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DESIGN [EC-683]
Saroj Mohan Institute Of Technology
(Degree Div)
Electronics and Communication Engineering
3rd year 2nd semester, 2009-2010.
Further we express our heartfelt thanks to Samir Sir and Sayan Sir to provide
us with the essentials for this lab from the very beginning. They also give us
so many technical & practical knowledge on electronics system & electronic
circuit components.
It is undeniable that without the help of our other group members it will be
very hard to perform this lab, so we are grateful to our group mates also.
There are many type of power supply. Most are design to convent high
voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuit
&other devices.
1. Transformer only.
2. rectifier.
3. smoother.
4. regulator.
➢ BLOCK DIAGRAM:::---
• COMPENT REQUIRED:-
2. Vero board.
3. Diodes.
4. Capacitor.
5. C.R. O
6. Patch cord.
• SPECIFICATION:-
(Without Filter)--
γ=√( (VrmsVdc)2-1)
Vdc=1/π0πVmsinωtd(ωt)
=Vm/π[-cos(ωt)]π0
Idc=Vdc/RL=2Vm/πRL=2Im/π
Irms=Im/2
Vrms=[1/π0πVm2sin2ωtd(ωt)]1/2
=Vm/2
γ=(Vm/22/(2Vm/π)2-1)
=(π/2)2-1
=0.482
=Pdc/Pac
= (Vdc2/Rl)(Vrms2/Rl) =[2Vm/π]2/[Vm/2]2
Form factor is defined as the ratio of the rms value of the output voltage to the
average value of the output voltage.
=(Vm/2)/(2Vm/2)
=π/22
=1.11
The peak factor is defined as the ratio of the peak value of the output voltage to the
rms value of the output voltage
=Vm/(Vm/2)
=2
Peak inverse voltage for full wave rectifier is 2Vm because the entire secondary
voltage appears across the non-conducting diode
(WITH FILTER:::---)
If the value of the capacitor is fairly large, or the value of the load resistance is very
large, then it can be assumed that the time T2 is equal to half the periodic time of
wave form.
T2=T/2=1/2f
From the above assumption the ripple wave form will be triangular and its rms
value is given by
• APPROXIMATION::--
Load capacitanceC=10µF
RESULT:
TESTING:--
1.
Consider the first half cycle .When the source voltage polarity is positive(+) on
top and negative(-)on the bottom. At this time only the top diode is conducting
.The bottom diode in blocking current ,and the load ‘sees’ the first half of the sine
2.
During the next half cycle ,the AC polarity reverses .Now the other diode and the
other half of the
transformer secondary winding carry current while the portions of the current
formely carrying current
during the last half cycle. The load still ‘sees’ half of the sine wave of the same
polarity as before; positive on top & negative on bottom.
• Conclusion:-
Rectification is the conversion of alternating current (Ac) direct current (Dc). A full
wave in a circuit that converts both half cycle of AC voltage waveform to an
unbroken series of voltage pulses of the same polarity. The resulting DC delivered
to the load doesn’t pulsate as much, so this are the thing we conclude at the end.
• THEORY:-
• 555 Timer:-
The 8-pin 555 timer must be one of the most useful that is ever made and is used in
many……
1) TRIGGER INPUT: - when <1/3V3 (“active low”) this makes the output high
(+Vs). It monitors the discharging of the timing capacitor in an astable
circuit. It has a high input impedance >2MΩ.
2) THRESOLD INPUT: - When >2/3V3 (“active high”) this makes the output low,
it monitors the charging of the timing capacitor in astable & monostable
circuits. It has a high input impedance >10M Ω.
3) RESET INPUT:- When it is less than 0.7V(“active low”) this makes the output
low (…..). Overriding the other inputs when not required, it should be
connected to +Vs. It has an input impedance of about 10K Ω.
