‘tere Pang ‘THE IMAGE OF THE CITY Kevin Lynch ‘What does the elt’ form actually mean to the people who live thee? ‘what can the city planner do to make the city image more vivid and memorable to the cty dwelle? To answer these question, Me. Lynch, Supported by studies of Los Anges, Boston, and Jersey City, formu: Inte anew exterion — inceabilty and shows 8 potential vale 2 uide for the building snd ronaling af ton ‘The wide scope of this study leads to 29 orignal and vital method forthe evaluation of ety fonn. The architect, the planter, and certainly the ety dweller will all wan to read this book What the reviewers have said: «Kava Lynch ba cr up with» rnb, tly ogni Suihaate vlone tut my plone pont icy bald ws Bins Stew Tae ato Bosng Eien’ archer orem” ‘hy lamers td wien desir, ver wil be ting sont oF is en Eyes co The epee of bi he Rennteat baie ich. we fave ucea't ey of he Se el pret ted on cc tera, For snes teen inthe pod Gning rm te tte ty Canty Carma SPLacne red ehh fare” re wet no aapinensts the at How Sey pie: a eu an $e pa or the ferunpcn’a sine of Woeeh The input af ts lo sou Feat ta kell, Pours Meher “This small and readable book makes one ofthe most important moder contributions to urgeseale design theory - To understand Lynch's ‘tudaety, one must go. Bock to. 1955, the year when he began his Stuies in perception with 2 travel period in tly. This was several years before all the urbun design conferences, before the clning ofthe phrase, ind at a tne when respectable planners were conceraed with anything but the esportion af urban frm. I took a rebels young teacher « Reed by the inspiration af F.L- Weight (his sometime mentor), to tar the tables on thirty yeurs of planvers' neglect” — David A. Crane, Ioural ofthe American Insitute of Plennars Auli) THE, Met pressKevin Lynch The Image of the City The M.LT, Press Mattachurett mainte 0} Tecbnlony Cambridge, Mattchasett, and London. EnglandPunLicaTion oF tus Jour Cenren For Unsan Sruniss This book icone of eis pulibed under the auspice of the Joint Center for Uren Stadies, « cooperative ventare of the Maacbuveis Inaitne af Technology and Barvard Uniersy. The Joint Center wai founded in 1939 10 0 anize and enconrage research an utban and region prob lems. Petcpants hare inaded sbolrt from the fds of ‘aubropaogy,arcbterure, business, ct planing, ene lex education, eninering, try lev, pooophy, police ince ad Yolo. he findings end concasions ofthis book are az with all Teint Center publications, solely the respanibiity of the ‘aitor, oprtight © 1960 by the Manchu Litt of Techlogy tnd ike Pride nd aloes of Haeed Callene Fee rie. 190 1saR 0 262 12008 6 (harderer) ISBN 2 242 620014 (pape) Livary of Congress Catalog Card No: 607362 Printed inthe United States of Amtrice PREFACE Te tok is bu he kof ci ad wer it Lok i of sy import ned techs Ke be hanged The tba nde, among ioy ae, sl something be {een be ememtceds and deigh in. Civng vin! for © She chy bs spec undo dgnplem ands er ew on new, In he couse of eamiing hs sew problem, he ook ks 1 thee Arner ee Bot, Jerzy Ci, ad La Angles imap e tated whey we nigh begin dod with ta focm a she oun ale ad oes se ft picpe of ny dian, “The work tat let behind sis dy war done wader he ivecion of Prfor Gyorgy Kepes ant mys whe Cnet for Utun and Regional Sais of he Manche Iie fof Technolgy. evan secu spy te see yes by fade tm he Rocketeer Founda, The Wk ial ting pale oes i of volun Joe Cater for Urban Sais of she Matas Inuit of Techy sl Haren Use an ageey hich as gro of ht ‘an satu sais of tae two isin ‘Asia any elec wah he omen tives (om many soares diel fo ae. Sever tesech siento ‘frealy wo the developmen ofthis ay: Darl ene, BerardFrieden, William Alonso, Faak Hoxihisg, Ricard Dobe, Masy lea Pees (oow Mis. Alonso). am very gael to them all (One same shold be on these page with ry om if only he would thereby aot be made responsible for whe shoncamings of the book. ‘Thar name is Gyorgy Kepex. The deal develop- mene and concrete scadies are my ova, buc the eodeying co eps were generated in many exchanges with Professor Kepes Trond beat is 10 diene my ideas fom his Fore these Have been good yeus of asacaon. Keun Lywen mar. Dect, 1989 ‘CONTENTS 1 The Image of the Environment a Tepbtit, 2 Buliig the Image, 6; Sewcure and Adee, image, 9 ML Theee Cites, 4 Bon, Jee Cie 28: las Angee 52: Common ‘Tene, {ML The Cicy tage and fs Elements 4 Pah 19, ees 2; Diet 6; Node, 72; and faut, 96; Boesor Ineraaions 8 The Slo Sage, #9; lage eal. 87 IV. Cy Form, an ‘Basing the Pus 9; Design of Orher Blenens, 99. Form Qualia, 103; The Sense of the Whale, 10s: Neopian orm, 112, The Proce of Deon, us VA New Scale ne ‘Appendices A Some References o Orientation 123 "Types of Relerece Senn 128) Formation of ce Inuge. 