Advances in production technology

OF

By

22 September 2015

P. V. NAIK

P. VASUDEV NAIK
Assistant professor & Ph D scholar
(Hort)

 Botanical name : Mentha spp.

Family : Labiatae(Lamiaceae)
English name : Mint
Indian name : Pudina, Putiha (Sanskrit)
Pudina (Hindi & Kannada)
Putina (Tamil)

Podina (Telugu)

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 Genus Mentha there are several commercially

grown species, varying in their major chemical
content, aroma and end use. Their oils and
derived aroma compounds are traded worldwide.

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The four most commonly cultivated species are

Japanese Mint/Menthol Mint (M.arvensis)

Peppermint (M.piperita)
Spearmint (M. spicata)
Bergamot mint (M. citrata)

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Silent feature of mint crop

All species are herbaceous plants, readily

sending out runners (rainy season) and
Stolons (winter), which develop new roots and
shoots at the nodes and form plants.

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 The entire aerial shoots together with foliage

is a source of essential oil rich in menthol,
Carvone, Linalool and Linanyl acetate having
use in pharmaceutical preparations and
flavour industry.

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 For the past four decades, mints are

commercially cultivated in India. Of these, the
Japanese Mint, yielding menthol is grown
extensively in northern India.
Other major producing countries are China. USA
and Brazil and to a smaller extent Thailand and
Vietnam.

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Origin
The cultivation of mint originated from Brazil
and China.
Subsequently, China and India overtook Brazil
and more recently India has taken the leading
position in cultivation of this essential oil
yielding plant.

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Botanical Description
Mint is a perennial ascending herb growing about 60-80 cm. in height
and under favourable conditions may attain a height upto 100 cm.
It is propagated mainly by its stolons. Leaves are lanceolate-oblong,
sharply toothed; petiole is small about 5mm. in length.
The leaf lamina varies from 5 to 15 cm. The leaf surfaces mainly lower
side is covered with dense hairy growth of glandular trichomes.
Flowers are borne in axillary and terminal verticillaster , abundant in
number , purplish in colour.
The flowers are small with corolla measuring 4-5mm., calyx 2-3mm.,
narrowly deltoid and acuminate.
It does not produce seed and propagation is through vegetative means
only.
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Economic Importance

Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis sub sp haplocalyx

var. piperascense) is an aromatic perennial herb,
grown as an annual in sub-tropical parts of north
India.
The over-ground herb (foliage) on distillation yields
an essential oil, containing high (75 80%) menthol
content. The oil has a bitter cooling taste, harsh
odour and is the principal source of menthol.
It is used in combating cold, used as an ingredient in
cough drops and related pharmaceuticals,
dentifrices, cosmetics, mouth washes, scenting of
tobacco products and flavouring of beverages.
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Cultivated mint species and their main constituents

Common name

Botanical name

Japanese mint

Mentha arvensis Menthol (70-80 %)

Pepper mint

M. Piperita

Menthol (35-50 %)

Bergamot mint

M.citrata

Linalool and linalyl acetate (45 %)

Spear mint

M. Spicata

Carvone (60-95%)

Scotch spear mint

M. cardiaca

Carvone (53-68 %)

Garden mint

M. viridis

Carvone (very less)

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Main constituents of mentha oil

11

Area and Production

At present, Japnese mint is cultivated in India on
about 103,000 ha. of land with estimated
production of 19,400 tonnes of mint oil which
accounts for about 55% of total menthol mint
production in the world.

Source: Essential Oils Association of India (2013),

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Estimated area and production of mint in India and abroad.

