LectureNotesinComputerScience:

AuthorsInstructionsforthePreparation
ofCameraReadyContributions
toLNCS/LNAIProceedings
AlfredHofmann1,IngridBeyer1,AnnaKramer1,ErikaSiebertCole1,
AngelikaBernauerBudiman 2,MartinaWiese2,andAnitaBrk3
1

SpringerVerlag,ComputerScienceEditorialIII,Postfach105280,
69042Heidelberg,Germany
{Hofmann,Beyer,Kramer,
Erika.SiebertCole,LNCS}@Springer.de
http://www.springer.de/comp/lncs/index.html
2
SpringerVerlag,ComputerScienceProduction,Postfach105280,
69042Heidelberg,Germany
{Bernauer,Wiese}@Springer.de
3
SpringerVerlag,MarketingManagement,Postfach105280,
69042Heidelberg,Germany
Buerk@Springer.de

Abstract.Theabstractshouldsummarizethecontentsofthepaperandshould
containatleast70andatmost150words.Itshouldbesetin9pointfontsize
andshouldbeinset1.0cmfromtherightandleftmargins.Thereshouldbe
twoblank(10point)linesbeforeandaftertheabstract.

1Introduction
Thepreparationofmanuscriptswhicharetobereproducedbyphotooffsetrequires
specialcare.Paperssubmittedinatechnicallyunsuitableformwillbereturnedfor
retyping,orcanceledifthevolumecannototherwisebefinishedontime.
1.1LNCSOnline
SpringerVerlag now provides the fulltext version of the LNCS and LNAI
proceedings online. Therefore please submit to the volume editors (and NOT to
SpringerVerlag),togetherwithyourownsinglesidedprintoutofthefinalversionof
yourcontribution(whichcannotbemodifiedatalaterstage),yoursource(input)
files,e.g.TEXfilesforthetextandPSorEPSfilesforfigures,thefinalDVIfile(for

paperspreparedusingLaTeXorTeX),thefinalPSfile and,ifpossible,aPDFfileof
thefinalversionofyourcontribution.Ifyouhavepreparedyourpaperusingatext
processingsystemotherthanLaTeXorTeX,pleasealsosubmitRTFfiles.Make
surethatthetextisidenticalinallcases.
1

2ManuscriptPreparation
YouarestronglyencouragedtouseLaTeX2eforthepreparationofyourcamera
readymanuscript togetherwiththecorrespondingSpringerclassfilellncs.cls; see
Sect.3.OnlyifyouuseLaTeX2ecanhyperlinksbegeneratedintheonlineversion
ofyourmanuscript.
IfyouareunabletouseLaTeX,youmayuseMSWordtogetherwiththetemplate
svlncs.dot(seeSect.4)oranyothertextprocessingsystem.Inthelattercase,please
followtheseinstructionscloselyinordertomakethevolumelookasuniform as
possible.
Wewouldliketostressthattheclass/stylefilesandthetemplateshouldnotbe
manipulated and that the guidelines regarding font sizes and format should be
adheredto.Thisistoensurethattheendproductisashomogeneousaspossible.
2.1PrintingArea
Theprintingareais122mm193mm.Thetextshouldbejustifiedtooccupythe
fulllinewidth,sothat theright marginisnotragged,withwordshyphenatedas
appropriate.Pleasefillpagessothatthelengthofthetextisnolessthan180mm.
2.2Layout,Typeface,FontSizes,andNumbering
Use 10point type for the name(s) of the author(s) and 9point type for the
address(es)andtheabstract.Forthemaintext,pleaseuse10pointtypeandsingle
linespacing.WerecommendusingComputerModernRoman(CM)fonts,Times,or
oneofthesimilartypefaceswidelyusedinphototypesetting.(Inthesetypefacesthe
lettershaveserifs,i.e.,shortendstrokesattheheadandthefootofletters.)Italictype
maybeusedtoemphasizewordsinrunningtext.Boldtypeandunderliningshould
beavoided.Withthesesizes,theinterlinedistanceshouldbesetsothatsome45lines
occuronafulltextpage.
Headings. Headingsshouldbecapitalized(i.e.,nouns,verbs,andallotherwords
exceptarticles,prepositions,andconjunctionsshouldbesetwithaninitialcapital)
andshould,withtheexceptionofthetitle,bealignedtotheleft.Wordsjoinedbya
1