131 The Rae of Form 13; Dinars 140 "The Method a th Bae for Dog, 193: Dien {er Pate Ree 136 Two Examples of Analyst 160 ‘eacan Hl 6b Sens Suze, 173, Bibliography 182 Index 187‘THE IMAGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT Loring ies an pve pclae, bowever conmanple the sgh my be Lite ape of scicn he Gay in + conarcion in spc, bee on of a ae, + ing perceived only in the costo ong spurs of inet design {Fierce temporal a bt ie can vl se be cond td lated ‘equnce of ter tempocd ar ike misc. On Serene oxen and for diferente Sequence fevete, inept, abndoned x scm. eis sen nll gh ad all wets 'A vey inant, there i more shan the ey can ae, more than he en can ea ing et view wag be explore ovbing experienced y il, Bat aly inten 1 sxtrancngh be means vents nding op 10 the ee oxy of ar epee, Watlagn Sete ts la fame’ Seld igh ook ke the Hopping seein the ben of Bono, and yer wold semen eileen Every cen at had eng soca wih some art of is iy, and Bi image feced la emotes wl netag,Legibitiry Moving clement in sci, snd in paras the people and thei aevites, ae as ingot a the seainary phys pas ‘We ate noe simply observers of this specace, but are cures 2 par off onthe sage mith che ker pacipanes.” Mont oem, fou percepion ofthe iy is oor swtaned, but rather pat, Feapnenary, mized with other oncerae Neatly every sensei Jn option, and the image isthe composite of them a. ‘Nor ony is he cyan obieet whichis perceived (and pechapt enjoyed) by milion of people of widely vee dass and ch ‘ter, but tthe produc of many builders who ave coasaly ‘modiying the arate for reasons ofthis own. While ie may te sable in generat outlines foe sometime es ever changing in derail Only pial covtol can be exercised over i owe tnd fore. Thee is 20 fal res, oly 2 continuous sucesion fof pater. No wander, the, thatthe a of shaping cir for dennious enjtyci two nt ute spate fon secieear OF ‘use or lerture Te may lara gest del From hee her sr, ba it canno® imitate them "A benutfl ued delight cy environment ison ody, sme ‘would soy an imposing, Nocone Americen city larger ehan Some plese Fragen Is huey suprising, chen, sae mst “Americans have ie en of wha ican tan lie ia such an fenvizonment ‘They ae cleat enough abou the vines of the Srerld they live i, and hey aze quite veal sbout the diy the spoke, te bea, and dhe congestion, the das ad yet te mona: ny of ie Bue they are arly aware ofthe poses valve of Jemenious suroundingy, 2 world which they may have brielly limped oniy 1s ours or as exaped vacationers. They cat Ive Hide sense of what a sing can mean in eens of daily elit, ora cocinuos anchot for thee ley, of 38 a8 exe Sion of the meaninglulaes and richness ofthe wold, ‘This book will consider the vse quality of the American «iy by saying the mena image of tha city which shelby is ize “Dewi connate expecially on 066 paris vit- tal paliy: the aparenr city or egal” of the ciscpe (By th we ene the ease with which i pare can be econ’ and cam beau ie coer paren, Jip ose iC eg, can be vil ppd a a eed ‘SLcognale symbols legibly would bone hose ‘Sin orhodnuts pathway ar nly eae sad ae ‘ail poped noon overall pacer “Ts ook wil oer Dat legibly is eri ia he cy seting, wil agape ia sme del and wl ty © Sow tow ‘hisconcee igh be wed oy imei ree As will Guhl become appuren othe render, dt wy it» pen Tee taponsions far werd noes lt word, an atempe 0 copter aod fo egg hom they igh be developed and tered Teste wil be spec and petaps a ile pon ‘ble: aconcetestaive an premprost Thi rt chapel develop some of he bs ie te apes wl pp chem oo meal Amerian ce and dics tele meqoecs for ‘ban deign ‘Alogi lepiliy iby oo mens ee oni ape sso propery of bewil i, i of spec importance when Coaaerogeovioamens afte ban bale of az, ime, and Compe. To unerand hi, we must conser no ua he hy a hing in lh, he iy Ding perecned By aa Srocaing ad iden he eavicomen: s+ a sbitiy ang all mode animal. Mery Kins of cues we wd he inal ess of ls, sape, rosin or plano of 1 well yer Snitch a8 al ound oc, Hines dear of gray, and perp of erie ot maga. Sele “Thee wchniqes of cient, fm the poe High of x tothe pthnding of liner over te mieroopopaphy Of + ‘eck af decibel sed their Inporaneeodeored ian xe Sie Teraee! 