be so designed that conditions favourable for laminar flow are achieved. The relatively small retention times require an even distribution of the inflow within the tank. This can be achieved through appropriate inlet and outlet design, - tangentially fed tanks should have a central throttle discharge and are to be so designed and equipped that deposits are extensively avoided on emptying the tank. With stormwater tanks with the overflow structure for settled combined wastewater at the tank circumference, this is to be arranged in 4 quadrants (in an emergency in 3 quadrants} (Fig. 17), to measurement shaft and STP To lake or river Fig. 17: Functional diagram of a circular stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater save u®. 12/92~ with open tanks fencing off is necessary. Raised fontaining walls or side rails are to be Planned at the tanks. The relevant construction and eecident prevention regulations are to be observed, " "ith closed tanks, due to the formation Of deposits, the roof should not be covered in, potentially explosive substances closed tanks ere to be Provided with ventilation openings. These openings can, at the same time, serve as air exits on filling of these kanks and for light exposure. Within residential areas the air exhaust pipes should be made as high as possible. 1h Special cases forced ventilation is necessary, ~ MAUR Segmented Floors it is recommended that a serpentine channel is preferred to ridged floors With this the Camm velocity of 0.80 m/s with dry weather discharge Gawx should be maintained in the individual channels. the hydraulic loss of height should be accounted For with 0-01 to 0.02 m per bend, - the tanks are to be satisfactorily exposed, ~ electrical installations in closed, wastewater carrying SPaces are to be explosion protected, The weir crest of the tank overflow 38 placed as high as the back-up with maximum inflow allows. The profile of the inflow sewer is continued with at least the same cross-section, “ireular cross-sections with more than 1.5 m diameter or other SPOSs-sections with a similar profile width and heavily angled Joor surface are practical. Fo, the reduction of deposits the ‘Tow velocity with the dry weather discharge peak should noz “e below 0.30 m/s and the water Gepth should be over 0.05 m. whe drag tension should be 2 to SN/m®, however, not tess than ;3.N/m?. With Flow velocities below 0.50 m/s a possibility of ‘lushing must be ensured Hasve we 12792As tank overflow at the overflow point a high placed weir crest which must lie above the static sewer volume comes into consideration. Discharge regulating slide valves’or other suitable throttling devices are arranged at the storage space end. Through these the discharge to the sewage treatment plant is limited with rainfall. 10.2.4 | Method of Construction for Discharges The tank discharge can be limited by suitable throttle installations, eg. eddy throtties, controlled throttle flaps and slide valves or pumps and/or through long throttle stretches. Throttle stretches have the disadvantage that they are no longer. adjustable. Therefore they should only be provided in exceptional cases. To avoid sludge deposits an as large as possible floor step should be provided at the outlet. Its depth is based on the selected throttle device. Through this the discharge losses in the discharge sewer are balanced Throttle stretches are to be so designed that the maximum permissible discharge with safety may not be exceeded. With consideration of the danger of blockage the pipe diameter is not to selected smaller than 0.30 m. In,special cases and if, through increased operational monitoring a danger of blockage can be excluded then the diameter may be reduced to 0.20 m. Throttle sliding valves can be arranged as individual stiding valves or as several at different heights. The outlet cross- section in unregulated throttle slide valves should be at Jeast 0.06 m and have a minimum opening height of 0.20 m. as throttle slide valves do not serve primarily as closing devices they max be placed under water An approximately constant discharge can be achieved through controlled throttle installations, eddy throttle or other control devices. With emptying by pumps a regulation of the discharge