WhengeneratingthePSfilepleaseavoidusingtheoptionreverseorder.

hyphenaresubjecttoaspecialrule.Ifthefirstwordcanstandalone,thesecond
wordshouldbecapitalized.ThefontsizesaregiveninTable1.
Herearesomeexamplesofheadings:"CriteriatoDisproveContextFreenessof
Collage Languages", "On Correcting the Intrusion of Tracing Nondeterministic
Programs by Software", "A UserFriendly and Extendable Data Distribution
System", "Multiflip Networks: Parallelizing GenSAT", "Selfdeterminations of
Man".
Lemmas, Propositions, and Theorems. The numbers accorded to lemmas,
propositions,andtheoremsetc.shouldappearinconsecutiveorder,startingwiththe
number1,andnot,forexample,withthenumber11.
Table1.Fontsizesofheadings.Tablecaptionsshouldalwaysbepositionedabovethetables.
Thefinalsentenceofatablecaptionshouldendwithoutaperiod

Headinglevel
Title(centered)

Example

LectureNotes

Fontsizeandstyle
14point,bold

st

1Introduction

12point,bold

nd

2.1PrintingArea
Headings.Textfollows
Remark.Textfollows

10point,bold
10point,bold
10point,italic

1 levelheading
2 levelheading
3rdlevelheading
4thlevelheading

2.3FiguresandPhotographs
Pleaseproduceyourfigureselectronically,ifpossible,andintegratethemintoyour
textfile.ForLaTeXuserswerecommendusingthestylefilespsfigorepsf(see
Sect.3).
Checkthatinlinedrawings,linesarenotinterruptedandhaveconstantwidth.
Gridsanddetailswithinthefiguresmustbeclearlyreadableandmaynotbewritten
oneontopoftheother.Linedrawingsshouldhavearesolutionofatleast800dpi
(preferably1200dpi).Fordigitalhalftones300dpiisusuallysufficient.Thelettering
infiguresshouldhaveaheightof2mm(10pointtype).Figuresshouldbescaledup
or down accordingly. Please do not use any absolute coordinates in figures. If
possible,thefilesoffigures(e.g.PSfiles)shouldnotcontainbinarydata,butbe
savedinASCIIformat.
If you cannot provide your figures electronically, paste originals into the
manuscript and center them between the margins. For halftone figures (photos),
pleaseforwardhighcontrastglossyprintsandmarkthespaceinthetextaswellas
thebackofthephotosclearly,sothattherecanbenodoubtaboutwhereorwhich
wayuptheyshouldbeplaced.

Figuresshouldbenumberedandshouldhaveacaptionwhichshouldalwaysbe
positioned under thefigures,incontrasttothecaptionbelongingtoatable,which
shouldalwaysappearabovethetable.Thefinalsentenceofacaption,beitforatable
or a figure, should end without a period. Please center the captions between the
margins and set them in 9point type (Fig.1 shows an example). The distance
between text and figure should be about 8 mm, the distance between figure and
captionabout5mm.
If possible (e.g. if you use LaTeX) please define figures as floating objects.
LaTeXusers,pleaseavoidusingthelocationparameterhforhere.Ifyouhaveto
insertapagebreakbeforeafigure,pleaseensurethatthepreviouspageiscompletely
filled.
Remark 1. In the printed volumes, illustrations are generally black and white
(halftones),andonlyinexceptionalcases,andiftheauthorispreparedtocoverthe
extracostforcolorreproduction,arecolorpicturesaccepted.Ifcolorillustrationsare
necessary, please send us colorseparated files if possible. Color pictures are
welcomeintheelectronicversionatnoadditionalcost.
Remark 2. To ensure that the reproduction of your illustrations is of reasonable
qualityweadviseagainsttheuseofshading.Thecontrastshouldbeaspronouncedas
possible.Thisparticularlyappliesforscreenshots.