219 Paehlgin have ali sid his Abily in man, although thr seco ude ied abr tory conditions SE 128.768" Depts + few remaining pe nom seems ely eat here ay my “inti Steyning, Rarer her icone tnd pion Cd lake ety co foe te ered event, This ‘rsninuion fundamen othe eine td the vey ‘ntval of fee moving leLLL 4 “To become comply lost i perhaps a ether eae experience foc met people inthe oder Ci, "We ae sopoced bythe prccce Of ethers and By special way fading device: eps, ‘eet numbers, rove sgn, bes pleads. Bur ec the mishap of Aieienaron once oct, andthe senae of ankeny and eve: roe tha arompen it feels rot how cacy it linked to tur sear of balance and wellbeing. ‘The very word “Ios” in ‘ur linguge means nach mace dan simple geographic unce- ‘ain, i eses overtones of wer disse. Te the process of way fining, he sae tink is he environ mec imge, he generazed mena pice ofthe exe py Fel wold tae sid by a individ. This image he peo ‘uct both of immediate sension and of the memory of pest ‘experience and cis used to lnverpet infomation and © guide feton. ‘The need recognize and pattern at suttoandngs i ‘0 era, and has sch lang foes fm ehe past, ha chi image has wide praca and emerionalimporance eo the indivi ‘Obviously a cleat image enables one ro move about easly and sucky fod Fiend house o policeman o + baton wore But an ordered envicnment ean do mare rhan tis; it may serve au bond frame of tfeene, an oxgaier of activity or ble! © browledge. On the bass of + stuctrl undesanding of [Nachaca, for example, one can order» substantial quantity of fect aod oie sour chesnut of the word ele i. Like ny good famewod, such a sacrre gives the individ 4 pow [Stiliy of doce nd a serting poi forthe acqiion of fx ther infooation. A cent image ofthe szeundings is thos a ‘ef bass for individ growth 'A vivid and integrated pyial zing, apeble of prodcing 1 sharp image, pay soil flea well Tecan fuenith che am ‘mae fr the symbols and coleive memories of group cm ‘munication A skin landscape isthe skeleton upon which ‘many primitive aces etc hie ncilly ingot yt, Com. ‘mon memati of she “home towa” were offen che Bet and ‘sit poine of cont Berne lonely soles during the wat ‘A god envioamenal image gives ls poses an impor sere’ of emoconl seu. He can esublsh an hncmenous felvionhip berweenhiasell and te ouside work. Thi isthe obverse ofthe fest nat comes with dsointon eee hat ‘he sweet tense of home stengest when home i not only families bor dinctive x8 well, Tadeed,s dtncive and legible enviznmen! not only oers security but abo heightens che pres depeh and istensiy of moma experince Although life far fom imposible ie he ‘ial char of the modern cy, hese diy actin could tke fn new meaning if cried out ina more vivid eng. Poss ‘ly, the iy Hin Gulf the pone symbol of + complex Soci. IE wily wel sec fed ean alo have song expt sive messing "ay be arged aginst the imporance of physica egbily fat the human bin is mareloutly dapable, eat with some ‘iptiece one ean leta e pick onc way though the cae isordered fentureless suttoundngs. ‘There ate sbund feramples of precie navigation over the “racken” wanes of Seas ore, or trough + tangled maze of nge Yer even the sca has the sun and srs, he wind, eaten, beds and secoloe without which unaided eavigaon woul be Impossible, Te fac hat only skied professionals could vir {ae among the Polyesian Islands and his oly afer extensive taining, indices the difluies imposed by his parce fenvioamens. Sala and axe accompanied even ibe best peepee expeditions Tn our own werd, we migh say chat amos eveyone can if aventive. enn 10 eavgae in Jersey Cty, bot only atthe cost of Some efx sed uncertain. Moreover, the postive values of legible standings ae mising: the emotional isfaction, the {ramewoek for communication oe conceptva organisation, che few deps tat iv may brig 00 everyy experience. Thee the pleset we ach even if br present cy enviconeet i not to dindered sto impote a incleable sin onthe who Familias with Te muse be gramed sha there i rome w Inbyinth or urpie in the environment the Howe of Mitrs, and there its cermin chat athe ccd streets of Boston. This iss, however, enly under wo cod ins. Fe, ese must be no danget of lesing basi fem ot Se Atpends & deoey a te“thom poms fr cvicorton of never coming