Species

Area (ha.)
(India)

Production
(tonnes of Oil)
(India)

Japanese
mint

Total world
production
(tonnes of Oil)

Major Producing
Countries

103,000

19,400

34,860

India,China, Brazil,USA

8,500

280

9,780

USA, France, former USSR,

Brazil, India

4,200

65

492

USA , Brazil, Thailand

23,000

380

4,050

USA,China, former USSR,

India

Peppermint

Bergamot
mint
Spearmint

Source: Essential Oils Association of India (2013),

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MARKET ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY

Demand and Supply Patterns
The Mint oils obtained from Mentha arvensis, Mentha
piperita, Mentha citrata and Mentha spicata have put
India on the world map.
Of these, mint oil and menthol are primarily exported
whereas others meet the home requirement of the
industry.
Despite our quantity of peppermint and spearmint being at
par with World Standards, we have not made any headway
in export trade because of fierce competition by USA. The
latter is also the largest consumer of these oils.
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Export of mint oils, menthol and other derivatives from

India (2010-11 to 2013-14).
2010-2011

2011-2012

2012-2013

2013-2014

Item
Q

1292.0

32.2

757.0

22.5

1515.4

53.9

1421.5

50.9

1798.4

215.3

1967.7

314.8

12809.0

567.4

8956.7

498.8

934.0

89.5

1238.6

34.3

2326.3

39.0

754.1

27.9

337.0

371.6

660.3

579.6

Mint oil

Menthol

DMO
Total
Value

22 September 2015

Source: Monthly Statistics of Foreign Trade of India, Vol II Export)

QNAIK
= Quantity (tonnes) ; V = Value (Rs. crores)
P. V.

 Fluctuations in price are common. Currently it

varies between .550-650/Kg for oil and
.900-1200/Kg for menthol (July-August and
October) but the price is also governed by
demand and price prevailing in importing
countries and speculations on volumes and
crop condition within India.

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Analysis and Future Strategy

India has attained position of primary and dominant
source of mint oil and menthol in the world market,
replacing China to a great extent due to (lower) price
structure and comparable quality.
At present, the growth in demand of oil and menthol
in world trade is slow and unless its demand rises
significantly in flavouring sector (where natural
products are preferred), there is little scope for any
major expansion in cultivation area.
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Analysis and Future Strategy...

However, because of rising input cost and expensive labour

in South China, its cultivation there could presumably shrink
and consequently Indian mint may find increasing larger
market in next several years. There can be significant
increase in area of cultivation due to this.
The country has evolved a number of new high yielding
varieties which has helped to maintain India in a lead
position. At present, India produces 4000 5000 tonnes of
DMO (dementholized oil) annually which is sold at a low
price.
This has several minor constituents which could be
fractionated and marketed at higher price. Similarly, some
low value constituents of the DMO could be synthesized into
high value end products to help industry realize better value
of the primary product.
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Analysis and Future Strategy...

At present, Cis 3 hexanol is fractionated from DMO

and exported at a high price. Its production started in
1994-95 and this pushed price of DMO from .50 to 90
in that year itself.
There is scope for producing L-limonene, 3octonol,
pure menthone and isomenthone. Similarly, L-menthol,
neo-menthol, isomenthone can be converted into high
value menthol and esters of menthol, like methyl
isovalerate, menthol lactate, methyl salicylate which
fetches better price in trade.
All this can sustain a high level of cultivation and
support export trade. The market demand for pure Lmenthol, iso-menthone, L-limonene, neo-menthol and
pinene is high.
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Agro-climatic Requirements
Mint can be cultivated both in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
The mean temperature between 20-400 C during major part of
the growing period and rainfall between 100-110 cm. (light
showers at planting stage and ample sunshine at the time of harvesting)

is ideal for its cultivation.

Well drained loam or sandy loam soils rich in organic matter
having pH between 6 and 8.2 are ideally suited for its
cultivation.
It can also be cultivated on both red and black soil. In case of
acidic soil having pH less than 5.5, liming is recommended.
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Japanese

Bergamot

Mint

Pepper

Spear

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JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis)

Highly branched and grow upto 1 meter tall

Oil content -0.5 -1%
Broad ovate leaves
Presence of glandular hairs on leaves, stem and calyx

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Variety

Characteristics given in literature

1.

MAS-1

2.

Hybrid-77

Early maturing variety.

