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We can divide alternator faults in two type -Internal fault, External fault. There is
internal Fault like 1.Stator Winding Fault (most severe), 2.Excitation circuit fault or
failure of rotor field, 3.Unbalanced loading. On the other hand, there is external fault
like 3.Failure of prime Mover, 4.Over current, 5.Over / under Voltage, 6.Over
Speed; 7.over / under frequency.8. Loss of synchronism or pulling out of step .
9.Over or under frequency fault of alternator(newly added).
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Severity of reverse power: For gas turbine and any hydroelectric system the turbine
installed is capable of running in very high speeds, so when high speed occurs due to
reverse power, any technician can decouple the circuit breaker. But for diesel /
engine system, the reverse power is so dangerous, as the over speed limit of engines
re nominal like 120% of rated speed. As example our plants Wartsila engines rated
speed was 750 RPM, and its high speed limit was 840/880 RPM.
Remedy -A reverse power relay is recommended.But this relay should have time
delay to avoid false trip in case of short time system disturbance,phase swinging and
fluctuation in synchronization.Thus when a reverse power problem occurs, the first
thing is to decouple the corresponding circuit breaker to disconnect the alternator
from live line. If it is stuck, then shut down the whole bus, if that too is not possible
then shut the whole power plant for engine based power plant only.
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Alternator
Generator Price
If we talk about over voltage of an alternator, its internal over voltage. Over volatge
fault of an alternator is very rare, as the excitation current that controls the voltage
has closed supervision with AVR, automatic voltage regulator system.
However, if somehow alternator suddenly disconnected from the load, its speed
exceeds rated speed, over voltage might occur. So an over voltage relay is
recommenced to install where alternator rpm is not closely supervised.
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for it. First of all, unbalanced loading means there are different current in three
phases of alternator. In normal condition, the difference in phase current varies +/5% , but when this difference exceeds- then it is unbalanced condition. As it is stated
earlier that this unbalanced is not itself a fault, does not apply any ham but the cause
of unbalanced is harmful like grounding of one phase, or short circuit of phase to
phase.
To sense and protect the unbalanced loading a simple conception is used that the
three phase current is equal in magnitude but 120 degree separate by phase angle.
So when we vectorically sum up three phase current- the result is zero. Thus we can
apply some simple instrument transformer to watch out the summation of three
phase to zero, if by some means there is some value other than zero that is not in the
range of tolerable, then this circuit can send a trip signal.
The below circuit foloow the above conception. See the secondaries of three CTs are
shorted, so the sum of normal phase currents is zero, no current in the trip coil. By
some instance if there is some unbalanced, then there will be some current in the
secondary, that will eventually sen trip signal.
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The protection scheme to cover stator inter turn fault is simply basissing the theory
of differential theory. In normal condition, the two coil or multi coils individually
carry same magnitude of current but with a phase displacement. If this current is
summed up in a common circuit then the result will be zero. So we can just place
some CTs with their secondaries shorted and primaries with individual coils. If some
fault persists, then there will be current in the secondaries which will energize the
trip circuit.
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increase
until
electromechanical
the
torque
electromechanical torque reaches its maximum value, known as the pull-out torque.
Any further increase in prime-mover torque cannot be balanced by a corresponding
increase
in synchronous electromechanical torque, with the result that synchronism will no
longer be maintained and the rotor will speed up. This phenomenon is known as loss
of synchronism or pulling out of step.
As remedy Under these conditions, the generator is usually disconnected from the
external electrical system by the automatic operation of circuit breakers, and the
prime mover is quickly shut down to prevent dangerous over speed. The value of the
pull-out torque can be increased by increasing either the field current or the
resultant air-gap flux. However, this cannot be done without limit; the field current is
limited by the ability to cool the field winding, and the air-gap flux is limited by
saturation of the machine iron.
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The frequency has a constant stable value, defined by the equation (Ns=120f/p). But
frequency varies causing over and under frequency fault. Over or under frequency
has its own severe effect on both the load side and generating equipment side, We are
talking here about the generating set alternator. The first thing we like to know
why the over or under frequency occurs.
The frequency varia on created by the load demand(excess or less then genera on).
Say when a generating station producing power that equals the net consump on
plus the loss, then the system will be stable. But when the load demand is higher
then production, that is production is low then use/demand then frequency will be
low, on the other hand when the load demand is less then production or production is
excess then frequency will be higher.
We can summarize over & under frequency in a mathematical concept to
understand and memorize as belowProduc on > Load demand = frequency high
Produc on < Load demand = frequency low
Produc on = Load demand = frequency stable.
The remedy or protection of over and under protection is simple. When under
frequency occurs that is more power consumer then the covering capacity, then the
only solution is to effect load shedding or increase the power generation. For over
frequency the only solution is to lower the power generation. A relay can be used to
automatically control the loading, unloading of generator or effect the load shedding.
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8/9
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doing it that way because I didnt want my inverters and stuff to be out
in cold barn or do you think a grid tie inverter would be ok in a barn in
below zero temps???????which way is better?????
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