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INTRODUCTION TO IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
Year 10
Rosa Pereira
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01
Chemistry
Chemistry
Raymond Chang broadened the definition of "chemistry" to mean the study of matter
and the changes it undergoes
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02
Chemical
reactions
Chemical Reaction
A process in which at least one new substance is produced as a
result of chemical change.
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A Chemical Reaction
Reactants
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Products
Learning Check
A. How does an equation indicate a change in
the identity of the reacting substances?
B. How did the yellow and green reactants
combine?
C. Did all the reactants form product? Why or
why not?
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Products
CO
+ Mg
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Learning Check
12 oz of dough, 4 oz mushrooms, 12 slices pepperoni,
8 oz cheese and 5 oz tomato sauce are used to make
a pizza. Write a recipe in words for putting together a
pizza.
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1 pizza
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4 NO + 6 H2O
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Al2S3
2Al +
3S
Al2S3
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Not Balanced
Balanced
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Matter Is Conserved
H2
Cl2
2 HCl
+
Total atoms
2 H, 2 Cl
+
=
Total Mass
=
2(1.0) + 2(35.5)
73.0 g
=
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Total atoms
2H, 2 Cl
Total Mass
2(36.5)
73.0 g
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4NO + 6H2O
4N
4N
12 H
12 H
10 O
10 O
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Fe + H2O
Fe:
Fe3O4 + H2
3 Fe + H2O
O:
Fe3O4 + H2
3 Fe + 4 H2O
H:
Fe3O4 + 4 H2
3 Fe + 4 H2O
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Learning Check
Fe3O4 + 4 H2
3 Fe + 4 H2O
2) 4
3) 8
2) 4
3) 8
2) 3
Science Department at CLIP
3) 4
19
Solution
Fe3O4 + 4 H2
3 Fe + 4 H2O
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10
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Learning Check
Balance each equation. The coefficients for each
equation are read from left to right
A.
Mg
+ N2
1) 1, 3, 2
B.
Al
Mg3N2
2) 3, 1, 2
3) 3, 1, 1
+ Cl2
1) 3, 3, 2
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AlCl3
2) 1, 3, 1
3) 2, 3, 2
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Learning Check
C. Fe2O3 + C
1) 2, 3, 2,3
D.
3) 1, 1, 2, 3
Fe +
2) 2, 1, 1, 1
Al + H2SO4
1) 3, 2, 1, 2
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2) 2, 3, 4, 3
Al + FeO
1) 2, 3, 3, 1
E.
Fe + CO2
Al2O3
3) 3, 3, 3, 1
Al2(SO4)3 + H2
2) 2, 3, 1, 3
Science Department at CLIP
3) 2, 3, 2, 3
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Solution E5
A. 3 Mg
B. 2 Al
+
+
N2
Mg3N2
3 Cl2
2 AlCl3
C. 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C
4 Fe + 3 CO2
D. 2 Al + 3 FeO
3 Fe +
E. 2 Al + 3 H2SO4
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Al2(SO4)3
Al2O3
+ 3 H2
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1. Understand that some chemical reactions can be reversed by changing the reaction conditions (Limited
to the effects of heat and water on hydrated and anhydrous copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride.)
2. Demonstrate kmnowledge and understanding of the concept of equilibrium
3. Predict the effect of changing the conditions (concentration, temperature and pressure) on other
reversible reactions
4. Describe and explain the essential conditions for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process
including the sources of hydrogen and nitrogen (hydrocarbons or steam and air)
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+
(reactants)
(products)
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Hb
4O2
Hb.4O2
There are also some very important industrial reactions, like the Haber process,
that are reversible.
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+
+
hydrogen
chloride
ammonium
chloride
HCl (g)
NH4Cl (s)
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2.2.Reversible or irreversible?
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reactant B
product
+
Dynamic equilibrium can only take place in a closed system, otherwise the products would escape.
A closed system is one in which no substances are either added to the system or lost from it. Energy
can, however, be transferred in or out at will.
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2.2.Dynamic equilibrium
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Effect
Temperature
Concentration
Pressure
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dinitrogen tetroxide
2NO2 (g)
N2O4 (g)
decreasing the
concentration of
substance A
equilibrium shifts to
decrease the amount of substance
A
equilibrium shifts to
increase the amount of
substance A
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water
bismuth
oxychloride
BiCl3 (aq)
H2O (l)
BiOCl (s)
hydrochloric acid
2HCl (aq)
2.2.Opposing changes in
concentration (2)
Chlorine gas reacts with iodine chloride to produce iodine trichloride.
chlorine
iodine
chloride
Cl2 (g)
ICl (l)
pale green
brown
iodine
trichloride
ICl3 (s)
yellow
It will become more
yellow.
It will become more
brown.
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dinitrogen tetroxide
2NO2 (g)
N2O4 (g)
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Learning check
2.2.What is ammonia?
Ammonia is an important compound in the manufacture of fertilizer
and other chemicals such as cleaning fluids and floor waxes.
It is made industrially by reacting nitrogen with hydrogen in the Haber
process. It is a reversible reaction, so it never goes to completion.
nitrogen
hydrogen
ammonia
N2 (g)
3H2 (g)
2NH3 (g)
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2.2.What is yield?
The amount of product made in a reaction is called the yield and is usually
expressed as a percentage.
The yield of ammonia produced by the Haber process depends on the temperature and pressure of the reaction.
pressure (atm)
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Lowering the temperature slows down the rate of reaction. This means it takes longer for
ammonia to be produced.
Increasing the pressure means stronger, more expensive equipment is needed. This increases the cost of
producing the ammonia.
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2.2.Maximizing productivity
What else can be done to maximise productivity in the
manufacture of ammonia?
An iron catalyst is used to increase the rate of reaction. It speeds up both the forward and
backward reaction, so the position of equilibrium is not affected.
The ammonia is cooled, liquefied and then removed as it is produced. This causes the
equilibrium to shift to the right to produce more ammonia.
Unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled and given another chance to react.
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Anagrams
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Multiple-choice quiz
H2O(l)
CO2(aq)
CO2(g)
UV light
3O2(g )
2O3(g)
CFCs
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