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ISSN 2320 6020

IJBSTR RESEARCH PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 6] JUNE 2013

Comparison of Core and Cube Compressive Strength of Hardened


Concrete
Rohit Rai1, Ambareesh Kumar2, Ashish Singh3, Kanhaiya Lal Pandey4 and R D Patel*
ABSTRACT- This paper presents the result of core and cube compressive strength of hardened concrete. Non-destructive test
methods are used to investigate the properties and strength of hardened concrete. In existing concrete structures there was no direct
relation between the results of non-destructive tests. This paper describes the relation between core compressive strength and cube
compressive strength of hardened concrete in existing structures. Sixteen cores (diameter 75mm) were extracted from the hardened
concrete of 15- years old building. Fifteen cores (48mm diameter) were also extracted from the same hardened concrete building.
Two sizes of cubes (150mm x 150 x 150mm) and (100mm x 100mm x 100mm) were made from the hardened concrete from stone
pieces which were taken from the structural members of building with help of stone cutting machine. The cores and cubes
compressive strength was determined in compression testing machine. It was found that smaller size cubes (100mm x 100mm x
100mm) and cores (48mm diameter) show greater strength as compared to larger size cubes (150mm x 150 x 150mm) and cores
(diameter 75mm). It was also found that the cubes (150mm x 150 x 150mm) compressive strength is 74% the cubes (100mm x
100mm x 100mm) compressive strength. The 75mm diameter cores compressive strength is 65% the compressive strength of cubes
(150mm x 150 x 150mm).
KEY WORDS: Compressive Strength, flexure Strength, Core.

INTRODUCTION
Once concrete has hardened it can be subjected to wide range
of tests to prove its ability to perform as planned or to discover
its characteristics if its history is unknown. For new concrete
this usually involves casting specimens from fresh concrete
and testing them for various properties as the concrete
matures. The concrete cube tests, concrete cylinder tests are
the most familiar tests and are used as the standard method of
measuring compressive strength for quality control purposes.
Concrete beam specimens are cast to test for flexural strength
and cast cylinder cone be used for tensile strength. Specimens
for many other tests can be made at the same time to assess
other properties. For existing concrete samples will need to be
taken from the structure. Non-destructive testing methods are
useful in some instances and can help identify areas from
which samples should be taken. The normal method of
concrete sampling is by coring although same chemical
analysis techniques can be carried out on drilling dust
samples.

Associate Professor, Civil Engineering


Department, MMM Engineering College,
Gorakhpur-273010
1,2,3,4

Research Scholar, structural engineering


(Civil Engineering Department) MMM
Engineering College, Gorakhpur-273010

In laboratory many techniques can be used to examine and test


hardened concrete to assess a wide Varity of properties. Nondestructive and semi-destructive methods play an important
role in evaluating the existing structure conditions. Nondestructive test methods are used to indicate properties other
than strength. British Standard defined non-destructive testing
as a test that does not impair the intended performance of the
element or member under investigation. The non-destructive
evaluation techniques are used to assess the condition of
concrete structures, to predict future performance and allow
minor repair system. The best known non-destructive
evaluation techniques use ultrasonic waves, core testing,
Schmidt hammer test. The estimation of in place concrete
strength requires that a known relationship between the results
of in-situ testing and the strength of concrete. For existing
construction the relationship has to be assessed on site
correlating non-destructive test results to strength of core.
There was no any relation between core strength and cube
strength of hardened concrete. In this research work a
relationship between core strength and cube strength was
developed.
This paper also describes the effect of diameter of core on
compressive strength of concrete and effect of size of cube on
compressive strength of concrete.
Cubes
The compression text is carried out on specimens cubical and
cylindrical in shape. The cube specimen is of the size 150mm.
If the largest nominal size of the aggregate does not exceed
20cm and 10cm size cubes may also be used as an alternative.
For each mix 15 cube specimens of size 150 x 150 x 150mm

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ISSN 2320 6020

IJBSTR RESEARCH PAPER VOL 1 [ISSUE 6] JUNE 2013


were cast in C.I. moulds cubes was tested at 7 days, 14 days
and 28 days of curing. Each compressive strength result is the
average of test results.
The test was conducted as per IS 516 -1959.
t h e c u b e o f s t a n d a r d s i z e 150x150x150mm were
uses to find the compressive strength of
were
placed on the bearing surface of UTM, of capacity
2000KN without eccentricity and a uniform of loading of 140
kg per cm2 per minute was applied till the failure of
the cube at failure, the failure of the maximum load
was noted and the compressive strength was calculated. Cube
compressive strength
cc (mpa)=Pf/Ab
Pf=failure load (KN)
Ab=bearing area of the cube (mm2)
Compacting
The test cube specimens made are soon as practicable after
mixing and in such a way as produce full compaction of the
concrete with neither segregation nor excessive laitance. The
concrete is filled into the mould in layers approximately 5mm
deep.