can be achieved which approximates to that of throttle slide valves. With the selection of pump an as constant as possible discharge is to be sought. In addition the following is to be observedwe - the emptying pump is to be equipped with sufficiently large opening in order to avoid blockages and, if necessary, to allow flushing of the tank (opening > 100 mm), - the tank is to be emptied as rapidly as possible, - the pressure pipeline of the pumps should, as a rule, junction with the sewer so that the theoretical throttle discharge is not exceeded. A flushing of the tank is made possible through circulation flow or other flushing aids. The areas of application of various throttle devices are very different. With low throttie discharges (eg. below 30 1/s) attention is to be paid to depositing. The throttle installation is to be so designed that an approximately constant discharge is achieved and the maximum permissible discharge with all water levels in the tank is not exceeded. It must be matched to the respective development status of the sewage treatment plant. Verification can be carried out with the aid of a discharge-water level diagram. It is necessary for the maintenance of the objective of this Standard to examine the discharge for acceptance through a local measurement For reasons of economy as well-as for the avoidance of variations “in discharge, in exceptional cases, throttle stretches can also be formed over several sewer sections. rge With flotation controlled flaps the design of the shafts is to be made accordingly. Fixed slide valves and screens alone are not suitable as throttle installations. In addition to operating installations a further pipeline should be provided through which the tank, with operating defects, can be emptied (base outlet). In emergency it is slid open. Due to the danger blockage it should be arranged some 0.50 m above the outlet pipeline. Slide valves at outlets are to be so designed that can be operated from outside the tank. Slide valve control rods are to be extended to ground level.a The combined wastewater discharge from the stormwater tanks with overflow should be at least 2-Gex + Quw24. In order to avoid unnecessary sludge deposits the tank floor may not be used for this outlet. With new planning the drain following each overflow structure should be dimensioned for at least 3-Qox + Qew2a in order to cope with unforeseen developments. 10.3 Maintenance and Operation 10.3.1 Maintenance Facilities Maintenance ‘and operation of stormwater overflow installations should be a component part of a total sewer network operational concept. The fault free and, with regard to solid substances, complete discharge with dry weather is for this a decisive precondition for the objective stormwater discharge With enclosed tanks easily accessible manhole and working openings are to be provided. As manholes must.also serve as escape routes it is practical to provide slip-free ladders or steps (see also Accident Prevention Regulations). Ventilation of the. tanks should be sufficiently strong so that condensation water inside the tank is extensively prevented. buring the filling process the veTocity in the ventilation openings my not exceed 10 m/s. An opening is to be placed over the outlet for the removal of blockages there: if no throttle stretch is planned then the submerged part of the throttle device must also be made accessible through a shaft which allows the removal of blockages under water. As, with Filled tanks, one may enter these shafts only up to the limit of back-up, fittings for scaffolding are practical 10.3.2 | Cleaning and Flushing Facilities With the storage of combined wastewater sludge deposits occur, particularly with heavy throttling. This sludge and the other tank contents must reach the sewage treatment plant or be disposed of harmlessly in another manner. With this flushing installations have proved themselves; if required a later installation can be considered. In every case it is to be ensured that the tank can be hosed out manually. inflow water as well as receiving water or groundwater may be employed for Flushing. The hygienic requirements are to be observed. issue HN, 12/92The employment range of flushing installations varies