It is 50-60 cm. in height.
Less prone to diseases viz. leaf spot & rust diseases.
Menthol content-80-85%.
Yield: About 250 q/ha. of herbage & 120-150 kg. of oil /ha.
It is especially well adapted to sandy loam soils and drier climate than that of the tarai
region.

3.

Shivalik
(selection from
Chinese cultivar)

Kushal

Sr. No.

22 September 2015

It is a dwarf variety 30-45 cm. in height and early maturing variety.

Less prone to insects due to short height.
Menthol content-70-80%.
Yield: About 200 q/ha. of herbage & 125-150 kg. of oil /ha.

The recovery of oil from the herb is 0.4 -0.5 %.

Menthol content: 65-70%.
This variety is highly suitable for obtaining second cut through ratooning.
It is particularly grown in tarai region of U.P. & Uttaranchal.
The herbage yield is 300q/ha while the essential oil yield amounts to about 180 kg/ha.
Highly sensitive to the fungal diseases and pests prevailing in the tarai area.

New variety developed through tissue culture.

Matures within 90-100 days.
The crop remains free from pests and diseases (particularly rust and leaf blight).
The variety is most suitable for transplanting after wheat in semi-arid sub- tropical
condition of UP and Punjab.
It can withstand waterlogging for few days.
Yield: 300-330 q. /ha. having oil yield upto 175-200 kg./ha.
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5.

EC-41911
(selection

Russian
germplasm)

from

This is an erect type variety, which is less affected by rains.

It produces 236.5 q/ha of herbage and 125.2 kg/ha of oil with

70% menthol.

Oil is preferred in flavouring food items.

6.

Gomti

It is sturdy, light red in colour.

Menthol content-78-80%.
Yield is less compared to other varieties. It is less adopted by
farmers.

7.

Himalaya

Resistant to rust, blight, mildew and leaf spot diseases.

Crop is good; size of leaves is larger than other varieties.
Menthol content-78-80%.
The yield of herbage is 400q/ha and essential oil is 200-250 kg/
ha.

8.

Kosi

Matures early in 90 days.

Resistant to rust, blight, mildew and leaf spot diseases.
Essential oil content 75-80 % menthol.
Yield: 200-250 kg. of oil /ha.

9.

Saksham
22 September 2015

Developed through tissue culture from cv. Himalaya.

Yield: 225-250 kg. of oil/ha. having menthol content more than
P. V. NAIK
25
80%.

PEPPER MINT (Mentha piperita)

Height of 45 -80 cm tall
Oil content is 0.3-0.7 %

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3. CIM-Indus
It yields high menthoferan to meet
industrial demand in perfumery and pharma
sector (US Patent filed NF 449/2002).

4. CIM Madhuras
A sweet smelling genotype of peppermint.
Used in food additives, flavors and
pharmaceutical formulations.
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SPEAR MINT (Mentha spicata)

Perennial herb
Height of 90 cm tall
Oil content 0.6 %

High carvone content

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Spearmint

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

CIMAP-MSS-1
CIMAP-MSS-5
CIMAP-MSS-98
Punjab spearmint-1
Ganga
Neerkalka

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1. MSS-1 (released CIMAP, Lucknow)

This is a selection from the spearmint cultivars
introduced from USA.

It gives a fresh herbage of 535 q and yield 253

kg of oil per hectare in 3 cuttings containing
60 per cent carvone.

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2. MSS-5
It is a selection from MSS-1 (CIMAP,
Lucknow).

This variety has an yield potential of 600 q

fresh herb and 349 kg/ha of oil from 3 cuttings.
The carvone percentage in the oil is 70.

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3. Punjab spearmint-1
This variety is a clonal selection made at
CIMAP, Lucknow.
This variety has a erect growth habit with
quadrangular purple green hairy stem.
It produces 209 q/ha of herb having 0.57 per
cent oil and can yield 119.29 t/ha oil with 68
per cent carvone.
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4. Ganga
A multipurpose culinary variety of Mentha
spicata var. Viridis leading to number of
products like disinfectant antimicrobials (NF
135/2000 US patent filed).
5. Neerkalka
Inter-specific hybrid between Mentha
arvensis and Mentha spicata with novel oil
quality, use in oral / dental care (US Patent PP
12,030).
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BERGAMOT MINT (Mentha citrata)

Branching, perennial herb
60 cm tall
oil content 0.4-0.5%

oil emits lemon like smell

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1. Kiran
This is a mutant selection developed by
mutation through gamma irradiation at
CIMAP, Lucknow.
It has high quality oil content.

