Lect 05-06 PDF

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures
CE-505: Prestressed Concrete Design

M. Engg. (Civil), Fall 2016
Lecture 05-06
CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design
Fall 2016
Design
What is design?
Design is regarded as the process of
selectively applying the total spectrum of
science and technology to attainment of an
end result which serves a valuable purpose.
What is Structural design?
Analysis Vs Design
Analysis implies
investigating or reviewing a
proposed design/ product.
Assess the response of the
structure to applied loads.
Determine stresses and
forces.
Check if the structure
satisfies acceptable design
criteria.
It generally involves no
unknowns.
Design implies an unknown

product/design.
Selection of many
particulars among a large
array of possibilities, such as
structural layout, the shape
of a member, the structural
material, and even the
construction process.
Determine economical and
optimum solution.
Generally an iterative
process.
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Design Objectives
Feasibility
Constructability
Safety
Serviceability
Economy
Functionality
Aesthetics
Although implied, the following

criteria are also being considered in
modern design.
Environmental impact
Sustainability and maintainability
Ease of future demolition
Replacement
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Limit State Design

The general design philosophy in structural engineering is
based on satisfying a number of limit states.
A limit state is defined as the boundary between acceptable
and unacceptable performance.
Limits states are generally classified in two categories:
Serviceability limit states and Ultimate limit states.
Special category of limit states due to abnormal conditions,
such as a nuclear explosion can also be considered.
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Limit State Design

An allowable stress, or a maximum crack width, or a limit
value of deflection belong to the category of Serviceability
limit states.
Collapse of s structure due to excessive bending or shear
belongs to the category of Ultimate strength limit states.
Fatigue fall in between, as fatigue occurs generally under

repeated service loads, it can be considered a serviceability
limit state; however, it can also be argued that since fatigue
leads to failure, it should be considered an ultimate limit
state.
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Limit State Design

To accommodate a limit state, a design
criterion is set.
Typical design criterion takes the form:
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Limit State Design

Limit state design combines some of the merits of
ultimate strength design, working stress design,
deterministic methods, and reliability theory. It implies:
1. Identification of all potential modes of failure, i.e., all
significant limit states;
2. Determination of acceptable levels of safety to protect
against occurrence of each limit state;
3. Consideration of significant limit states.
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Common Design Approaches
In WSD or ASD, maximum stress criteria are specified; that is, some
allowable stresses are not to be exceeded under service loads.
USD and LRFD imply essentially the same philosophy wherein

strength limit states and possible collapse are considered under
factored loads.
The limit state design is general approach where all limit states such as
stresses as well as collapse can be considered simultaneously. LSD is
the general modern approach to follow and encompasses all the other
approaches.
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Common Design Approaches
Other design approaches includes: plastic design, nonlinear design,

and probabilistic design.
WSD and USD may result in the same member design, but USD
generally allows for a more rational distribution of safety reserve.
Current practice in prestressed concrete involves the combination of

WSD and USD.
LSD philosophy allows combining the two.
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WSD (or ASD)

In this approach the stresses under working loads are limited to
permissible values or allowable stresses and the structure is
analyzed assuming linear elastic materials and thus linear elastic
behavior.
Safety is ensured by selecting allowable stresses as relatively small
fractions of the characteristic strengths of the component
materials.
where absolute values of stresses are considered.
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WSD (or ASD)

Assuming linear elastic behavior under bending, axial tensile load, or
shear, the actual stress induced by loading in an uncracked section is
directly proportional to the applied load:
where Z stands for elastic section modulus, Q for the moment of area
above the shear plane, and b is the width of the shear plane.
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WSD (or ASD)

The allowable stress design criterion can be generally written as follows:
where si is the stress due to loading i, sn is the equivalent elastic stress at

nominal resistance, and SF is a safety factor larger than one.
Since, under elastic bending, stresses and moments are directly

proportional, above eq. can be written as:
where Mn is the nominal bending resistance.
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USD, SD, or LRFD

In this approach, the design working loads are multiplied by load factors
and the structure is designed to resist the factored loads, at its ultimate
capacity. The load factors are different for each type of load and are
adjusted to reflect the degree of variability and uncertainty of that load.
This is more realistic than in the WSD approach, where all loads are treated
the same.
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USD, SD, or LRFD

When the USD approach is applied to bending, direct axial tension, or
shear in reinforced or prestressed concrete, the following formulation is
obtained:
where M stands for bending moment, N for tensile axial load and V for
shear force.
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USD, SD, or LRFD
Illustration of the WSD (left axis) and USD (right axis) approach
for a tensile member.
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Plastic Design or Limit Design