considerably. Experience and information are, for example, contained in Kaul, 1986; Stier, 1986 and 1987; RW-Behandlung in BW, Stuttgart, 1987 10.3.3 Measurement Facilities In tanks of water management significance, registering water level measurement facilities should be installed within the scope of the self-monitoring. In addition it is recommended that the throttle discharge and the precipitation in the catchment area are measured. Through this the frequency of overflow of the overflow structures and the effects of the stormwater tanks with overflow on the receiving water can be estimated. This is particularly important with intramission considerations with extensive requirements and control of the sewer network. the registration of the overflow frequency can take place on measurement tapes or on other data carrying media. & remote transmission to a central monitoring location (as a rule to the sewage treatment plant) is practical, in particular for the immediate transmission of defect and operational messages as well as for deliberate emptying of tanks With the other tanks it is sufficient to check, at regular intervals, whether the formulations selected in the calculation (eg. impervious surface areas, run-off discharge rate) still apply 10.3.4 Other Records It is to be recorded in an operational diary when the Following take place: ~ storimater tanks with overflow examined, - sludge deposits in what quantity and how removed, - fittings and control devices inspected and serviced, - measurement facilities examined and adjusted, - which particular activities were observed. Normal commercially available forms are available for the operational monitoring of stormwater tanks (Hirthammer, 1989). sesue HO, 127823 We. Dimensioning Example 144 Local Situation A drainage area is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 18. The domestic and commercial wastewater amounts occurring were summarised in the Table under “Inhabitants” with a water consumption ws = 180 1/(I.d). Sub-area 1 is, as boundary community, connected via a stormwater holding tank SHT with 2000 m> storage content to a combined area, The throttle discharge is, in the mean between start of back-up and the water level at activation of the emergency overflow, 100 1/s. Sub-area 2 includes a commercial area in which heavily polluted wastewater occurs. It is to flow over a stormwater overflow SOt Sub-area 3 contains the inflow of the commercial area stormwater overflow SO1. It is also to be overflowed over a stormwater overflow S02. Sub-area 4 junctions in the stormwater tank retaining the first flush of stormwater STRRF which must be emptied with & pump. The throttle discharge is 2-Qex + Quwza. Sub-area 5 is drained using a separate system. The wastewater drain junctions with the main collector sewer in combined area 6. Sub-area 6 receives the inflow from all other overflow installations. Here a stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater STOSC is planned whose throttle discharge corresponds with the inflow to the sewage treatment plant The biological treatment stage of the sewage treatment plant can accept a combined wastewater flow of 98 1/s. With dry weather a mean COD concentration of 475 mg/1 was measured before the preliminary treatment stage.- 63 - Example c = combined area s = separate area her = 722 mm AM = impervious surface area te = flow time IG = inclination grouo Qiw2e = infiltration water flow x = number of hours oe = wastewater concentration Sub~area 1 2 3 4 5 6 sTP Inhabitants 2240 550 420. 1350 1100 5600-17280 AS in ha 14 3 4 10 - 35 66 te in min 10+7 2 3 7 - 20. aT 1G = ' 2 @ 2 - 1 1.28 x inher 13.8 Qeza in Vs 47 4a 0.9 28 2.3 Qrs24 in is er a a - 2.3 - Osuze in V/s 14 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.0 3.5 Qawz« in Vs 6.1 14 1.3 3.8 3.3 15.2 2Qaw24 in 1/s 6.1 1.4 27 3.8 3.300 344 ox in Vs 9.3 2.0 6 5.8 4.6 17.7 Qawx in Vs 10.7 2.3 2.2 6.5 5.8 21.0 aw in V/s 40.7 2.3 44 6.5 5.6 48.4 Qe ,Qcw in Vs 100 50 105.5 12.3 - 98 ar W(s.ha) 6.716.214.6085 - 0.98 0.98 yd in mg/t 600-1200 600 600 600 600 629 cow in mg/1 462 951 412 443 418 452 475 Scaw in mg/1 462 951 698 443 418 415 415 Fig. 18: Schematic plan and area characteristic values for a mathematical example verse3 - a4 - 11.2 Necessary Total Storage Volumes First, a permissible overflow rate must be established for the total catchment area of the sewage treatment plant. It is carried out as follows (associated Eqn. nos. are in brackets): (6.4) Qu24 = 11260» 180/86400 = 23.5 I/s, (6.5) Qe = 23.5 > 24/13.8 = 40.8 I/s, (6.4) Qa = 23.5 + 7.6 = 31.1 l/s, (6.5) Qeszu = 1100 + 180/86400 = 2.3 V/s, (6.16) caw = 629» 23.5/31.4 = 475.0 mg/1.. From these discharge and concentration data further values can be calculated with the aid of the form (Appx. 3): Rainwater run-off : (6.7) Qe2a = 98 - 31.1 - 2.3 = 64.6 I/s, DW discharge rate (8.14) Qawae = 31. 