ox The stpive muse acer in an ‘overall famewock; the consions muse be small tegions ia a isbie whole.” Furhermore, the labrador mystery masta Tell have soe fou dat ca be explored and ie ine be ape ended.” Complete chaos without Hit of conection is never pleasure Bas hese second thoughts pint ro a8 ipostane qualia. “The observer himself should play an active ole in perceiving the world and have 2 crave part in developing his image. He shold have the power 1 change that image cf changing feeds. An enviomene which i oedered in precise tnd Bal eri may inhibit new patens of seeity. A andsape whose vey rock tells 2 sory may ake dlical ehe creation of fresh Sones. Although ths may noe seem 0 be acta iste in ove sent wean chs, yer indicts tha what we sok isnot 3 fal bur an openended orlet, capable of concious frthee Building the Image Environmental images are che rele of = ewo-ay proces ecween the obzerer and hi enlroment. The envifonment sugges daiotons tnd rion and the ebsrver—with great Adapabiliy end inte light of his own purposes—selecs, ora ing, and endows with meaning what he ses. The image 20 veloped now Limits and emplaies what is seen, whit the Tesage el is being teed gains she Berd perepeal inp {in conan inercing process Thus ehe image of « given reaiy may vary sigs berween diferent observers ‘The eakerence ofthe image mayan in several ways There aay be line in the rel objec that is ordered remarkable, tnd yr ies mental pice bas aed dency and organization ‘hough long faaiaiy. One man may fod objects ens on ‘vine seems t anyone else © be atoll diapered work mabe. ‘Aetnaively an objet sen for the Bt ke may be idee reed not Because ie inivkanlly fale bu because it Conforms toa sereoupe already cnscted by che Observer An “Amen can alway spe the comet dugrore, however indi: tingisable Le might Beto 2 Bushman. Apso, 2 new object my sem 9 bave sg scat iden becuse fs Pascal foues which gg or impose hove per {Ts the es or ex moun can river the atenion of one ong los he 0 pins ofthe inca even Be i Young tte phil ao fave no mame forthe ges phenome. ‘As anipavers of the psa ervonmen cy planet) asc pratiy irene in the extra gene ne fotencon Thich pode th environmenal image Dire onto then reas or fine the pes of imagesuting Any {ren fora,» Be wase or a ump of cy, wil have a Might tow padi of evoking «song ge aong wasous der 25 Pesurabl his probably ean be sted wih gett and (reve: pecion eee ae grouped se snd ore Homogeneous Cases of ge, sex clue, ection temper tent fiay. Tach individual ewe and bes i Own image bot thee seems co be sobania agreement among mer tea ofthe sine pup. I thes group maps exibing cn. sexs among sigan nantes tat las cx) pane ‘ho wpite 0 adel an environment ha willbe wed By ny people “Pcie ei dy wil endo pat ve individ! dite coca inereing they might be 0» paylogi. The at vier of busines will be what ight be caled the "pole finger the comin menal pecs cid by ge bes f+ cays intabianer reas of aye which igh be cya appt i hnncemon «ingle physi sai {common clr, and bt pyslogi aor “The ens of renadon which hve been aed vs widely uoughou he wo changing rom care oes rm nape wo lng. Appeadie A gives trample many of thet te sbwac and Brel deena spent the manag ten and cose hat ae dite the person the ome 9 $e The world maybe argued around 4st of fea in, tr be broken int numed eons or be Baked by seer tower Vated tee metus ne and fncauabe ob een {0 be te prec cos which + man may pick ut dieren: ine iso ey airings ip onthe mas at twee day co lect ou aout Ov Gy word Fo hemoet par these examples seem :0 ech, catautly enough, che Fema pps of ing slecats ino which we cat conwenitty livid th cey image: path, lndare, eg, node, and dict. “Thee clement wil be defined and dicated in Chapeet 3. Structure and Identity ‘An environmen image may be analyed ino de compor ens identity, sture nd reaming. Tis wll wo abst ‘hese for anal, if es rererbeced that in welity dey always appear copeher A workable image requis ia he ieticn ton of an objec, which impli cincion Fam ter ching, is recogtion as separable enti. Thi is aed deny, ot in dhe see of equality with something ele, bu with dhe mean ing of individaly or oneness. Secoad, ce image mst ncade the spt or pacezn elcon of ve objet tthe observer and 0 fer objec" Fly his object mus ave sre mening fo (he cbserver, wheter practi or emotional Meaning i aso 2 ‘elton, but quit» diferent one Frm pail o pte aon. ‘Thor an image seal for making an ext requite he reagan tion of + door as dice ent fie spor relion wo eke bere, and its meaning as + hale for geing out. These a nov tly separable. The visual recognition of doo i mated together with es messing at doce” ei pstble, however, 0 stay the dont inter of is ienty of form and eli of aston, conidered af thy were pear to fe meaning Such an analy eat ight be pines inthe dy doe, ‘br noe ince sy ofthe urban environment To bein with, {he question of meaning inthe ce ita complicated one. Group Imager of meaning ae les lely to be consent st tis level than ate the perceptions of entity and seanahip.