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Gas Burner Design for Application
1
Managing Director
Dr.Luca Barozzi
Ing. Massimo Dotti
Ing. Massimo Gilioli
Dr. Gabriele Gangale
Engineering Staff
Index
What is a burner
Combustion Reaction & Products
Chemical reaction
Heat output
Emissions NOX and CO
Heat Transfer Effects
Design for Application
CFD calculation on flow mixing and burner temperature
Longetivity
Noise
Test Gas and Interchangeability
Test conditions qualification of a burner
Gas quality influence on burner
3
What is a Burner?
cookers
washer
In reality :
Complete real mechanism is composed of
thousands of reactions
Not all reaction come to full completion, giving
as a result pollutant emissions
Heat
CO2
H2O
NOx
CO
Fuel
HHV MJ/kg
HHV BTU/lb
HHV kJ/mol
LHV MJ/kg
Hydrogen 141.80
61,000
286
121.00
Methane
55.50
23,900
889
50.00
Ethane
51.90
22,400
1,560
47.80
Propane
50.35
21,700
2,220
46.35
Butane
49.50
20,900
2,877
45.75
NOX formation
CO formation
(a)
(b)
Flame impact/quenching
against cold surfaces (loses
heat quickly)
(c)
Equilibrium dissociation of
CO2 CO
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12
13
24 kW
1:1
1980
6 kW
24 kW
24 kW
3 kW
1:4
1:8
2000
2010
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15
16
17
18
Temperature effect
It is possible to accelerate or delaying the completeness of the
reactions introducing or removing heat to the reacting flow ( e.g
steel or ceramic rod into the flame)
The combustion chamber wall and/or the HE too close to the
flame front, or any element that move/transfer heat from the
combustion area to the surrounding HAS a deep impact on the
emissions.
19
20
The weight of conduction , convection and radiation changes according to the mode of working of the
burner.
to
radiation mode
21
22
Burner Types
23
Burner Types
Premix
(a) Fan powered so that the fuel/air ratio can be carefully
controlled.
(b) Run lean (20%) with NOX emissions < 45 mg/kWh
(c) Typically produce short intense blue flames
(d) Short reaction zones and the highest burning velocities
hence the smallest residence times & high efficiencies
(e) The heat exchanger can (and should) be located very
close to cool the exhaust as quickly as possible to avoid
NOX formation.
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Burner Types
Atmospheric
(a) Most common type of domestic burner (tube arrays, blade
assemblies), low cost manufacture with little maintenance.
(b) Partially premixing (air entrained into gas stream before
burner) to lower flame temperature.
(c) Run on a rich/air mix to form inner combustion zone,
preventing thermal NOx with low O concentration.
(d) Tend to give relatively large flame volumes giving longer
residence times for NOX production to occur.
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Design of Application
28
29
30
Gas mixture
Pressure drops
31
32
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
time (s)
33
34
35
36
37
40
20
25
32
40
50
63
80
100
125
160
200
250
315
400
500
630
800
1000
1250
1600
2000
2500
3150
4000
5000
6300
8000
10000
12500
16000
20000
SUM(LIN)
Lp [dB]
FFT analysis
110
105.6
100
100.9
95.9
90
90.9
80
70
60
50
CH1
CH2
CH3
CH4
30
Frequenza [Hz]
38
Combustion chamber
qext
qtot
+
Oscillating
acoustic
pressure
p
+
q
F
Flame
qi
M
Mixture supply
Feedback loop stability model: Baade, P. K., Design Criteria and Models for
Preventing Combustion Oscillations, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 84, Part 1, pp. 449-465
(1978).
39
Bibliography
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