This variety can yield 239 kg of oil per hectare

with 48 per cent linalool.
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Propagation
Mint can be propagated vegetatively through stolons
and runners.
by planting live juicy 8 to 10 cm.
long stolons (underground stems) during early spring
season.
The seed rate: 400-450 kg. of stolons per ha.
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Production of Stolons
The plot should preferably be the best piece of land. It should be
given high level of FYM during land preparation.
Around 200 sq.m. plot is required to produce stolons for 1
hectare.
The nursery for the stolons is planted in August.
Stolons are produced in autumn and are ready for use during the
months of January to March. To obtain the stolons , the soil is
opened manually or mechanically.
These stolons can be used immediately or within a fortnight or so.
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Systems of Stolon production

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22 September 2015

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Sl. No. Materials

Per acre

Per hectare

Stolons (kg)

160

400

FYM (t)

16

40

Fertilizer (kg)

Spear mint

N
P
K

48
20
16

120
50
40

Japanese mint

N
P
K

64
20
16

160
50
40

Pepper mint

N
P
K

50
20
16

125
50
40

Bergamot mint

N
P
K

48
20
16

120
50
40

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 In the plains, planting is done during winter months, whereas in

temperate climate, planting is done in autumn or spring from last week

of December to 1st week of March or from 1st week of January to 3rd
week of February.
Late planting always gives poor yield.
Mints require thoroughly ploughed, harrowed fine soil. All the stubbles
of weeds should be removed before the crop is planted.
The stolons are cut into small pieces (7-10 cm) and planted in shallow
furrows of about 7-10 cm deep at a distance of 45-60 cm from row to
row manually or mechanically.
Stolons are planted half way down on inner side of the ridges
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22 September 2015

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Commercial Raised bed methods of planting

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 Water requirement of mints is very high. Depending on soil and climatic

conditions the crop is irrigated 6-9 times before the first monsoon.
The crop requires three irrigations after monsoon.

Japanese mints require fifteen irrigations require getting maximum yield.

Weed growth causes about 60 per cent reduction in herb and oil yield. Hence,
mints require weeding at regular intervals in the early stages of crop growth.

Sinbar is effective as a post-emergence weedicide. Spray @ 1 kg per hectare.

Organic mulch with combination of 0.5 kg oxyfluorfen herbicide per hectare
and weeding or Pendimethion herbicide at 1 kg per hectare and weeding has
been found to give excellent weed control throughout the crop growth

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Crop Rotation
The rotation of mint crop with other food crops is
found to be a good way of controlling weeds.
Continuous cropping of any of the mints is not
advisable.
The best rotation is Mint : Rice and Mint : Potatoes
and Mint : Vegetables : Peas etc. depending upon
cropping system followed in the region
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Insects

Hairy

Scientific name of
insects

Diacrisia obliqua

Caterpillar
Cutworms

Nature of damage

The caterpillar starts eating the

under-surface of the leaves.

Agrotis flammatra Young plants are damaged at

the collar region during spring

Control

Application

of

Thiodan

@1.7ml/ litre of water

Soil

treatment

with

Phorate 10g before planting.

season.
Red Pumpkin Aulocophora

The pest feeds on the growing

Beetle

leaves and buds.

Mint
Roller

foevicollis
Leaf Syngamia
abrupatalis

The caterpillar folds the leaf in

Spraying 5% dipterex

Two to three sprayings of

the form of a roll and feed

Thiodan

@1.5ml/litre

inside the leaf tissue during

water at weekly intervals.

of

August-September. The edges of

the leaves are held together

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NAIK
with silk-like
filaments.