This is a design based on the formation of plastic hinges, or
yielding mechanisms, within a structure under loading.
It has been mostly applied to statically indeterminate steel
structures where it is observed that collapse cannot occur due to a
single section undergoing yielding. A big reserve of strength
generally exists between first yielding and general collapse.
Limit design is recognized in the ACI code but to a very limited
extent: Sections 8.4 and 18.10 of the code allow redistribution of
negative moments in reinforced and prestressed concrete
continuous members.
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Nonlinear Design
Nonlinear design typically makes use of accurate nonlinear stress-strain
relationships of materials, equilibrium of forces, and compatibility of
strains or deformations.
For a prescribed loading history, the sequence of linear and nonlinear

actions within a structure can be tracked and a more accurate picture of
structural resistance and deformation is usually obtained.
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Probabilistic Design
The object of the probabilistic design is to ensure that there is an
accepted probability for the structure not to reach any limit state.
In probabilistic design, the applied load and the inherent resistance are
assumed random variables. The margin of safety itself, which is defined
as the difference between resistance and load, is a random variable.
Its mean value is associated with the probability of failure, where failure
means not only collapse but also unserviceability or violation of any
other specified limit state.
Probabilistic design is at the basis of limit state design (LSD), since the
load and resistance factors are calibrated according to probability theory.
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Design Codes
Design codes are written to protect the user and
society as a whole.
They provide information on methods of analysis
and design, minimum design requirements and
minimum expected performance.
They represent a summary of the collective
opinion or agreed upon state of knowledge of the
profession.
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Design Codes
In US most reinforced and prestressed concrete structures are designed in

accordance with ACI 318.
Most prestressed concrete bridges for highways or railways in the United

States are designed in accordance with three major codes: the AASHTO
(American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials)
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, the AASHTO LRFD
Specification for Highway Bridge Design and the AREA (American Railway
Engineering Association) Manual for Railway Engineering.
The AASHTO Standard specifications are essentially based on the working

stress design, while the AASHTO LRFD specifications are essentially based
on limit state design.
AASHTO and AREA provisions related to prestressed concrete are

essentially identical in scope to corresponding sections of ACI.
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Loads
Two main categories:

Dead Loads
Live Loads
Dead loads include primarily the self-weight of the structure and any
permanent component.
Unlike dead loads, live loads are variable in nature and fluctuate with
time. They include (I) occupancy loads caused by people, furnishings, or
movable objects, (2) vehicle loads such as trucks or trains, (3) snow, rain,
water, ice, wind, earth pressure, temperature loads, effects of
earthquakes, etc.
ACI does not prescribe occupancy loads.
ANSI and ASCE prescribe such values.
Vehicle loadings are prescribed by AASHTO and AREA specifications for

highway and railway bridges.
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Allowable Stresses
In the working stress design approach a number
of stress limits, called allowable stresses or
permissible stresses, are needed.
These allowable stresses are not to be exceeded
by actual stresses under application of service
loads.
They are in general prescribed by the code
adopted for the design.
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Allowable Stresses Concrete

Allowable stresses for concrete (Table 3.3) are separated into two
groups: the first one corresponds to initial stresses at time of transfer
of prestress (before prestress losses), and the second one corresponds
to final or service load stresses (after allowance for prestress losses).
Most frequently the stress in compression under service load does not
control the design of prestressed concrete flexural members.
The allowable stresses recommended by AASHTO for bridges are
different from the corresponding ACI code values. Mostly, the AASHTO
LRFD code recommends allowable tensile stresses smaller than those
given by ACI because of concerns about corrosion.
Different stress limits are given for segmental and non-segmental
construction.
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Allowable Stresses Prestressing Steel

Allowable stresses in prestressing steels specified by the ACI code
are summarized in Table 3.6.
Different values are given depending on whether the stress applied
occurs just before or after transfer of the force from the steel to the
concrete.
Effective prestress is commonly of the order of O.5fpu to O.55fpu.
The second column of Table 3.6 contains the code provisions in
terms of the yield strength of the prestressing steel.
The third and fourth columns show the corresponding values in
terms of the ultimate strength, fpu, assuming either a stress relieved
strand or a low relaxation strand, and keeping in mind the
maximum limit of O.8fpu given in the code.
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Reinforcing Steel
Allowable stresses in the reinforcing steel are given in Table 3.8. As
the current ACI code deals mostly with ultimate strength design,
these stresses are not given directly in the body of the most current
code but in Appendix B of the 1983 edition where working stress
design (termed alternate design method) provisions are explained.
In principle, they should apply to reinforcing steels used in
prestressed concrete.
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Load Factors
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Reinforced vs Prestressed Concrete Design
The principles of limit state design (LSD) apply to both reinforced and prestressed
concrete. However, practical experience leads to selecting a sequence of steps in
prestressed concrete design that is different from that used for reinforced
concrete.
The design of prestressed concrete members is primarily controlled by allowable

