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Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
Chapter 2
FRICTIONAL DRAG FORCES IN
BOUNDARY LAYER
2.1.
F =
or
U Udy U Udy
outlet
int let
(1)
Boundary Layer
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
Fx =
cos dy
outlet
Fy =
outlet
int let
sin dy
cos dy
(1a)
sin dy
(1b)
int let
A - a leading edge
QP - a streamline
AP, ZQ - normal to a plate (x axis)
F = U cos dy U2 dy
Q
(2)
2
2
U
dy
=
U
AP
U dy = U AP
so
= Udy = Udy
Q
U2
F = U Udy U2 cos dy
AP = U Udy
(2a)
Boundary Layer
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
1 0
(3)
as 0 cos 1
2.2. FRICTIONAL DRAG FORCES IN LAMINAR
BOUDARY LAYER
Prandtl (1904) first deduced the relation between velocity gradient
and shear stress
U
=
( 2.1)
y
where is the coefficient of dynamic viscosity
an engineer wants to know the value of shear stress 0 on the
surface the knowledge of the frictional drag forces opposing
the flow or movement of travelling object
measurement of shear stress is very difficult or even
impossible
measurement of velocity cannot be performed with sufficient
accuracy due to very small thickness of laminar boundary
layer
stress distribution: maximal value 0 on the surface and zero
at the outer edge of the boundary layer
Boundary Layer
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
1 1
( 2.2)
dU
y
= 0 1
dy
( 2.3)
Boundary Layer
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
1 2
Step 2
integrating each side we have
0
y2
U = y + C
2
( 2.4)
boundary conditions:
U = 0 for y = 0 C = 0
U = U for y =
U =
(2.5)
( 2. 6)
0 = 2
( 2. 7 )
U U =
2
(
)
y
2
(2.8)
Conclusion:
if the stress varies linearly then velocity is described with
parabolic equation
Frictional drag force per unit width (the change of momentum
of the fluid passing through the boundary layer)
F = U (U U ) dy
( 2.9)
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
Boundary Layer
1 3
2
U 2
15
( 2.10)
F - total force over all the surface from the leading edge to
the point where boundary layer thickness is
From the other side force F may be calculated by integration of
the elementary forces 0dx from x = 0 to x = x0
0
2
2
F = U = 0 dx
15
0
( 2.11)
U 2
x0 =
30
( 2.12)
x0
U
( 2.13)
or
2 = 30
or
U x
= 30 0
x0
1
2
= 30 (Re )0.5
( 2.14)
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
Boundary Layer
1 4
Step 3
The obtained result should be verified experimentally:
(2.15)
1
2
= 1.46 Re 0.5
( 2.16)
Boundary Layer
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
1 5
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
Boundary Layer
1 6
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
Boundary Layer
1 7
t i
I=
0;1
T
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
Boundary Layer
1 8
F = (U U ) U dy
( 2.9)
Boundary Layer
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
1 9
( 2.18)
the value of n varies from 1/5 (for conditions near the transition
from laminar flow) to 1/7 (for fully developed turbulent
boundary layer)
putting the above formula into the equation (2.9) and integrating
we have
7
F = U 2
( 2.19)
72
As for laminar boundary layer the drag force F equals to the
summation of the varying stresses 0 all along the surface from
the leading edge
F = 0 dx =
x0
7
U 2
(2.20)
72
0
The above relation ignores the laminar part of the boundary
layer. To solve the problem we have to eliminate stress on the
surface. Shear stress 0 cannot be determined from Newtonian
law
dU
=
( 2.1)
dy
So 0 is taken from experiment, e.g. for flow in circular pipe
which is wholly occupied by boundary layer
Boundary Layer
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
20
p ~ F ~ 0
shear stress for the pipe flow
0 =
0.023 U max
(2.21)
r
max
( 2.22)
and U max = U
(2.23)
r =
putting the above into the integral formula (2.20) for drag force we
have
7
dx
U 2 = 0.023 U 2
72
U
0
x0
1
4
( 2.24)
Boundary Layer
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
integration gives
21
U x0
= 0.376
x0
1
5
(2.25)
c f = 0.073
1
5
(2.26)
Boundary Layer
Advanced Fluid
M ech anics
22
U x0
= 20 10 6
Re =
15.4 300
100 10 6
4 109