46

Name of
disease

Causal organism

Symptoms

Control

Stolon Rot

Macrophomina
phaseoli

During rainy season, stolon Crop rotation. It is better to

rot
occurs
on
the
follow 3-year-crop rotation
underground
parts;
the
with rice, wheat and mint.
infected stolons show brown

Treatment of the stolons

lesions which enlarge and
with 0.25% solution of
turn black, resulting in a soft
Captan or 0.1% Benlate, 0.3
decay.
% Agallol solution for 2 to 3
minutes before planting is a
preventive measure.

Fusarium Wilt

Fusarium oxysporum

Affected leaves turn yellow,

Application of Benlate,
curled and finally dry.
Bavistin and Topsin. @ 2g/l

Leaf blight

Alternaria sp.

Cause loss of foliage during

Application of copper
summer season.
fungicide @ 5%

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Leaf blight at early stage

Leaf blight at
severe stage

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Indices:
Generally the crop are harvested 100-120 days after planting
when the lower leaves start turning yellow. Further, harvesting should
be done in bright sunny weather.
Harvesting consists of cutting the green herb by means of sickle 2-3 cm
above the ground.
A second harvest is obtained 80 days after the first harvest and the third
after about another 80 days.
The first crop is ready by the end of June and the second in September or
October.

The average fresh yield from three cuttings is

22 Septemberoil
2015yield about 125-250 P.kg/ha.
V. NAIK
Essential

20 to 25 t/ha
49

Mechanically harvesting of mint

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Shade drying

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Shade drying

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EXTRACTION AND UTILIZATION

o Harvested herb may be wilted in shade for a few hours
o Both fresh and dry herb used for distillation
o To get better result herbage should be shade dried for a
day before it is distilled
o Steam distillation usually preferred and duration of
distillation is 1.5-2 hours
o Impurities present in oil can removed by filtration
o Moisture present in oil can be removed by application
of anhydrous sodium sulphate
o GI or aluminium containers are suitable for long time
storage
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Extraction of Peppermint oil

Peppermint oil is extracted
from the whole plant
above ground just before
flowering.
The oil is extracted
commercially by steam
distillation
Fresh or partly dried
plant herb
Yield is 0.1 - 1.0 %.
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Water distillation

water

Direct steam
distillation

Water & steam

distillation

steam

water

Different
types of distillation
apparatus
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Steam distillation

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oil
water

oil
water

Different types of oil

and water separators 58
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22 September 2015

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

It was performed by I. Gainar

et al. and was compared
with that of peppermint oil
isolated
by
hydro
distillation and found SFE is
better.

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Schematic diagram of SFE

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Microwave extraction
The process is based on heat generated by ionic
conduction and/ or dipole rotation, and its efficiency
depends on the dielectric properties of the material.
The extraction occurs when the water inside the plant
absorbs energy coming from the microwaves and
increases the pressure inside the material causing the
cell structure to break allowing the solvent to
penetrate into the matrix (Wang and Weller, 2006;
Chan et al., 2011; Eskilsson and Bjrklund, 2000;
Routray and Orsat, 2012).

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Industrial concrete production

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Plant for absolute production

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Ancient method for oil extraction

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Home extraction

Easy method
Suited for small sample extracts
Time consuming
Materials required

Mason jar
Mint leaves
Grain alcohol or high-proof
vodka
Sieve, strainer, or cheesecloth
Knife
Funnel

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 Step 1: Mince fresh mint leaves with a knife. The finer the
leaves are chopped, the more surface area will be available
for oil extraction.
Step 2: Place the chopped leaves into a glass mason jar. Fill
the jar with three parts of a high proof alcohol such as grain
alcohol or vodka for every one part minced leaves. The
alcohol will act as an agent to pull the oils out of the mint.
Step 3: Cap the jar and shake well. Leave the container of
herbs to sit in a dark place for the next four to six weeks.
Shake the jar to stir up its continue every few days.
Step 4: After the mint has soaked for four to six weeks,
separate the plant material from the liquid by pouring the
mixture into a clean bowl through a sieve or strainer. Wrap
the soaked leaves in a piece of fine cheese cloth and
squeeze out any captured extract.
Step 5: Store the mint extract in small glass bottles or jars
in22 September
a cool
2015dark place.
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Steps in extraction of mint oil