4) CONTROL INPUT:- This can be used to adjust the threshold voltage which is
set internally to be 2/3Vs. Usally this function is not required and the control
• COMPONEMTS REQUIRED:-
1) 555 Timer IC
2) Two resistors
3) Two capacitors
4) Diode
5) C.R.O
• OPERATION PERFORMED:-
With the output high (+Vs), the capacitors CI is charged by current flowing through
R1 & R2, the threshold and trigger input monitor the capacitor voltage and when it
reaches 2/3Vs (threshold voltage) the output becomes low and the discharge pin is
connected to 0V. The capacitor now discharges with current flowing through R2 into
the discharge pin. When the voltage fails to 1/3Vs (trigger voltage) the output
becomes high again and the discharge pin disconnected, following the capacitors to
start charging again.
90% duty
cycle (Tm =4Ts)
Ts= 0.7*R2*C1
Duty cycle with diode = Tm/ (Ts+Tm) = R1/ (R1+R2)
• DESIGN:-
Vcc
4 8
RA 3
555 Output
7
Discharge
RB 6 Control
Threshold
2 5 Voltage
Trigger
C 1
C = 0.1µf (optional)
Figure 2. The Basic 555 Astable Circuit
• DESIGN CONCIDERATION:-
1) Choose C1 to suit the frequency range we require.
2) Choose R2 to give the frequency (f) we require. Assume that R1 is much
smaller than R2.
3) R2=0.7/(f*C1)
4) Choose R1 to be about a tenth of R2 (1KΩ min) unless we went to mark time.
• CALCULATION:-
1) To calculate the frequency :-
TOFF= [0.693*R2*c]
• APPROXIMATIONS:-
ASSIGNMENT NO - 03
AIM:- Design a single stage audio frequency voltage amplifiers with BJT for a
given Av. Zin ,Zout and maximum symmetric output swing.
• THEORY:-
The term amplifier refers to any device that increases the amplitude of a
signal usually
Measured in voltage or current. Especially in audio technology, a wide range of
amplifier can be
Produced based on product specifications. Transistors are the most important part
of amplifier
Circuits, capable of controlling at output signal in comparison to an input signal. A
transistor can
Produce gain. In other words, the transistors are responsible for amplification
component of audio
amplifier.
• DESIGN:-
• DESIGN SPECIFICATION:-
The design specifications are as follows:-
1) Our amplifier had to be able to amplify a signal from a portable music player
(0.8V-1.1V supply voltage load). In order to reach satisfactory amplitude. 1.7
times gain is necessary for each section of the input stage.
2) Class A designs are capable of this gain, and their high inefficiency was not a
major factor in the small scale of our experiment. However, these amplifiers
invert the input signal.
The designer need to increase the power gain in order to drive the speakers at this
output. Class AB amplifier are capable of producing power gain. Audio signals in the
modern music industry are now broadcast almost exclusively in stereo-sound. To
account for the dual signal amplification the entire circuit was repeated. The final
output of the amplifier was fed through a low power audio speaker, complete the
circuit.
• TESTING:-
There are three stages of our audio amplifier are as follows:-
The complicated set-up of the emitter leads to a new equation for determining the
resistance.
The ideal voltage entering the base of the transistor was 3v. The current
increasing from 1µ amp in the first class A amplifier to 5µA in the second. Even
through this will result in different resistors values, the equations involved in the
calculating are the same in both resistance.
• APPROXIMATION:-
The comparison of the theoretical simulated and actual values at different stage of
amplifier is as follows:-
The comparison of the theoretical, simulated and actual given values of each stage
of amplifier:-
• CONCLUSION:-
In our research, we observed that charging the value of the capacitor in the
negative feedback, loop alters the 3dB inversely charging the value of resistors in
the circuit can also alter the gain. Overall, the impact on the gain, but it was not
enough to prevent the amplifier from operating. We used the exact resistor value,
the gain produced was acceptable for our experiment and proved that we can
simplify sound.
• THEORY:-
An amplifier with or without negative feedback having the greatest fidelity in
faithfully reproducing the input with the least distortion. Its however the least
efficient, in as much as the power delivered to the load is only a small percentage
of d.c. power used up in the amplification process.
The transistor amplifier must have the three characteristic mentioned below:-
2) Fidelity:- This means many things to many people but to us it means the
output must be an exact replica of the input but only magnified or
amplified.
