PHN I.

GII THIU
1. Nguyn l
2. Lch s
- Nm 1895 Roentgen pht hin tia X. Nm sau phng php ny c dng
kim tra mi hn.
- Nm 1913 Collidge thit k ng pht tia X mi c nng lng cao
- Nm 1917 phng th nghim u tin chp nh phng x c thnh lp ti Royal
Arsenal, Woolwich.
- Nm 1930 Hi qun M cho php dung kim tra mi hn bao hi.
- Chin tranh th gii ln II chng kin s pht trin ng dng mnh m ca
phng php ny.
3. c im ng dng
- p dng cho nhiu loi vt liu
- Kim tra cc sai hng bn trong
- Kt qu lu gi di lu
- Thit b kim tra cht lng nh chp sn c
- Gii on nh chp trong iu kin tin nghi
+ Tia bc x c hi vi c th ngi
+ Kh pht hin cc bt lien tc dng mt (nt, khng ngu)
+ Yu cu tip cn hai pha
+ B hn ch bi kch thc v cu hnh i tng kim tra
+ nhy gim theo chiu dy tng
+ t tin
+ Kh t ng ha
+ Yu cu k nng v kinh nghim gii on nh
PHN II. C S NGUYN L
1. Cu trc nguyn t-ht nhn
- Nguyn t: ht nhn, lp v in t, to tia X
- Ht nhn: proton, neutron, ng v,
- Hin tng phng x: C mt s ng v ca mt nguyn t l bn vng, c mt
s ng v ca mt nguyn t khc l khng bn vng. Nhng nguyn t ca cc
ng v khng bn vng c th tr v trng thi bn vng bng cch pht bc x.
Qu trnh dch chuyn v trng thi bn vng ca cc ng v khng bn vng i
km vi qu trnh pht bc x thng c gi l qu trnh phn r (s phn r
phng x) v hin tng phn r ny ca nhng nguyn t ca cc ng v (c
trong t nhin hay c to ra bng nhng phng php nhn to) ca nhng
nguyn t c gi l hin tng phng x.
- Cc loi tia bc x : ht, sng in t
2. Bn cht tia X v Gamma

Sng in t
Di bc sng: nh hn vi nghn ln so vi nh sng,

= c/f= h.c/E, (E = h.f)

Cc tnh cht tia bc x X v gamma:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Khng th nhn thy c chng.

Khng th cm nhn c chng bng cc gic quan ca con ngi.
Chng lm cho cc cht pht hunh quang. Cc cht pht hunh quang l
km sulfide, canxi tungstate, kim cng, barium platinocyanide, naphtalene,
anthracene, stillbene, thallium c kch hot natri iodide.
(iv)
Chng truyn vi mt vn tc bng vi vn tc nh sng ngha l 3 1010
cm/s.
(v)
Chng gy nguy hi cho t bo sng.
(vi)
Chng gy ra s ion ho, chng c th tch cc electron ra khi cc nguyn t
kh to ra cc ion dng v ion m.
(vii)
Chng truyn theo mt ng thng, l dng bc x sng in t nn bc x
tia X hoc tia gamma cng c th b phn x, khc x v nhiu x.
(viii)
Chng tun theo nh lut t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch m theo
nh lut ny th cng bc x tia X hoc tia gamma ti mt im bt k no
t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch t ngun n im .
Theo ton hc th I 1/r2 trong I l cng bc x ti im cch ngun phng
x mt khong cch r.
(ix)
Chng c th i xuyn qua nhng vt liu m nh sng khng th i xuyn
qua c. xuyn su ph thuc vo nng lng ca bc x, mt , b dy ca
vt liu. Mt chm bc x tia X hoc tia gamma n nng tun theo nh lut hp
th,

I = I0e(- x)
Trong :
I0 = Cng ca bc x tia X hoc tia gamma ti.
I = Cng ca bc x tia X hoc tia gamma truyn qua vt liu c b dy l x v
c h s hp th l .
(x)
Chng tc ng ln lp nh tng phim nh v lm en phim nh.
(xi)
Trong khi truyn qua vt liu chng b hp th hoc b tn x.
Nhng tnh cht (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi) l nhng tnh cht thng c s dng trong
chp nh bc x cng nghip.
3. Qui lut suy gim theo bnh phng khong cch
- Tnh ton liu chiu, thi gian chp
- Tnh ton an ton
4. Qui lut phn r theo thi gian
- Hot phng x ca bt k mt cht phng x no ph thuc vo tp trung
ca cc nguyn t phng x c trong cht phng x.

N 0 / 2 N 0 e .T1/ 2 vi T1/2 = 0.63/.

- Chu k bn r l thi gian cn cho s nguyn t phng x ban u gim xung
cn mt na. Nhng ng v phng x c chu k bn r cng ngn th s nguyn
t phng x v hot phng x v hot phng x phn r cng nhanh.
5. Tng tc bc x vi vt cht
- Khi mt chm bc x tia X hoc tia gamma i qua vt cht th c mt s tia c
truyn qua, mt s tia b hp th v mt s tia b tn x theo nhiu hng khc
nhau.
- Mt chm bc x tia X hoc tia gamma khi i qua vt cht th cng ca
chng b suy gim. Hin tng ny c gi l s hp th bc x tia X hoc tia
gamma trong vt cht. Lng bc x b suy gim ph thuc vo cht lng ca
chm bc x, vt liu, mt ca mu vt v b dy ca mu vt m chm tia
bc x i qua.
- Tnh cht ny ca bc x tia X hoc tia gamma c s dng trong chp nh bc
x cng nghip. Nu c mt khuyt tt nm bn trong cu trc ca mt mu vt
ngha l c s thay i v b dy (chng hn nh l rng) hoc s thay i theo
mt (chng hn nh cc tp cht ca cc vt liu khc bn ngoi). S hin
din ca nhng khuyt tt ny s to ra nhng thay i tng ng vi cng
ca chm bc x truyn qua v chm bc x truyn qua ny c ghi nhn trn
phim to ra c mt nh chp bc x trn phim.
- S suy gim cng ca chm bc x ti xy xa theo ba hiu ng c bn l:
S hp th quang in, s hp th v tn x Compton
6. Pht hin v ghi o bc x
7. An ton bc x
PHN III. THIT B
1. My pht tia X
a. Cu to nguyn l
b. Cc b phn chnh
c. Cc thng s iu khin
d. Cc loi my ph bin
2. My pht tia Gamma
3. Phim v qu trnh x l
4. Mn
PHN IV. K THUT
1. nhy
2. B tr hnh hc
3. Tnh ton liu chiu
4. Gii on nh