Fig.1.Onekernelatxs(dottedkernel)ortwokernelsatxiandxj(leftandright)leadtothe
same summed estimate at xs. This shows a figure consisting of different types of lines.
Elementsofthefiguredescribedinthecaptionshouldbesetinitalics, inparentheses, as
shown in this sample caption. The last sentence of a figure caption should generally end
withoutaperiod

2.4Formulas
Displayedequationsorformulasarecenteredandsetonaseparateline(withanextra
lineorhalflinespaceaboveandbelow).Displayedexpressionsshouldbenumbered
forreference.Thenumbersshouldbeconsecutivewithineachsectionorwithinthe
contribution,withnumbersenclosedinparenthesesandsetontherightmargin.For
example,
x+y=z.

(0)

Pleasepunctuateadisplayedequationinthesamewayasordinarytextbutwitha
smallspacebeforetheendpunctuation.LaTeXuserscanfindmoreexamplesofhow
totypesetequationsinthefilellncs.dem(seeSect.3).
2.5ProgramCode
Program listingsorprogram commandsinthetextarenormallyset intypewriter
font,e.g.,CMTT10orCourier.
ExampleofaComputerProgramfromJensenK.,WirthN.(1991)Pascalusermanualand
report.Springer,NewYork

programInflation(Output)
{Assumingannualinflationratesof7%,8%,and
10%,...years};
constMaxYears=10;
varYear:0..MaxYears;
Factor1,Factor2,Factor3:Real;
begin
Year:=0;
Factor1:=1.0;Factor2:=1.0;Factor3:=1.0;
WriteLn('Year7%8%10%');WriteLn;
repeat
Year:=Year+1;
Factor1:=Factor1*1.07;
Factor2:=Factor2*1.08;
Factor3:=Factor3*1.10;
WriteLn(Year:5,Factor1:7:3,Factor2:7:3,
Factor3:7:3)
untilYear=MaxYears
end.

2.6Footnotes
Thesuperscriptnumeralusedtorefertoafootnoteappearsinthetexteitherdirectly
afterthewordtobediscussedorinrelationtoaphraseorasentencefollowing
thepunctuationsign(comma,semicolon,orperiod).Footnotesshouldappearatthe
bottomofthenormaltextarea,withalineofabout2cminTeXandabout5cmin
Wordsetimmediatelyabovethem.
2

2.7Citations
ThelistofreferencesisheadedReferencesandisnotassignedanumberinthe
decimalsystemofheadings.Thelistshouldbesetinsmallprintandplacedatthe
endofyourcontribution,infrontoftheappendix,ifoneexists.Pleasedonotinserta
pagebreak before the list of references if the page is not completely filled. An
exampleisgivenattheendofthisinformationsheet.Forcitationsinthetextplease
usesquarebracketsandconsecutivenumbers:[1],[2],[3],
2.8PageNumberingandRunningHeads
Yourpapershouldshownoprintedpagenumbers;theseareallocatedbythevolume
editor.Pleaseindicatetheorderingofyourpagesbynumberingthesheetsinpencilat
thebottomofthereverseside.Donotsetrunningheads.
2.9PrintingQuality
Forreproductionweneedsheetswhichareprintedononesideonly.Pleaseusea
highresolutionprinter,preferablyalaserprinterwithatleast300dpi.Wepreferthe
text to be centered on the pages (i.e., equal margins left and right and top and
bottom).Theformatofthepaper(A4,Letter,etc.)isirrelevant.

3UsingLaTeXorTeX
Youwillgetthebestresultsandyourfileswillbeeasiesttohandleifyouuse
LaTeX2e for the preparation of your cameraready manuscript together with the
correspondingSpringerclassfilellncs.cls.OnlyifyouuseLaTeX2ecanhyperlinks
begeneratedintheonlineversionofyourmanuscript.
IfyouareunabletouseLaTeX2eyoumayuseoneofouroldmacropackages
llncs(forLaTeX)orplncs(forTeX).
2

Thefootnotenumeralissetflushleftandthetextfollowswiththeusualwordspacing.
Secondandsubsequentlinesareindented.Footnotesshouldendwithaperiod.