in the table 1 & 2. The concrete stones were made into the
regular cube shape of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm and
100mm x100mm x 100mm by stone cutting machine. The
cores were extracted by using rotary cutting machine with
diamond bits. The extracted cores were trimmed to make
smooth edges parallel and then capped with sulphur to make
the ends smooth. After capping, cores were tested in
compression testing machine in the concrete laboratory. No
rebar were found in the cores. The results of cores are shown
in table 1 & 2. After making the regular shape of cubes of
sizes 150mm x150mm x 150mm and 100mm x100mm x
100mm they were tested in compression testing machine. The
results of cubes are shown in table 3. The average
compressive strength of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm cubes
was 24MPa [3508psi] and the average compressive strength of
100mm x 100mm x 100mm was found to be 32MPa
[4608psi]. The average corrected compressive strength of
cores having diameter 75mm was 17MPa [2466psi]. The
average compressive strength of cores having diameter of
48mm was 18MPa [2611psi]. All cores were tested in dry
condition. The strength of cores was calculated after applying
all the factors given in ASTM C42-90.
CUBE TEST

Compacting by hand

The cubical specimens, in no case should be the concrete be


subject to less than 35 strokes per layer for 15cm or 25 strokes
per layer for 10cm cubes

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this research were:


(1) To develop a relationship between core compressive
strength and cube compressive strength.
(2) To study the effect of core diameter on the compressive
strength of concrete.

It is to be noted that the cube is tested at right angles to the


position at cast, therefore, eliminating the need for capping or
grinding because the bearing faces are sufficiently plane.
CYLINDER TEST

(3) To study the effect of cube size on compressive strength of


concrete.

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

Fifteen cores of 75mm diameters and 48mm diameters were


extracted from the 15-years old concrete buildings at different
locations of the structural members. Some cores were taken
from columns, beams and some cores were taken from base
slab, floor slabs and walls. In the same location concrete stone
pieces were taken. The length of cores was variable as shown

Cube test developed by the BS is very popularly used


in UK for determining compressive strength of
concrete in the lab
The test cube has a size of 150 mm (6 in.)
BS (British Standards) 1881: Part 108: 1983
prescribes filling the mold in layers
All the treatments of the test cube after casting and
before testing are covered by BS 1881: Part 111:
1983
Testing of the prepared concrete cubes is covered by
BS 1881: Part 116: 1983

Cylinder test developed by the ASTM is very


popularly used in USA for determining compressive
strength of concrete in the lab
The test cylinder has a diameter of 150 mm (6 in.)
and length as 300mm (12 in.) to match with l/d ratio
of 2:1
The specimens are prepared and tested as per the
ASTM specifications, as follows:
Testing of cylinders for splitting tensile strength

After 28 days of curing the cylinders were removed from the


curing tank, weighed and tested for splitting tensile strength in
a 2000KN ultimate testing machine as per IS456 2000 at a

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rate of loading, (1.2 to 2.4) (/2) l*d, N/min. The maximum
load applied on the specimen was recorded Here l = 300mm
and d = 150mm. The experimental splitting tensile stress was
calculated according to the above equation.

interpretation of the test results of compressive strength of


such small cores. It has also been reported that the correction
factor for the value of L/D is dependent on the diameter of the
core.

CORE

CORE TEST

The taking of cores most commonly occurs when the results of


tests on standard test cylinders to determine the 28-day
compressive strength indicate noncompliance with the
specification. Such noncompliance may be due to the fact that
the concrete that was placed in a given part of the structure, as
well as in the test cylinders, is indeed noncompliant because
its 28-day strength is lower than specified. It may also happen
that while the strength of test cylinders is satisfactory, there
are suspicions that the concrete being placed in the actual
structure has segregated or has been inadequately
consolidated. This can be resolved by the inspection and
testing of cores. There are other situations where taking cores
may be desirable, or even essential. For example, it may be
required to subject an existing structure to heavier loads than
hitherto; or a change of use may be proposed, and the loadcarrying capacity of the structure needs to be verified; or it
may be necessary to ascertain that the strength of concrete has
not been impaired by overloading or by fatigue, fire,
explosion, chemical attack, or some other deleterious agent.

Core test is commonly used to determine the


compressive strength of concrete in the actual
structure.
Cylindrical cores of sufficient length and diameter
are cut from the structure using a coring machine.
These cores are then used for determining the
compressive strength of concrete in the laboratory.
The methods for determining the compressive
strength of cores are prescribed by BS 1881: Part
120: 1983 and by ASTM C 42, both are essentially
similar.