| Mesing moreover, ists easily ifluenced by physical raniplaion 3 tue thee other two components. MF iis oUF purpose wo bul Cie for the enjoyment of vase number of people of widely diverse background—and cides which wil alo be adapable to fue purposes—we ay even be wise to concent on the Dysial clarity of dhe image and «0 allow meaning o develop trite our direc guidance The image of the Manhacan sky ine may send for vty, per, decadence, mystery, cong: tion, grevioes, oF what you wl, But in each eae that sharp Petre eyalies and reinforer the messing. So varias ate fhe individusl meanings of cy, even while its form may be ‘ely communicable ht i appears pie to seperate meaning ror fo, a east inthe easly sages of alysis This study mill telore concert ca the identiy and revcrate of iy ages. an image iso bave vale for venation in the living space, cust have sever quater. Neos be sucies, woe in 2 rapmacc sense, allowing the individal o operate mithin is fnvronment 19 the exe dered, ‘The map, wheter exact ot ‘mx, nat be god enough co get one hone It mast bes Ce clear and well imegiated co be economical of rental ‘efor! the map mast be readable. Isheuld be se, with su ‘sof cle 4 tat aleraive ater ae posible snd she sk fale snot ao high Ifa baking igh is he cy sige foe 2 cri urn « power failure may cause diser. The image ‘hou preterly be open-ended, adaptable 9 change allowing the individual ro continue eo inesigate and organize realy ‘eze shold be blank spaces where he cn extend the drawing Tor hina! Fray, ie should in some menure be communicable to ocerindivdile) The relative inperane of thee cekeria for’ “god” image will vary wth dierent persons in diferent sition: ose wll prize an sennmial and slllene sytem, nother an open-ended and communicable one Since the emphasis Here wll be onthe physic envionment asthe independent varele, cis sealy will eae Tor physical ‘gle which elace tothe ances Of Meniy and strecrure Inthe menal image. Ths fends othe defition of wha ight be eatledimageabiay: cha qutliy in 8 physical object which ‘Boer ie high pebsbley of evoking strong image in tny igven obsever Ie cat shape, colt of arangement which facies the enking of vividly Wend, powesflywracurd, highly wif mena images of the envionment. 1¢ might aso be called epi, or perhaps vib in heighvened sense, Imageability0 shore objec are soe only able 10 be seen, bur are presened Sharply ad iesely co the see. all «centr ago Stem dcused this aibue of an asic object ad ale ie appreney?* While ari 9 ied to this tinge end, be Fle ther ne of kt two bese Fncions wes 0 reste images which by clark and burnoay of foe Fall the eed fot vivid compiehensible appearance” Ia is end, this ‘as an esata sep rowed he expresin of inner meaning ' bighiyimageble (apparent leper vise) cy in his peculiar sense would seem well formed, dint, rehab; it ‘ould invite he eye sd the eat 10 gests sention and pati ‘ton. ‘The sensuous grasp upon such surroundings would not merely be simpiied, but also extended and deepened. Such a ‘ky would be one shat could be apprehended ove ime a pt tern of high coatinity with many diincive parc ay ier Conneced. The perepive 0d familiar observer coud sbsots ‘ew sensuous impacts wither ditopion of his basi image, sed each new impact would ouch pon mary previo element. He ‘ould be wel oriented, and he could mowe easly He woud be Fighly aware of hit envroamens. The cy of Venice might be fn example of ach » highly imageatle eavicrment. In che nied Sates, one it tempred 10 ke part of Masbate, San Feancio, Beato, of pethips the Ike froe of Chicago “Thee are chaacrinations chat Gow fom out defnivons. The concept of imagery does noe neceriy connote comething Bee, lime, pein, wife, or repully ordered hough may sonetimes have these