3.1HowtoAccesstheSpringerLaTeX2e,LaTeX,andTeXMacroPackages
ForusersofLaTeX(orTeX)SpringerVerlagprovidesthemacropackagellncsfor
LaTeX(orplncsforTeX).Thepackagescanbeobtainedbyftp/gopherorbyemail
asfollows:
Ftp:Theinternetaddressisftp.springer.de,theuserIDisftporanonymous.Please
enteryouremailaddressaspassword.Thefiles(mentionedabove)canbefoundin
/pub/tex.
In the directory ftp://ftp.springer.de/pub/tex/latex/llncs/latex2e you will find all
filesbelongingtotheLaTeX2epackageforLNCS.llncs.demisasampleinputfile
whichyoumayuseasasourceforyourowninput.llncs.docisthedocumentationof
theclass;llncs.dvitheresultingDVIfileofllncs.doc.
Gopher:Pointyourclienttoftp.springer.de.
Mailserver: Sendanemail message tosvserv@vax.ntp.springer.decontainingthe
line
get/tex/latex/llncs2e.zip
togettheLaTeX2estylefiles,
get/tex/latex/llncs.zip
togettheLaTeXstylefiles,or
get/tex/plain/plncs.zip
togettheTeXstylefiles.
Sendingthecommandhelptotheserverpromptsadviceonhowtointeractwiththe
mailserver.Thestylefilesmustbeunzippedanduudecodedbeforeuse.Incaseof
problems in getting or uudecoding the style files please contact
springer@vax.ntp.springer.de.
3.2FurtherInstructionsforLaTeXandTeXUsers
Pleasealwayscancelanysuperfluousdefinitionsthatarenotactuallyusedinyour
text.Ifyoudonot,thesemayconflictwiththedefinitionsofthemacropackage,
causingchangesinthestructureofthetextandleadingtonumerousmistakesinthe
proofs.
When you use LaTeX or TeX and our macro packages, your text is typeset
automaticallyinComputer Modern Roman(CM)fonts.Pleasedo not changethe
presetfonts.Ifyouhavetousefontsotherthanthepresetfonts,kindlysubmitthese
withyourfiles.
Pleaseusethecommands\labeland\refforcrossreferencesandthecommands
\bibitemand\citeforreferencestothebibliography,toenableustocreatehyperlinks
attheseplaces.
ForpreparingyourfigureselectronicallyandintegratingthemintoyourTEXfile
werecommendusingthestylefilespsfigorepsf.Thesecanbedownloadedfromthe
DANTEftpserveratthelocations
ftp://ftp.dante.de/texarchive/graphics/psfig/psfig.styor
ftp://ftp.dante.de/texarchive/systems/knuth/local/lib/epsf.tex.

These styles have always worked smoothly with our macro package. For further
detailsaboutfigurepreparationseeSect.2.3.Ingeneral,pleaserefrainfromusingthe
\specialcommand.
Remembertosubmitthepsfigorepsffilesandfurtherstylefilesandfontsyou
haveusedtogetherwithyoursourcefiles.

4UsingMSWord
WedonotencouragetheuseofMSWord,particularlyasthelayoutofthepapers
(thepositionoffiguresandparagraphs)canchangefromprintouttoprintout.Having
saidthis,wedoprovidethetemplatesvlncs.dottohelpMSWorduserspreparetheir
camerareadymanuscript andtoenableustousetheirsourcefilesfortheonline
version.
The template svlncs.dot and its documentation can be downloaded from the
LNCSWebpageathttp://www.springer.de/comp/lncs/authors.html.

5SupplementaryMaterial
Ifyouwishtoincludecolorillustrationsintheelectronicversioninplaceoforin
additiontoanyblackandwhiteillustrationsintheprintedversion,pleaseprovidethe
volumeeditorswiththeappropriatefiles.
Ifyouhavesupplementarymaterial,e.g.,executablefiles,videoclips,oraudio
recordings,onyourserver,simplysendthevolumeeditorsashortdescriptionofthe
supplementarymaterialandinformthemoftheURLatwhichitcanbefound.We
willaddthedescriptionofthesupplementarymaterialtotheonlineversionofLNCS
andcreatealinktoyourserver.Alternatively,ifthissupplementarymaterialisnotto
beupdatedatanystage,thenitcanbesentdirectlytothevolumeeditors,together
withalltheotherfiles.