The diameter of the core should not be less than 3 times the
maximum size of aggregate. The length of the core should be
between 1 and 2 times the diameter. After determining the
average strength (fcore) of the moist cores, the estimated actual
cube strength (fcube) is obtained from the following equation:
(fcube) = (D fcore) / (1.5 + 1/)
Where,

The core cutter machine at given different size core in 48mm,


75 mm, 100mm and 150mm

D = 2.5 for cores drilled horizontally


= 2.3 for cores drilled vertically

SIZE OF CORES
It is considered preferable to use cores with a diameter of
48mm and 75 mm. It allows the use of smaller diameters when
it is impossible to obtain a core with L/D of at least 1, but only
for cases other than load-bearing situations. According to
ASTM C 42, the minimum diameter of the cores is governed
by the maximum aggregate size: it should preferably be at
least three times the nominal maximum size of the coarse
aggregate and must be at least twice the nominal maximum
size European Standard BS EN 12504-1:2000 simply says
that, when the core diameter approaches a value that is less
than 3 times the maximum aggregate size, there is a
significant influence on the measured strength. The reason
for the limitations on the core size is that, unlike a molded
cylinder, in a core some coarse aggregate particles are cut in
the drilling process and are, therefore, not wholly bonded to
the cement paste matrix. The adverse effect of incomplete
bond is aggravated by the difference in the modulus of
elasticity between the aggregate and the cement paste. When a
significant proportion of coarse particles is in that state, some
of them may become partially loosened during the test and
cease to carry their share of the applied load. When this
happens, a lower value of compressive strength is recorded.
This situation is recognized in the assessment of precision of
tests on cores of various sizes. The confidence limits of the
predicted strength of test cubes from the strength of such small
cores are very wide, and I, for one, remain skeptical about the

= finished length/diameter ratio of the core


Table 1 Results of Cores (75mm diameter)
Sr.
No.

Dia.(
mm)

Heigh
t(mm)

Weig
ht(gm
)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

75.00
74.80
73.50
74.30
72.90
72.30
74.50
74.70
73.90
72.90
74.50
72.30
72.90
73.70
74.50

154.6
156.0
157.0
158.2
161.8
150.0
158.4
157.2
152.0
161.0
163.0
152.6
166.0
159.0
159.0

1320
1320
1350
1370
1350
1350
1370
1310
1300
1310
1380
1330
1340
1300
1310

Crushi
ng
Load(
KN)
105
100
75
110
80
80
120
90
80
100
130
100
90
90
80

Corrected
Compressive
strength of
core(MPai)
25.00
24.00
17.92
26.79
19.48
18.45
26.80
19.90
17.04
23.96
29.11
24.36
21.50
19.65
20.47

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Table 2 Results of Core (48mm diameter)

Sr.
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Dai.(mm)

47.40
47.30
46.40
47.20
45.90
46.70
47.30
47.50
46.80
45.90
47.50
47.30
45.60
46.00
46.30

Height
(mm)

98.50
97.60
94.40
96.30
95.20
99.70
95.30
100.00
94.80
96.10
97.90
98.80
94.40
93.30
98.30

Weight
(gm)

330.0
330.0
337.5
342.5
337.5
337.5
342.5
327.5
325.0
327.5
345.0
332.5
335.0
325.0
327.5

Corrected
compressiv
e strength
of
core(MPai)
16.64
20.14
21.02
22.40
19.50
17.30
24.36
16.88
18.36
21.43
24.64
23.64
19.94
17.37
19.43

Table 3 Result of cubes testing


Sr.
No.

Cube
size(mm)

Weight(gm)

Load(KN)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

150150150
150150150
150150150
150150150
100100100
100100100
100100100
100100100
100100100
100100100
100100100
100100100
100100100
100100100
100100100

8190
8150
8480
8550
8300
8160
8120
8510
8530
8210
8140
7840
8160
8440
8300

510
910
540
850
890
560
630
710
760
570
650
450
780
910
780

Corrected
compressive
strength
22.60
40.45
24.00
37.75
40.10
24.89
28.18
31.98
33.77
25.34
29.10
20.26
35.13
41.26
35.10

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

18.45
26.80
19.90
17.04
23.96
29.11
24.36
21.50
19.68
20.47

23.06
33.50
24.88
21.30
29.35
36.38
30.45
26.80
24.60
25.50

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


The cores (diameter 75mm) show greater compressive
strength of concrete as compared to the equivalent cube
compressive strength. The cubes standard size (150mm x
150mm x 150mm) show greater compressive strength. The
cores (diameter 48mm) show greater compressive strength of
concrete as compared to the cores (diameter 75mm). The
smaller size cores have smaller cross-sectional area. The
compressive strength is load per unit area. Due to smaller size,
the strength of smaller diameter cores was greater as compared
to the larger size diameter of cores. Similarly the smaller size
cubes give greater strength as compared to larger size cubes.
Relation between Core Compressive Strength and Cube
Strength
The compressive strength of cores (75mm diameter) is 0.632
times the compressive strength of cubes (150mm x 150mm
x150mm). The compressive strength of cores (75mm
diameter) is 0.508 times the compressive strength of cubes
(100mm x 100mm x 100mm). The core (48mm diameter)
compressive strength is 0.752 times the compressive strength
of cubes (150mm x 150mm x 150mm).The compressive
strength of cores (48mm diameter) is 0.572 times the
compressive strength of cubes (100mm x 100mm x 100mm).
Core strength of 75mm dia. to compressive cube strength