1/66 0,471 1/(s.ha), Run-off discharge rate (6.15) or = 64.6/66 = 0.979 1/(s.ha), Flow time reduction (5.13) ar = 0.5 + $0/(37 + 100) = 0.865, however, minimum value = 0.885, Mean rainwater run-off with overflows (6.12) Gro = (0.885(3.0 ¥ 66 + 3.2 xX 64.6), = 358 V/s Mean mix ratio 6.17) m (358 + 2.3)/31.1 = 41.68, Coefficient of influence DW concentration (7.2) ap = 475/600 = 0.792, however, minimum value = 1.0, Coefficient of influence annual precipitation (7.3) an = 722/800 - 1 = - 0.097, Coefficient of influence sewer deposits (Fig. 12 or Appx. 4) Xa value for sewer deposits (1.4) xa = 24 + 31.4/48.4 = 18.4 Tsove WO. 32/92~ 85 - Assuming a mean inclination group IGs = 1:26 in the left-hand diagram of Fig. 12, go up to the line for the DW discharge rate qav24 = 0.47, right to the line for the value xa = 15.4, then vertically down to the absciss: aa = 0.372, Dimensioning concentration (7.5) ca = 600 - (1.0 ~ 0.097 + 0.372) = 764 mg/1 Theoretical overflow concentration (7.6) ce = (107 + 11.6 + 765)/(11.6 + 1) = 159 mg/1 Permissible overflow rate (7.7) eo = 3700/(159 ~ 70) = 41.5 x These results show that, in the annual mean with maximum combined wastewater inflow, 67 1/s of rainwater and 31 1/s dry weather discharge can be fed to the sewage treatment plant. From the connected separate area one must reckon with a rainwater run-off gr of 2.3 1/s so that for the combined wastewater treatment one can assume some 65 1/s of rainwater Fui-off or a run-off discharge rate gr = 0.98 1/(s.ha). According to Fig. 13 or Appx. 4 there results a necessary specific storage volume and thus a necessary total volume of Vs = 21.6 m?/ha 14426 m. ANLOM” 11.2.1 Simplified Distribution Procedure First, it is examined whether the scope of application of the simplified distribution procedure ele fulfiljed (Chap. 8.1.2) The run-off discharge rate of the Sou wohen Nets Being Tandy wis ES (6.8) Qr24 = 100.0 - 6.1 - 0.0 = 93.9 1/s (5.15) ar 93.8/14.0 = 6.7 1/(s.ha).ty @, The available run-off discharge rate qr lies above the necessary minimum value of § 1/(s.ha). AS also the permissible number of pre-overflows are not exceeded and the stormwater overflows are dimensioned according to this Standard the simplified distribution procedure can be applied. If now the same calculation according to the Form A 128 is carried out for the stormwater tank retaining the first flush of stormwater there results 18.5 m/ha for the specific storage volume and 185 m? for the storage volume. The emptying pump must be designed with this for 12-3 1/s or some 45 m/h. From this there result the following sizes for the stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater total volume V = 1426 me stormwater tank retaining the first flush of stormwater v= 185 me stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater V = 1241 m 11.2.2 Verification Procedure The drainage system upon which this example is based can be represented as an outline network according to the system plan in Fig. 19. In this there are shown sub-division into 18 sub- areas and 31 calculation stretches whereby, a combination of similar sections and the disregarding of subordinate sewers has already been carried out. The degree of detailing in the presentation of the network is thus essentially coarser than is normal in the network calculation. For the application of a verification procedure the following peculiarities are to be pointed out: - the network shows a stormwater holding tank with ar > 5 1/(s.ha) which is thus, in the simplified distribution Procedure in accordance with Chap. 8.1.2, is disregarded ‘in the dimensioning of the stormwater tanks with overflow, — ‘some sections are hydraulically overloaded for which the network contains a series of interconnections. Issue H. 12/92103 OCF w4| wr O 12.3, so that the requirement according to the mix ratio is maintained. 