stresses (serviceability criteria), while the design of reinforced concrete members
is controlled primarily by ultimate strength criteria.
Typically the design of prestressed concrete starts by working stress design

procedures (WSD) to help dimension the member; then ultimate strength design
(USD) criteria are checked, and adjustments are made should a design criterion be
violated.
In comparison, the design of reinforced concrete members starts directly by USD

procedures; generally allowable stresses are not of concern and serviceability
criteria such as crack width and deflections can be accommodated by proper
dimensioning and detailing.
Thus, for all practical purposes, the design of reinforced concrete is primarily
controlled by USD, while that of prestressed concrete is primarily controlled by
WSD; however, in addition, USD criteria must also be used in prestressed concrete.
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C-Force and C-Line

Integrating all the stresses over a prestressed concrete section leads
to a compressive force resultant defined as the C force.
In the absence of any external moment, the C force is equal and
opposite to the prestressing force. Similarly to the prestressing
force F, which has an eccentricity eo with respect to the neutral axis
of bending, the location of the C force can be defined by an
eccentricity, ec (Fig a).
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C-Force and C-Line
The application of any external moment (Fig. b) adds stresses to the

section; however, since a moment is a couple and the two forces of
a couple balance each other (i.e., the sum of the forces of a couple
is equal zero), the resulting compressive force in the concrete
section remains equal to C.
Adding a moment changes the stress diagram, but does not change
the value of C. However, the line of action of C, that is its
eccentricity, ec, shifts from the line of action of F, which remains as
placed at eo.
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C-Force and C-Line
In beams, the external moment varies along the span; thus the
eccentricity of the C force also varies.
The combined action of an external moment, such as the moment
due to self-weight of the member, and the prestressing force, can be
replaced by the action of the C force acting along its eccentricity, ec.
The use of the C force or the C-line (that is, the geometric location of
the C force along the span) can be advantageous in some calculations
such as for deflections, load balancing, and continuous members.
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Load Balancing Feature of Prestressing

The magnitude and profile of a prestressing tendon can
be designed to balance external loading and lead to a
member that is uniformly stressed. Load-balancing is
intuitive and can be very convenient.
A uniform load, such as dead load, generates an
external moment with a parabolic moment diagram;
the effect of such a moment can be balanced by a
prestressing force with a parabolic tendon profile that
generates a prestressing moment equal and opposite
to the external moment.
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U stands for uncracked, C for cracked, and T for

transition between uncracked and cracked.
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Prestress Losses in Preliminary Design

Substantial losses of stress occur in the prestressing steel due to
relaxation of the steel and creep and shrinkage of the concrete.
Other losses also take place, due to elastic shortening of the
concrete at load transfer and due to friction between the tendons
and the concrete.
Several methods exist to estimate the total loss of prestress and
may require different levels of difficulty.
However, it is important to estimate some prestress losses, in
advance, in routine situations, in order to proceed with the design.
Lump sum estimates of individual losses are given in many technical
documents.
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Example on computation of fibre stresses
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Example
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CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE-505: Prestressed Concrete Design

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

What is Structural design?

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

Design implies an unknown

Although implied, the following

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

Limit State Design

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

Limit State Design

Fatigue fall in between, as fatigue occurs generally under

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

Limit State Design

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

Limit State Design

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

Common Design Approaches

USD and LRFD imply essentially the same philosophy wherein

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

Common Design Approaches

Other design approaches includes: plastic design, nonlinear design,

Current practice in prestressed concrete involves the combination of

LSD philosophy allows combining the two.

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

WSD (or ASD)

where absolute values of stresses are considered.

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

WSD (or ASD)

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

WSD (or ASD)

where si is the stress due to loading i, sn is the equivalent elastic stress at

Since, under elastic bending, stresses and moments are directly

where Mn is the nominal bending resistance.

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

USD, SD, or LRFD

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

USD, SD, or LRFD

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

USD, SD, or LRFD

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

Plastic Design or Limit Design

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

For a prescribed loading history, the sequence of linear and nonlinear

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

In US most reinforced and prestressed concrete structures are designed in

Most prestressed concrete bridges for highways or railways in the United

The AASHTO Standard specifications are essentially based on the working

AASHTO and AREA provisions related to prestressed concrete are

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

Two main categories:

ACI does not prescribe occupancy loads.

ANSI and ASCE prescribe such values.

Vehicle loadings are prescribed by AASHTO and AREA specifications for

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

Allowable Stresses Concrete

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design

CE -505: Prestressed Concrete Design