quali Nor doce t mean apparent ac gnc, cbviow, pute or pin, The coal envionment co bbe paered is highly complex, wile ve obvious iage is soon boring, and can point co only Few feaues ofthe living wor. "The mgesbdiy of cy form wil beth crocs of the swt <0 follow There 4ecter basic properties in ben envi ronmeat” meaning ot expresivnes, sensuous delight, 2a, ‘mul, ice. Our concemration on iageabilky doer not deny hee imporance. Out purpose is simply to consider te eed for ideniy and sucrte in ou peeps wed, and 10 Higa the special relewnce ofthis Qalty #0 the particule fase of the complex, thiing inn cairn Since image development is 4 twomy proces berween observer and observed, i & posible wo strengthen the image ‘ter by rbot devices, bythe recsining ofthe perceiver, oF by eeshaping one's roendings. You can provide the viewer sens sjmtlic diagram of How she wodd er roger: 3 map fra aecof srivensnamvetions As long athe can Bi rely 2 the diagram, be has ele eo the telednes of things You an ven inwall » ruchise for giving directions, as has rcendly ben done ia New Yorks? While sch devices ae exemely voefl fo providing condensed date om interconnections, shay read precarious, tne anenation fil ifthe device i lt a0 the device ie muse cnsanly be teerzed and Bed to eel ‘The eases of bran injury noted in Appendix A illsente he ties and effort that teed complete clare on sch mens. Moreover, she comple experience of inecoaneton, ie fll dep of + wid ge, ncking "You ay 230 tin ihe observer. Heowe semarhs tat» maze \twough which subjcs were asked to move Dldlded seed to them a stro be one unbroien problem. On repeien, pars ofthe pattern, pac the beginning and end, became familia aed asured the characerof hci" Fally, when ‘ey could ead the maze witht eto, the whole system seemed to tave bectee one lncliy”DeSiva describes the case of 2 oy who Semel o have "atomssc” drial evietation, bo ‘rowed 10 fave bee trsined from iaancy (by 3 meter wo ‘knoe ditngish eight fom lef) 20 cespond 00 he eet Side af the pores othe south ed ofthe dese! ‘Shipons acount of che ecomaisance forthe acen of Eve st offers» deamatc ease of sch lenin Approsching Everest ftom 4 new direction, Shipton immedinlyeeognied the rain peaks and adder that he knew from the orth side, But the ‘Sherpa guide scompsnying him, r0 nom Bah ides wer long familia, had never teed tat shoe were the same fares, sand be preced the revelation with arpa and delighs?° ‘Kilpuick describes the process of perp learing forced conan observer by new simul hat 90 Tonge tino previous Tapes! Tc begins with hypothe for shat expla she ae stimu concepeully, ne the ilaion of te fore persion. u‘The personal experience of most of us wil eesify to his pe sence ofan illusory image long afer is inadequacy i concep- ‘ually rain. We sare ine the jngle and see oly the sun Tig on she green lesex, bot 2 narning noe elt oe hat an snimal hidden tere ‘The oberver then lars oiterpet the ‘cane by singling out “giveaway cues ad by reweighing pe vious sigals. The camouthged animal may now be picked up bythe reecron of i ees Finally by eepnted experience the sie paern of percep it changed, andthe bse need no lenges consiuly search for giveaway of ad new taf 28 tld fremewodk. He has achieed sn irmge which will opeave ‘eccesflly in the new station, seeming natural and igh Quite sen the hidden animal appents among the leaves,“ po on dey” Tn he sme way, we mies sce he iden foe in she vast spay of out cies. We we not acomed to orgaiing td imaging an acl envionment om such 4 lege see, yet ‘ur aciices ae pushing ws toward that nd, Can Sach gives an example of» flue 10 make connections beyond « cetain level ‘The voice and drumbent ofthe Nort American Indian Faiow enciely diferent cempes ibe co being perceived inde pendently. Searching for 2 wusical analogy of ovr ova, he mes- Tons out church series, where we do a0 hin of cornaing the choi Inside withthe bells above. ns cu vst meviopolian areas we donot connec: hecho and ‘he bell Tite the Serpe we ee only the sides of Everest and not the maunain. To extend and detpen or perception ofthe fitonment would be © coninse 3 long bilopal snd cara Aeveloprent whic Bl poe fom the entct senses 10 the die ‘ane senaes ad from the dsane sass to symbolic commie: Vion Our thesis isha we ae pow abe co develop on image ofthe envizonmene by operation an she exernal pia shape vel as by an ine leening procs