11.3.2 Stormwater Overflow SO 2 in Sub-area 3 The same formulas are used as in the last Chap (9.1) forit = 15 x 120/(3 + 120) = 14.6 1/(s.ha), (6.9) Qeerit = 14.8% 4.0 = 58.5 1/s, (6.5) Qaw2e = 1.3 1/s, (6.10) rae, = 46.7 V/s, (6.10) Qt, soz = 58.5 + 1.3 + 45.7 = 105.5 1/s For the inflow of the above lying stormwater overflows it is not the actual throttle discharge of 50 1/s but rather the theoretically required discharge of 45.7 1/s which is to be applied (Chap. 6.2.7). The minimum mix ratio is (9.2) ms.02 = (698 - 180)/60 = 8.6 Actually available is (9.2) msoz = (105 5 - 2.7)/2.7 = 98.1 > 8.6 so that here a sufficient dilution is available when the stormwater overflow comes into action resve NO. 12/92Aree ae ar ceo cawe cio cw Terms unit ha ha ha mg/i mo/1 mg/1 ng/7 m9/1 mg/1 Technical term Catchment area connected to a sewer network Impervious surface area Hardened surface area Coefficient of influence for sewer deposits Working hours per day in a commercial concern Flow time factor Coefficient of influence for annual precipitation Working hours per day in @ industrial concern coefficient of influence for heavy polluters Production days per year in a commercial concern Production days per year in a industrial concern Chemical oxygen demand Composite tanks Index for “commercial” Theoretical combined concentration in overflow water (COD) Theoretical dimensioning concentration in Dkingkixcetssrse (COD) Mean COD concentration in OW discharge Mean COD concentration in running off rainwater Mean discharge concentration of the sewage treatment plant (COD) Mean COD concentration, in domestic and industrial wastewater Tasue NO. 12/82ow es FDS hee hpr.ert Plo Pir Plep Qcz4 Gerse x men mm kg kg kg Vs Vs Vs Vs Dry weather Index for “domestic” Annual overflow rate, overflow discharge rate Permissible annual overflow rate Flow-dividing. structure Long-term mean annual precipitation Effective mean annual precipitation Number of inhabitants Inclination group according. to ATV Standard A 1118 Mean inclination group Index for “industrial” Terrain gradient Mear, low water discharge Mean mix ratio in overflow water Minimum mix ratio for stormwater overflows Minimum mix ration for stormwater tanks with overflow Overflow structure far settled combined wastewater overflowed annual pollution load Annual pollution load flushed from the surface by rainfalt Annual pollution load in the stormwater of the sewage treatment plant effluent Discharge Daily mean of the commercial wastewater discharge calculated from the annual mean Critical, combined wastewater discharge Combined wastewater discharge to the sewage treatment plant rasue N° 12/928 Qaz< Qa 24 Qaw x Qize Qiu sure Qos Gree Qrerst Qre Grs2e Gro Ques Qusze Sw x Genz a SHT 80 SSCBO ssco SSCTO sto Vs V/s V/s V/s Vs V/s Vs V/s Vs Vs Vs Vs Vs Vs V/s V/(s.ha) 1/(s-ha) Vs(s.ha) 1/(s.ha) - 96 - Daily mean of the domestic wastewater discharge calculated from the annual mean Daily mean dry weather discharge Daily peak of dry weather discharge Daily mean of the industrial wastewater discharge calculated from the annual mean Infiltration water discharge as annual mean Discharge over the Overflow structure for settled combined wastewater Daily mean of rainwater run-off Critical rainwater run-off Mean stormwater discharge during overflows Daily mean of rainwater run-off from separate areas Discharge over the tank overflow Throttle discharge Wastewater discharge in daily mean Wastewater discharge from separate areas in daily mean Daily peak of wastewater discharge Discharge rate ory weather discharge rate in daily mean Run-off discharge rate Rainfall intensity at which a stormwater overflow will come into action Stormwater holding tank Stormwater overflow Sewer with storage capacity and bottom overflow Sewer with storage capacity and overflow Sewer with storage capacity and top overflow Stormwater tank with overflow Lesue NO. 12/92sTosc STP STRFF vor Vsscao 3 m /ha m Jha Pe m/s m/s V/(t.d) h = 97 - Stormwater tank with overflow for settled combined wastewater