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MEANING
TYPE OF
PARTICLES
PRESENT
Properties
IMPURE SUBSTANCES
PURIFICATION
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Purpose: to purify a mixture containing
two or more liquids
The factor that allows this process to
work is that the liquids in the mixture
have different boiling points.
When a mixture of ethanol (an alcohol)
and water is heated, ethanol will boil
faster because it has a lower boiling
point than water.
Ethanol vapour is then condensed into
liquid ethanol using Liebig condenser.
SCIENCE FORM 4
CHAPTER 4: MATTER AND SUBSTANCE
In all simple and fractional distillation, the roles of the apparatus are important.
a) porcelain chips are used to a avoid bumping in water
b) Liebig condenser is used to condense vapour into distillate.
PURIFICATION METHOD: 2-CRYSTALLISATION
Meaning: The method
used to purify solid from
saturated solutions
A saturated solution is a
solution containing large
amount of solutes that can
dissolve in a solution at a
certain temperature.
Procedures:
A saturated solution is prepared by heating
The hot saturated solution is left to evaporate at room
temperature
The cooled saturated solution will form salt crystals
a) slow cooling of a saturated solution will produce
large crystals
b) fast cooling of a saturated solution will produce
small crystals
Salt crystals can be separated by filtration
SCIENCE FORM 4
CHAPTER 4: MATTER AND SUBSTANCE