40.00
Equivalent cube strength is 516:195, 6 Relation between
core strength and equivalent cube strength. Cube strength =
5/4 corrected crushing strength.
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5

Core strength
25.00
24.00
17.92
26.79
19.48

20.00
0.00

cube
strength

Equivalent cube strength


31.25
30.00
22.40
33.48
24.38

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Compressive strength of 75mm and 48mm core dia.
Strength to compressive cube strength

The relation of 48mm dia. Core to corrected compressive


cube strength

Chart Title
core strength 75mm dia

core dia 48mm

cube strength 75mm dia

48mm core dia

core strength 48mm dia.

50
40
30

40.45 37.75
40.1
41.26
33.77
31.98
22.6
20.14
22.4
21.02
25.00
2426.79 19.5
28.18
24.36
16.64
35.13 35.1
24.00
24.89
29.1
26.80
24.64
17.3
25.34
21.43
23.64
29.11
17.92 19.48
18.36
16.88
18.45 19.90 23.96 24.36
19.94
20.26
19.43
17.37
17.04
21.50
19.68
20.47

20
10
0

1 3 5 7
9 11 13
15

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11
12 13 14
15

75mm dia core strength to corrected compressive strength


of cube

47.4
47.3
47.2
46.4
47.3
47.5
46.7
45.9
46.847.545.6
40.45
46
46.3
40.1 45.947.3
41.26
37.75
33.77
35.13
35.1
31.98
28.18 29.1
corrected
24.89
22.624
25.34
24.36
22.4
24.64
21.02
20.14
23.64
19.5
compressive
21.43
16.64
20.26
17.316.88
18.36 19.94
19.43
17.37
strength of cube
corrected
compressive
strength of
48mm core dia.

Core 75mm dia. Is greater than compressive strength of


concrete as compared to the equivalent cube compressive
strength

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

80
70
60
1 3 5 7
9 11 13
15

75mm dia core

75mm dia. core

75mm dia. core

75mm dia core

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

50
40

compressive
strength of
75mm dia. core

30
20

1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5

equivalent cube
compressive
strength

10

75mm dia core 757574747372757574737572737475


corrected
compressive
strength of
core75mm dia

75mm dia core

252418271918272017242924222020

0
1 3 5 7
9 11 13 15

corrected
compressive 234024384025283234252920354135
strength of cube

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Core 48mm show greater compressive strength of concrete
as compared to the core dia 75mm

5.

6.

48mm dia. core

50

Rasheed Uzzafar, D and Gahtani, A.S Corrosion of


reinforcement in concrete structure in the middle of
east concrete international, American concrete
institute, vol., 7. No 9. Sep.1985, PP, 48-55.
Rasheed Uzzafar Dakhil, F.H and Bader, A.M toward
solving the concrete determination problem in the
gulf region, the Arabian , Journal of science and
Engineering , theme issue on concrete durability
vol.11nov.

48mm dia core

40
30
compressive
strength of
75mm dia. core

20
10
0
1

7 10
13

compressive
strength of
48mm dia. core

CONCLUSION
From the results of the tested specimen the following
conclusion were made:1. The compare strength of cubes was greater than the
compressive strength of cores.
2. The smaller size cubes (100mm x 100mm x 100mm) give
greater compressive strength of cubes as compared to larger
size (150mm x 150mm x 150mm).
3. The smaller size cubes strength is 1.271 times larger size
cube compressive strength.
4. The strength of cores (48mm) is 5% greater than cores
(75mm).
Reference
1.
2.

3.

4.

Is 456 2000 plain and reinforced concrete code of


practice. Concrete technology by M.S. Shetty.
British standard institution, Guide to the use of nondestructive methods of test for hardened concrete,
BS, 881, 1986, part 201.
Fookes P.G concrete in the middle test past, present
and future, review Damage Assessment Repair
Techniques and strategies for reinforcement concrete
Macmillan, G.L ed. Bahrain society of Engineers
1991.
5.Pocock ,D.C the selection o cost-effective repair
strategies for corrosion damage concrete an
determination and respire of reinforced concrete In
the Persian Gulf , oct,1997, Bahrain vol. ,PP147-161.

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