Indeed, she comple iy of oo savtonment mow compas os do a Chaps wll lacs how cis igh be done ‘Peintive can was forced eo iprove bis environmental inage by adapting his perception co the given landkape. He could fle minor change fe his environmen with cain, beacons, ‘oc creblaes, but substan) madicwtins for visa clay et visa imterconsecion were confined 10 hous site of eligies ncleenes Only powerful ivilisavone can begin co 2 on thet foal eovronment ae ignfcen cle. The conaiou ri Iagof the largescale psa eniznmene has beet possible oly rece, and 20 the problem of environmen imagebiliy 2 new one, Techncly, we con sow make compe new led ‘apts in «rie tine, a8 inthe Durch pers Hore the d- Aigees se sed at eps withthe qutin of tow 10 om the tal scene 50 at itis easy far the human observer 1 ely it parts ad to sure the whole!” ‘We ae spidy building » new Function! eit the meopai- ‘an region, bu w= have yet grup tha chi ui, vo, souk have is coresponding image. Suzie Langer ss the problen i her capoledetsitin of aebitectre es the tol envionent made visible“ Il. ‘THREE CITIES To andreand she cle of covcnment images fa os own ran ee wa cesar fr 0 lek cay 3¢ Some cy set and ocak with inabans We needed 0 dcop td es thee of image, nd abo by 3 compe ton af image mich viral ein 10 ler what fms make for ‘ong images and vhs © uggs some pincples for whan chia. Toc wok ont doe nthe cocoon Gr eas of citing fom td ar efecson te chen a ne of he Sin es af cy design, snd in he hope chat se wel ch ties Tor Bel ecnniauce aed chen ince might Be derlped ot bpp. A in ey nell er ty de or fuer row devlop lew and echod eer Gna 2 rove fits ins naan donee oy. "since wee therefore made af te cent acs of her ‘Amen es: Baron Names Joey Ch, New Jy dnd TenAngsen Calon Bonn be cy dc i tad, iP sogue ln cancer among Americas cen beg both vid infor and fal ofa alin Jeney Cy was en for its appecentfoemlssess for what seemed, on fest obser tion, so bet exterely low order of imagsbliy Las Angeles, fn che othe hand, anew cg, of an ately diferent vale snd sri a griion plan in scent aren In every ene» cena sea of approniewely 2% by 14 miles was taken for std Tn cach fees ce, wo bt anlaes were nce ou 1. A symemacic fold reconsanance ofthe area war made 09 {oor by tned cbaerver, who mapped the presence of vaio cemens, tele vsbiliy, tee image szengeh of wens, 0d their connections, diconnetions, and eter ncetreations, and Inho noted any spel suceses ce difelies in the porencal, Tage strcture. "These were subjective jodgmens based on che lemedite appearance of thee element in he fed 2. A lenginyioverview wis Hed with + seall simple of iy residens «0 evoke thei om ages of the physi environ ‘ment. ‘The interview included requests foe desiptics, loc tins, and sketches and forthe performance of imaginary eis ‘The pesonsimerviewed were people who weee long resident ot employed in the ares, and what ridenes ce work paces were prehensive view of tbe cky ia which Hey had Ived for any Yara The maps mer often fragmented, with large Blak sex, oncensaing mos afen 09 smal home terres The tver ‘uf veered 10 be a atong isolating elemene and val aap Showed either the cp as stong and the lowland as weak o, vie ‘er, the ro being connected by one oo pel concept paths The lover ae, in pica, seemed diel wrete "When aed fora general chrscrration of the city, 008 of hemos common ents wat tat was ra whole, hat it had fo cere, bo wis uber 4 eolection of many hamlet The ‘qenion: “Whar fra comes to mind with the words Jery Gay2e 2 ey to anor for Bosna, proved to be a dita fone. Again and agin subjects repel har "ating special ‘ame o ied thatthe cry was har ro symbol, tat had 90 dsictne scons. Ove women pet “Thi i ely oe ofthe me ial hing aout Jey Cy “Tete ont anyng hat if someone cme hee from fa lc, (hat cold say "Oh, wat yout thi Bea “The mon common retpote tothe quesion of symbolism was othiog ithe cy aca, bu eather the sight ofthe New York Cie skyline scrote river Much of the charac Feeling foe lersey Ci seemed co be that it wat» place onthe edge of societies. One pers pi hat his two symbols vere the flyliaecf New York, onthe onesie, and the Pula Skyway, sanding for Newark on te oer, Another emphasized the seas of enclosing bies: dat get ou of Jersey Cy one musetiter go under che Hoton, oF strong the confusing Toone teal Gc, ‘One could hardy ask for + more drama. more imageabe, basic Icon and pice of wpgrapy dan