Lab session 1

Introduction to Static Characteristics of Instrument and Logic Gates

Theory:
Static characteristics:
The set of criteria defined for the instruments, which are used to measure the quantities which
are slowly varying with time or mostly constant, i.e., do not vary with time, is called static
characteristics.
The various static characteristics of an instrument are:
Readability of an instrument:
Readability refers to the susceptibility of a measuring device to having its indications
converted to a meaningful number.
Least Count:
The least count of a measuring instrument is the smallest change in the measured quantity that
can be resolved on the instrument's scale. Measured values are good only up to this value.
The least count error is the error associated with the resolution of the instrument.
Sensitivity:
Sensitivity is defined as the output over the input (this is also called the gain of the
instrument). Static sensitivity is the sensitivity exhibited during steady state
conditions. Sensitivity has units which depend on the measuring system.
Hysteresis:
It is the difference between the indications of a measuring instrument when the same value of
the measured quantity is reached by increasing or by decreasing that quantity. The
phenomenon of hysteresis is due to the presence of dry friction as well as to the properties of
elastic elements. It results in the loading and unloading curves of the instrument being
separated by a difference called the hysteresis error.
Accuracy:
It is the degree of closeness with which the reading approaches the true value of the quantity
to be measured.
Precision:
The precision of a measurement system, related to reproducibility and repeatability, is the
degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.
Error:
Error is the difference between the actual value of a quantity and the value obtained by
a measurement. Repeating the measurement will improve (reduce) the random error (caused

by the accuracy limit of the measuring instrument) but not the systemic error (caused by
incorrect calibration of the measuring instrument).
Uncertainty:
Uncertainty in measurement could be defined as that part of the expression of
the result of a measurement which states the range of values within which the true value, or if
appropriate, the conventional true value is estimated to lie.
All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measured value is only complete if it is
accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty. Relative uncertainty is the
measurement uncertainty divided by the measured value.

Logic Gates:
A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs
and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary
conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. The logic state of a
terminal can, and generally does, change often, as the circuit processes data.
There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.
AND Gate:
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high. A
dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B.

OR Gate:
The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs are
high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

NOT Gate:
The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its
output. It is also known as an inverter. If the input variable is A, the inverted output is known
as NOT A. This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over the top, as shown at the outputs.

NAND Gate:
This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of
all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small
circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

NOR Gate:
This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of all
NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high.
The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents
inversion.

EXOR Gate:
The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but not both, of its two
inputs are high. An encircled plus sign ( ) is used to show the EOR operation.

EXNOR Gate:
The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a low output
if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small circle
on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

Lab Session 2
Introduction to PLC and PLC Ladder Logic
Theory:
PLC (programmable logic controller):
A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an industrial computer control system that
continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes decisions based upon a custom
program to control the state of output devices.
Almost any production line, machine function, or process can be greatly enhanced using this
type of control system. However, the biggest benefit in using a PLC is the ability to change and
replicate the operation or process while collecting and communicating vital information.

How PLC operates:

There are four basic steps in the operation of all PLCs; Input Scan, Program Scan, Output Scan,
and Housekeeping. These steps continually take place in a repeating loop.

Input Scan: Detects the state of all input devices that are connected to the PLC
Program Scan: Executes the user created program logic
Output Scan: Energizes or de-energize all output devices that are connected to the PLC.
Housekeeping: This step includes communications with programming terminals,
internal diagnostics, etc...

PLC Interface:
In the interface of PLC trainer there are four modules:
Module 0:
Several 12V sources that we may activate through switches;
8 lever type switches (constant power supply)
8 instantaneous button ( instantaneous power supply)
6 variable sources ( 0-10V)
Module 1:
15 digital inputs
14 digital outputs
Module 2:
8 analogue inputs ( 0-10v)

Module 3:
4 analogue outputs

PLC software:
We have used Panasonic FPWIN PRO 5 software.

Physical Problem:
1. Series circuit
2. Parallel circuit
Input contact:
Input contact can be normally open or normally closed.

Normally open

Normally closed

Output contact:

The output contact is represented by

Source:
Source is represented by two vertical parallel lines, called power rail.

Series circuit:
Inputs:
X0 and X1
Output:
Y1

Ladder logic Diagram:

Truth Table:
Inputs
X0

Output
X1

Y0

ON

ON

ON

ON

OFF

OFF

OFF

ON

OFF

OFF

OFF

OFF

Implementation:
Run the Software FPWIN PRO.5.
Click Compile-All to check for errors.
Go to Online Mode.
Download Program to the PLC.
Turn on the Switches according to the problem statement.
Comment:
The ladder logic problem was implemented successfully in the class
The output will ON only when all the inputs are ON

Parallel circuit:
Inputs:
X0 and X1
Output:
Y1

Ladder logic Diagram:

Truth Table:
Inputs
X0

Output
X1

Y0

ON

ON

ON

ON

OFF

ON

OFF

ON

ON

OFF

OFF

OFF

Implementation:

Run the Software FPWIN PRO.5.

Click Compile-All to check for errors.
Go to Online Mode.
Download Program to the PLC.
Turn on the Switches according to the problem statement.

Comment:

The ladder logic problem was implemented successfully in the class

The output will ON when either input is ON

Lab Session 3
Assignment 1:
Make use of a Single Push Button to Start/Stop the Motor (Load Coil) / (Toggle Switch)

Latch Contact:
A contact that keeps the output energized even once the input signal is removed.
Example: When we push the ON button the TV turns on. When we push the OFF button the TV
turns off. We don't have to keep pushing the ON button to keep the TV on. This would be the
function of a latching.
Inputs:
X0 , Y0 and Y1 (Y0 and Y1 are latched inputs)
Output:
Y1
Ladder logic Diagram:

Truth table:

X0
0
1
0
1
Implementation:

Run the Software FPWIN PRO.5.