Sewage treatment plant Stormwater tank retaining the first flush of stormwater Tank overflow Overflow duration at a structure summed over one year Theoretical emptying time of a stormwater tank Flow time Storage volume Annual mean overflowed combined wastewater quantity Rainwater run-off sum for one year Usable volume of a sewer with storage capacity and bottom overflow Specific storage volume Specific minimum storage volume Static sewer volume Flow velocity with dry weather discharge Flow velocity with full filling Water consumption per inhabitant and day Hourly formulation according to ATV Standard 4 118 Peak coefficient to take into account sewer deposits resve n9, 12/8213. - 98 - References ATV (17/1) ATV (77/2) ATV (17/3) ATV (83/1) ATV (83/2) ATV (84) ATV (88) ATV AG 1 (85) Arbeitsblatt A 128, Richtlinien fur die Bemessung und Gestaltung von Regenentlastungen in Mischwasserkanalen, GFA 1977. Arbeitsblatt A 118, Richtlinien fur die hydraulische Berechnung von Schmutz-, Regen- und Mischwasser Kandlen, GFA 1977. Arbeitsblatt A 117, Richtlinien fir die Bemessung, die Gestaltung und den Betrieb von Regenrtickhaltebecken, GFA 1977. Arbeitsblatt A 115, Hinweise fur das Einleiten von Abwasser in eine offentliche Abwasser anlage, GFA 1983. Arbeitsblatt A 105, Hinweise fiir die Wahl des Entwasserungsverfahrens (Mischverfahren/Trenn- verfahren)), GFA 1983 Arbeitsblatt A 119, Grundsatze fur die Berechnung von Entwasserungsnetzen mit elektronischen Datenverarbeitungsanlagen, GFA 1984 Arbeitsblatt A 140, Richtlinien fir die hydraulische Dimensionierung und den Leistungsnachweis von Abwasser Kandlen und Leitungen (GFA 1988. Arbeitsbericht “AbfluBsteurung in Kanalnetzen”, Korrespondenz Abwasser H. 5/1985. Die Berechnung des Oberf1Achenabfluges in Kanalnetzmodellen, Teil 1 - AbfluBbildung. Arbeitsbericht de ATV-AG 1.2.6 “Hydrologie der Stadtentwasserung” gemeinsam mit dem DVWK, Korrespondenz Abwasser H. 2/1986 Die Berechnung des Oberf1achenabfluBes in Kanalnetzmodellen, Teil 2 - Abflus- Konzentration. Arbeitsbericht de ATV-AG 1.2.6 “Hycrologie der Stadtentwasserung” gemeincam mit dem DVWK, Korrespondenz Abwasser H. 3/1986 Véranlassung und Anwendungsziele zur Durchfihrung von Schmutzfracht Berechnungen. 1, Arbeitsbericht der ATV-AG 1.9.3 “Schmutzfrachtberechnung”, Korrespondenz Abwasser H. 8/1985. Issue 8. 12/92ATV AG 1.9.3 (86) ATV AG 1.9. (88) ATV AG 1.8 (83) runner, P. (75) besonderer 3 c. Durchschiag, (89) Euler, Jacobi, G. D., A Heizelmann,cH. (85) Geiger, (34) Gétile (79) WE A - 99 - Der Schmutz-Niederschlag-Transport-ProzeB ~ Phanomenologische Seschreibung und Termin- ologie. 2. Arbeitsbericht der ATV-AG 1.9.3 "Schmutzfrachtberechnung”, Korrespondenz Abwasser H. 3/1986. Charackterisierung von Schmutzfracht— berechnungsmethoden - Anwendungsziele, Systemstruktur, Datenbasis, Ergebnisse. 4. Arbeitsbericht der ATV-AG 1.9.3 “Schmutzfrachtberechnung”, Korrespondenz Abwasser H. 3/1988. Ausgewahlte Grundlagen fiir die Anwendungsziele von Schmutzfrachtberechnungensmethoden. berechnungsmethoden. 5. Arbeitsbericht der ATV=AG 1.9.3 “Schmutzfrachtberechnung”, Korrespondenz Abwasser H. 12/1988 Die Verschmutzung des RegenwasserabfluBes im Trennverfahren, Untersuchungen unter Beriicksichtigung der Niederschiages~ Verh<nisse im voralpinen Raum. berichte aus Wassergutewirtschart und Gesundheits ingenieur wesen der TU Minchen, Nr. 9, 1975 Bemessung von Mischwasserspeichern im Nachweisverfahren unter Bericksichtigung der Gesamtemission von Nischwasserentlastung und Klaranlagenablauf. Schriftenreihe fur Stadt- entwasserung und Gewasserschutz, Bd. 3, 1989. Die Berechnung des SchmutzfrachtabfluBes aus Niederschlagen. Eine vergleichende Darstellung und Wertung der Modellansatze. Techn. Berichte Nr. 33 aus dem Institut fir Wasserbau, Fach- gebiet Ingenieurhydrologie und Hydaulik der TH Darmstadt, 1985. Mischwasserabflu8 und dessen Beschaffenheit, ein Beitrag zur Kanalnetzplanung. Berichte dus Wassergiitewirtschaft und Gesundheits ingenieur- wesen der TU Miinchen, Nr. 50, 1984 Ursachen und Mechanismen der Regenwasser- verschmutzung, ein Beitrag zur Modell ierung der AbfluBbeschaffenheit in stadtischen Gebieten. Berichte aus wassergiitewirtschaft und Gesundheitsingenieurwesen der TU Munchen, Nr. 23, 1978. Tesve Ne, 32/92