Jersey Ci if one we able wo bull completely anem, Do ee peter environ Irene was perssvenly refewed 0 with the words “ol” "iy “Gab” The sce were pene decid a "cu vp" ‘The interiors woe eatc fr eat pancty of idvoreton wt he envzonmen, and foe te tances ster than percepsly ‘ence, quality ofthe chy image. Most aking wat the 008 tendency to describe, aot by visual image, But by sce: ares td he eyes of wae Take the flowing pat of ip dexcrip Son in familar ate, 8 an example Aber you cou the Rghway, e's + goingup bride, and sire you come under the Bite fe oret You pt here’ { annry packing compny, he tcnd core al going hs ext cote tear oe nd a hardware sae Fee coe ‘operon your His. Oe your bet befor you Gs the see, snd ov Suce 2 tle facing yu on he hla ome, veeable marae on the rightvel —s liquor sone On the ‘owt sets 50k On fur th soon er + se Ing wai som the wee on your righ, te Is 2 ml on the lle ih Sece—when you come to hon he sghhand eevee wont ene tht vaca let loc 08 ‘he ightand tle fing you 3 mex whole place and on E'Sud-youfome upto Bed and aes druatoe o yur eat, tskcy toe sou fom yu om the sa on the es rocery tore sds aoon on yor Ico rom he grocery ore. The ‘ow is Dad an eres a rocery are he fea 2 loos 98 the lee acess from Om our tie belts you coe the tes thev' 4 pe whee toy sell Roald apap, and tel scr fen es 0 rath thats ied for pring Ke, (yout gia ching sre and can ore he a tnd s0 on. In al this esrpion we have ely ane or emo vin Iroagen + “poingup” beige, and perhaps the rallood under ‘at Thissbjer Bust seme so ae er evironmee when 2he {esthes Haileon Park, and shen though ber eyes ne sully eces «glimpse ofthe fenced open square, with ound, er fel andiena andthe surrounding bance, Many rorals cae ovt about the idtingishabilty of dhe pty sere ea mach che sme all oer 8 ore oF et comme {eo Avenue T tan, otis You on deige whi Sense Jou wane go on, brewse they mete oF Test te me ‘eres noting eo iret them. How wold I recogni Favew Avenue when cae 1 ie?Los Angeles By the weet Signe the only way you can copie sap wet i thn cay There's sohig dnmetv, hue anther Spuerethous ha al the een 1 chink we sal fd or way sound. Where the’ ‘sere fod pe, Oat J eink evenly You ee where Io his elaivlyundierenined covicoment there is» eel ce pron on teats ut egy on gradient fe, cof che enive se of rep of soces ‘The suet signs, ‘he big advertising igs of JouralSquae athe fais are ‘he lnndmasks Any landscaped open space, such as Haron or Van Vorx Pats oF especialy she iige Wes Sle Path are Sherished. On two occasions, peop se ny gras angles a feria nee inersetion at fndmark Another woman spoke of dving over toa ama pack on» Sunday. dha she cold sit in the eat and lok at The face tae the Medial Comer has 2 small lndicaped plo ia one of ise 0 be a important tn denying characters as ies great blk and skyline shou ‘The evden low leagesbiey of is envkonmene was refered inthe image held even by its loogtne seen ad tras maalfeed in dstsfaion, poor osenaion apd a0 law Biy to dexribe oF ference ks pars Yer even sh seemingly cao eof seroundings dows in fac have seep tera, and people seize upon and elaborate his paeen by cneen- tration on miner es, a well a by sifting tee senion fom pial appearance w ether specs ‘The Los Angeles are, he hear of grt metropolien region pretent# diferene pcre sd one qite diferent fom Baton fu well The ae, while comparable in ster she Bonen and Jey Cry sos inlaes lle mate th the ceca business dint and ke finger The abject were familar with the fea, ot tough eesdence, Ba by reasons of work place in One of he coulis or ores Figate I preset the eld recon: aisnce ite il manne, As the core of + meipolis, cent Los Angeles is hearty arged with mening and acoiy, with large and prety dative buldingy and with» baie pacers alo regs pid of weeere Yer # numberof Incr operat 0 en int {Ue and les sharp, image shan thar of Boon. irs is Aecenraation of the meopoltan repion, whereby she crea seus sl by counesy “dowerowe,” Bae there ae Seve othe bic care which people ae oriented, ‘The cenital aes ha intensive shopping, bir ki a0 longer the bew shopping. sd fst camber of cknens never ever the downcowa arn fom foe year tothe next Second, te ged paera ill an unl Teceaaced ats, within mbich elemens canoe always be located wis confidence, Third he cel aces ar speilly fended and shing, fet which nes eee impact Fee i MA The snl Jr of Lar dtl a tm the Bd 33