6CopyrightForm
Untilnow,wehavealwayshadaveryliberalpolicyregardingcopyright.However,
wehavenowhadtointroduceacopyrightform,whichweaskcontributingauthorsto
completeandsign.(It issufficient ifoneauthorfromeachcontributionsignsthe
formonbehalfofalltheotherauthors.)ThecopyrightformislocatedonourWeb
pageathttp://www.springer.de/comp/lncs/copyrigh.html.Theprintedformshouldbe
completedandsignedandsentontothevolumeeditorseitherbynormalmailorby
fax,whothensenditontous,togetherwiththeprintedmanuscript.

7Checklist
Whensubmittingyourcamerareadymanuscripttothevolumeeditors,pleasemake
sureyouincludethefollowing:
asinglesidedprintout(notaphotocopy)ofthefinalversionofyourcontribution
(unlessotherwisespecifiedbythevolumeeditor),
yoursource(input)files,e.g.TEXfilesforthetextandPSorEPSfilesforthe
figures,
RTFfiles(seeSect.1.1),
anystylefiles,templates,andspecialfontsyoumayhaveused,
thefinalDVIfile(forpaperspreparedusingLaTeXorTeX),
thefinalPSfile(notinreverseorder),
ifpossible,aPDFfileofthefinalversionofyourcontribution,
thecompletedandsignedcopyrightform.
Ifsupplementarymaterialisavailable,pleaseprovidethevolumeeditorswith
ashortdescriptionofthesupplementarymaterial,
thesupplementarymaterialortheURLatwhichitcanbefound,
thefilesofcolorfiguresfortheelectronicversion.

References
1.Baldonado,M.,Chang,C.C.K.,Gravano,L.,Paepcke,A.:TheStanfordDigitalLibrary
MetadataArchitecture.Int.J.Digit.Libr.1(1997)108121
2.Bruce,K.B.,Cardelli,L.,Pierce,B.C.:ComparingObjectEncodings.In:Abadi,M.,Ito,T.
(eds.):TheoreticalAspectsofComputerSoftware. LectureNotesinComputer Science,
Vol.1281.SpringerVerlag,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork(1997)415438
3.vanLeeuwen,J.(ed.):ComputerScienceToday.RecentTrendsandDevelopments.Lecture
Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1000. SpringerVerlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York
(1995)
4.Michalewicz,Z.:GeneticAlgorithms+DataStructures=EvolutionPrograms.3rdedn.
SpringerVerlag,BerlinHeidelbergNewYork(1996)

Appendix:SpringerAuthorDiscount
Theappendixshouldappeardirectlyafterthereferences,andnotonanewpage
AllauthorsoreditorsofSpringerbooks,inparticularauthorscontributingtoany
LNCS or LNAI proceedings volume, are entitled to buy any book published by
SpringerVerlagforpersonaluseattheSpringerauthordiscountofonethirdoff
the list price. Such preferential orders can only be processed through Springer

directly(andnotthroughbookstores);referencetoaSpringerpublicationhastobe
givenwithsuchorders.AnySpringerofficemaybecontacted,particularlythosein
HeidelbergandNewYork:

SpringerAuslieferungsgesellschaft
Haberstrasse7
69126Heidelberg
Germany
Fax:+496221345229
Phone:+4962213450

SpringerVerlagNewYorkInc.
P.O.Box2485
Secaucus,NJ070962485
USA
Fax:+12013484505
Phone:+1800SPRINGER
(+18007774643),tollfreeinUSA

Preferentialorderscanalsobeplacedbysendinganemailto
orders@springer.deororders@springerny.com.
Forinformationaboutshipping,pleasecontactoneoftheabovementionedorders
departments.Salestaxisrequiredforresidentsof:CA,IL,MA,MO,NJ,NY,PA,
TX,VA,andVT.Canadianresidentspleaseadd7%GST.Paymentforthebook(s)
plusshippingchargescanbemadebygivingacreditcardnumbertogetherwiththe
expiration date (American Express, Eurocard/Mastercard, Discover, and Visa are
accepted)orbyenclosingacheck(mailordersonly).