Click Compile-All to check for errors.
Go to Online Mode.
Download Program to the PLC.

Y1
0
1
1
0

Turn on the Switches according to the problem statement.

Comment:

The ladder logic problem was created and implemented successfully in the class.
Latching contacts are used to solve the problem.
Push Buttons are used in latching contact as they provide instantaneous inputs.

Lab Session 4
Assignment 2:
Controlling paging information in a restaurant
Problem Statement:
In a restaurant there are two tables A & B. When costume at table A pushes a button a light
corresponding to table gets on while other light stays off. When costumer at table B pushes a
button, a light corresponding to table B gets on. As light at both A & B is on, then the 3 rd on the
operator side will turn on automatically. After serving, operator pushes a button and all the
lights are turned off.
Inputs:
X1, X2, X3, Y0 and Y1 (Y0 and Y1 are latched inputs)
Output:
Y0, Y1 and Y0
Ladder Logic Diagram:

Truth Table:
Inputs

Outputs
Yo

Y1

Y3(AND Logic)

X1

yes

__

__

X2

__

Yes

__

X3

NC

NC

__

Y0

yes

__

Yes

Y1

__

yes

Yes

Implementation:

Run the Software FPWIN PRO.5.

Click Compile-All to check for errors.
Go to Online Mode.
Download Program to the PLC.
Turn on the Switches according to the problem statement.

Comment:

The ladder logic problem was created and implemented successfully in the class.
Latching contacts are used to solve the problem.
Push Buttons are used in latching contact as they provide instantaneous inputs.
Whenever we have to open a circuit by pushing a button, its negation is usually used i.e
X3 is used to close all lights

Lab Session 5
Assignment 3:
Controlling liquid level in tank by using ladder logic
Inputs:
X1, X2, Y0 (Y0 is latched input)
X1 high level sensor
X2 Low level sensor
Output:
Y0
Ladder Logic Diagram:

Truth table:
Inputs

Output Y0

X0

yes

X1

__

X2

__

Y0

yes

Implementation:

Run the Software FPWIN PRO.5.

Click Compile-All to check for errors.
Go to Online Mode.
Download Program to the PLC.
Turn on the Switches according to the problem statement.

Comment:

The ladder logic problem was created and implemented successfully in the class.
Latching contacts are used to solve the problem.
Push Buttons are used in latching contact as they provide instantaneous inputs.

Lab Session 6
Assignment 4:
Controlling Liquid Level in Two Tanks by Using PLC Ladder Logic
Problem statement:

Ladder Logic diagram:

Inputs:
X0, X1, X2, Y0, Y1,Y2, and Y3,( Y0, Y1,Y2, and Y3 are latched inputs)

Outputs:
Y0, Y1,Y2, and Y3
Truth table:

INPUTS
X0
X1
X2
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3

Y0

Y1

Y2

Y3

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

Implementation:

Run the Software FPWIN PRO.5.

Click Compile-All to check for errors.
Go to Online Mode.
Download Program to the PLC.
Turn on the Switches according to the problem statement.

Comment:

The ladder logic problem was created and implemented successfully in the class.
Latching contacts are used to solve the problem.
Push Buttons are used in latching contact as they provide instantaneous inputs.

Lab Session 7
Introduction to Function Block diagram and counters
Function block diagram:
The term function block diagram (FBD) is used for PLC programs described in terms of graphical
blocks. It is described as being a graphical language for depicting signal and data flows through
blocks, these being reusable software elements. A function block is a program instruction unit
which, when executed, yields one or more output values.
There are two counters;

Counter up:
It will add 1 in the previous value.

CU: Clock Generator; Every time when a rising edge is detected at CU, it will add 1 in the
current value.
R: Reset; Every time when a rising edge is detected at R, CV would be 0.
PV: Preset Value; Desired number of objects which we want to count.
Q: Signal Output; CV=PV, it means Q is set.
CV: Current Value; It will show current addition results.

Counter down:
It subtracts 1 from the previous value.

CD: Clock Generator Input; Every time when a rising edge is detected at CD, it will subtract 1
from the current value.
LD: Set Value; when load is set, counter return to PV.

PV: Output value; It is the value subjected to subtraction for first counting procedure.
Q: Signal Output; It is set when CV= 0.
CV: Current Value; It gives the continuous current subtraction results
Implementation
Run the Software FPWIN PRO.5.
Create New Project
Select Ladder Logic Diagram
Select Function Block
Insert the required Function Block
Create the Ladder Logic Diagram
Declare all the Variables
Compile All to check for errors.
Go to Online Mode.
Download Program to the PLC.
Turn on the Switches according to the problem statement.
Comment:

The ladder logic problem was created and implemented successfully in the class.

Lab Session 8
Study of timers
There can be two different kinds of timers which are:
TON (Time ON Delay): After how long a load coil will turn ON.

Note: Output will be shown when PT = ET and by Default current value is zero.
TOF (Time OFF Delay): After how long a load coil will turn OFF.

Note: Output will be shown when PT = ET and by Default current value is zero.
Definitions:
TP: It allows programming of a timer for specified clock period.
Q: Signal-Output; It is set when CV= 0
CV: Current Value; It gives the continuous current subtraction results.
IN: Clock Generator input
PT: Set _Value; It is the pre-set value of time.
Q:Signal_Output
ET: Current _Time; It gives the value of Elapsed Time

Implementation:
It is implemented in FPWIN Pro in following manner:
1. Open FPWIN Pro
2. Create new project
3. Go to ladder logic diagram
4. Insert function block
5. Select TON or TOF as per requirement
6. Make ladder logic diagram

7. Declare all the variables

8. Compile all
9. Go to online mode
10. Download and then turn on X0