Step I

22 September
2015
Step
V

Step II

Step III

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Step IV

67

Chemical constituents
Various constituents of peppermint oil as per monographs of
International Pharmacopoeia are
limonene (1.0-5.0%),
cineole (3.5-14.0%),
menthone (14.0-32.0%),
menthofuran (1.0 -9.0%),
isomenthone (1.5-10.0%),
menthyl acetate (2.8-10.0%),
isopulegol (max. 0.2%),
menthol (30.0-55.0%),
pulegone (max. 4.0%) and
carvone (max. 1.0%).
The ratio of cineole content to limonene content should be minimum
two.
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Standards for Evaluation

International Pharmacopoeia monograph

Relative density : 0.900 to 0.916.
Refractive index : 1.457 to 1.467.
Optical rotation : -10 to -30.
Specific gravity : 0.8997 to 0.9011
Optical rotation : -370 11 to 370 29
Acid value : maximum 1.4, determined on 5.0 g diluted in 50 ml of the
prescribed mixture of solvents.
Fatty oils and resinified essential oils : Complies with the test for fatty oils and
resinified essential oils.
Peppermint oil contains
not less than 4.5 % w/w and not more than 10.0 per cent w/w of esters:
menthyl acetate, C12H22O2,
not less than 44.0 per cent w/w of free alcohols: menthol, C10H20O, and
not less than 15.0 per cent w/w and not more than 32.0 per cent w/w of
ketones: menthone, C10H18O.
Chromatographic profiling of peppermint oil can be done with Gas
chromatography with flame ionization detector.
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Adultration
Peppermint oil can be adulterated by addition of
much cheaper cornmint oil (Mentha arvensis).
Peppermint oil blends well with: Although most
essential oils blend well with one another,
peppermint oil blends particularly well with
benzoic, eucalyptus, lavender, marjoram, lemon
and rosemary.
Synthetic analogues of menthol can be prepared
in the labs
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Storage
Store in well-filled, tightly-closed, light-resistant
containers in a cool place.
Good quality PVC drum with screw caps: Short
term storage.
Galvanized iron drums or aluminium containers:
Long term storage.

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 Marketing:

It is commonly sold in 1 oz. or 4 oz. bottles.

US$ 13.50 for 10 ml

Products
Burners and vaporizers
Blended oil or in the bath
Mouthwash
Cream or lotion
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Leaf proteome profiling of transgenic mint infected

with Alternaria alternata

Ragini Sinha, Dipto Bhattacharyya, Aparupa Bose Majumdar, Riddhi Datta,

Saptarshi Hazra, Sharmila Chattopadhyay
Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India

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Ragini Sinha et. al., (2013)

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Hydrophobic derivatives of guar gum hydrolyzate

and gum Arabic as matrices for microencapsulation
of mint oil
Shatabhisa Sarkara, Sumit Guptab, Prasad S. Variyarb, Arun Sharmab, Rekha S. Singhala,
a. Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga,
Mumbai 400 019, India
b. Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India

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Paola Veronese et.al (2001)

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Paola Veronese et.al (2001)

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Paola Veronese et.al (2001)

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,
Lucknow

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pant

Nagar 263 145, District Udham Singh Nagar,
Uttaranchal
National Medicinal Plants Board, New

Indian Horticulture Research Institute, Bangaluru.

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1. Dr. K Umesh, Professor of PMA, College of

Horticulture, Bangaluru.
2. Dr. Himabindu, Principle Scientiest, IIHR, Bangaluru
3. Dr V.K Rao, Principle Scientiest, IIHR, Bangaluru
4. Mr. Mahanthesh jogi P.hD (Hort) scholar.,
5. Mr. Udachappa pujare P.hD (Hort) scholar.,
6. Mr. saidulu, P.hD (Hort) scholar.,
7. www.google.com.
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