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INA MASLI
24213340
3EB22
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2015/2016
1. Simple Present
The simple present tense is the one which we use when an action is
happening right now, or when it happens regularly (or unceasingly,
which is why its sometimes called present indefinite). The simple
present tense is formed by using the root form or by adding -s or
-es to the end, depending on the person.
FUNCTIONS
We use the present tense:
1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.
2. For facts.
3. For habits.
Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary
'DO') + the infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
EXAMPLES
2.
He understands English.
She goes to school every morning.
It mixes the sand and the water.
She very hard.
He enjoys playing the piano.
Present continuous Tense
Use
c)
3.
Past Simple
We use the Past Simple tense to talk about an action or a situation - an
event - in the past. The event can be short or long.
The Function
To tell about activity that began in the past and ended in the past
too. We usually use simple past tense when the adverb of time in
the sentence is specific when the adverb is not specific we can use
simple perfect tense.
Here are some long events with the Past Simple tense:
Notice that it does not matter how long ago the event is: it can be a few
minutes or seconds in the past, or millions of years in the past. Also it
does not matter how long the event is. It can be a few milliseconds (car
explosion) or millions of years (Jurassic period). We use the Past Simple
tense when:
1. the event is in the past
2. the event is completely finished
3. we say (or understand) the time and/or place of the event
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
4.
Past Continuous
The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now,
which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In
other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.
The pattern of Past Continuous Tense:
(+) S + to b (was, were) + V1-ing + .....
(-) S + to be (was, were) + not + V1-ing + .....
(?) To be (was, were) + S + V1-ing + .....?
Example :
(+) I was studying all day yesterday.
(-) I was not studying all day yesterday.
(?) Was I studying all day?
Note:
Subjek (S)
He, She, It
I
You, We, They
To be
Was
Was
Were
EXAMPLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.
When we arrived he was having a bath.
When the fire started I was watching television.
Compound Subjects
Compound subjects (two subjects in the same sentence) usually take a
plural verb, unless the combination is treated as singular in popular usage
or the two subjects refer to the same thing or person. Here are some
examples of subject verb agreement with compound subjects:
o Sugar and flour are needed for the recipe.
o Neither my dad nor my brothers know how to ski.
6.
Pronoun
Pronouns are words that we use in place of Nouns (or other Pronouns) in a
sentence to make it less repetitive and less awkward. Some of the most
common Pronouns are - he, she, you, they, it, etc. These Pronouns are
divided into different categories based on their use.
1)
Personal Pronouns
These pronouns are used for a specific object or person and they change
their forms to indicate the different genders, numbers, case and persons
speaking.
Example:
2) Demonstrative Pronouns
3) Interrogative Pronouns
Who, Whom, Which and What are Interrogative Pronouns as they are used
to ask questions about a person or object that we do not know about.
Compounds of these words are made by attaching -ever to the words to
strengthen the emphasis on the word.
Examples:
What did the teachers say?
Who wrote the book 1984?
4) Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns are used to join or relate two different clauses together
by referring to the noun in the previous clause using the pronouns - Who,
Whom, Whose, Which andThat.
Examples:
The contestant who gets the highest score wins the
million dollar jackpot.
In this sentence, the underlined pronoun is the subject of
the verb gets. The subordinate clause, who gets the
highest score wins the million dollar jackpot, describes
the noun contestant.
He will accept whichever project comes first.
5) Indefinite Pronouns
These pronouns are used to show unspecified objects or people, whether
in plural or in singular. They are used to indicate the entire noun or some
of the noun or none of the noun. They are used when we want to refer to
group of nouns without actually specifying who or how much.
Examples:
Many were called for the interview but only 3 were hired.
Hes ready to give up everything for his familys safety.
7) Reciprocal Pronoun
reciprocal (adj.): given or done in return; [grammar] expressing mutual
action
We use reciprocal pronouns when each of two or more subjects is acting in
the same way towards the other. For example, A is talking to B, and B is
talking to A. So we say:
The action is "reciprocated". John talks to Mary and Mary talks to John. I
give you a present and you give me a present. The dog bites the cat and
the cat bites the dog.
There are only two reciprocal pronouns, and they are both two words:
each other
one another
https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/pronouns-reciprocal.htm
http://esl.about.com/od/grammarstructures/a/pres_simple.htm
http://grammar-monster.com/glossary/reciprocal_pronouns.htm