• DESIGN:-
• DESIGN CONSIDERATION:-
The design specifications are evaluated with ϷSPICE based simulator. Results
varied between the simulation and prototype measurements are as follows:-
1) Resistors
2) Transistors
3) Capacitors
4) Power supply
• CALCULATION:-
Base voltage=[R2/(R1+R2)]*12v
e.g for 82k for R1 and 39k for R2
Ib = 12/(R1+R2)=12/(39k+82k)=0.1 mA
We have a base voltage of 3.87v and if 0.65v higher than the emitter then the
emitter is is (3.87-0.65) which is 3.22v.
Rc = 3.22/0.0007v= 4600Ω
• APPROXIMATION:-
The following approximations are required:-
1) Id= It is a silicon N PN general purpose type
• TESTING:-
In a transistor amplifier, we have two totally different set of condition. One set are
d.c condition and the other set are a.c or R.f conditions. In the d.c conditions, the
transistor amplifiers are turned on or have the base opened. To do this, the base
have to voltage applied to it which is approximately 0.65v higher than the voltage
amplifier at the emitter. In fact, using the property, allows a transistor to be used
as a simple switch. Bitter still, arranging about 20000.000 of them at the right way
around and get a Pentium.
• RESULTS:-
The resulting circuit for transistor amplifier is shown below:-
• CONCLUSION:-
So, we conclude that transistor is mainly used as current amplifier, the current
amplifier is a device that is used to increase the amplitude of current in the signal.
ASSIGNMENT NO:-5
ASSIGNMENT NAME : To Design A Monostable
Multivibrator Using 555 IC.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OPERATION:
i) The timing period is triggered (started) when the trigger input (555 pin2)
is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1
starts to change through resistor R1. Once the time period has starter
further triggering pulses are ignored.
ii) The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when
this reaches 2/3 Vs the time period is over and the output becomes low.
At the same time the discharge (555 pin 7) is connected to 0 volt,
discharging the capacitor ready for next trigger.
iii) The reset input (555 pin 4) overrides all other inputs and the timing may
be calculated at any time by connecting the reset to 0V. This instantly
makes the output low and discharges the capacitor. If the reset function is
not required, the RESET pin should be connected to +V5, as for our
experiment.
Here 1.1 coefficient comes because the capacitor charges to 2/3Vs= 67%. So it
is a bit longer than the time constant (R1*C1) which is the time taken to charge
to 63%.
TESTING & RESULT: After completing the circuit, we give the supply (+Vcc) and
ground (0v) and apply a -ve pulse to the pin2 of the IC. Then we get +ve output
from pin3 with respect to ground (0v). We can see the output wave form in CRO.
The distortion in the output is due to circuit noise. Otherwise, the circuit met the
desired output result.
PRECAUTIONS:
i) Here electrolytic capacitors are used. Their values are not accurate, errors
of at least 20% is common.
CONCLUSION:
This assignment shows how a 555 Timer IC is configured to function as a basic
monostable multivibrator. As it has only one stable O/P, it is also known as ‘ONE-
SHOT’. So, from calculation of other parameters required to complete the circuit, we
can construct the circuit on bread broad, then finally on Vero broad.
ASSIGNMENT NO:-6
ASSIGNMENT NAME:-To design Full Subtractor using Multiplexer.
• Theory:-
Full subtractor:
Multiplexer:
A multiplexer is also called a “data selector”, since it selects one of many Inputs
and steers the information to output.
The multiplexer has several data input lines and a single output line. The
selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.
INPUTS OUTPUTS
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1
2 0 1 0 1 1
3 0 1 1 0 1
4 1 0 0 1 0
5 1 0 1 0 0
6 1 1 0 0 0
7 1 1 1 1 1
• Calculation:-
Difference(D)= XY Bin+XYBin+XYBin+XYBin
00 01 11 10
0 11 12
1 14 17
D=∑m (1,2,4,7)-------------------1
0 11 13 12
1 17
Bout=∑m (1,2,3,7)-------------------2
➢ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
• Conclusion:-
By these experiments, we have learnt how a full subtractor can be designed
using two multiplexers.
Advantages of this circuit are:-
&