A16 - Zeroes of Polynomial VJ

Polynomial Functions
Mathematics 17
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines-Diliman
Lecture 16
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Outline
Synthetic Division
Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem
Complex Zeros
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Definition
Let n
W. A polynomial function of degree n is a function of the form

p(x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + an2 xn2 + . . . + a1 x + a0
where a0 , a1 , ..., an2 , an1 , an
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
R, and an 6= 0.
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Definition
Let n

where a0 , a1 , ..., an2 , an1 , an
R, and an 6= 0.
Note:
1
We refer to an as the leading coefficient of p.
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Definition
Let n

where a0 , a1 , ..., an2 , an1 , an
R, and an 6= 0.
Note:
1
We refer to an as the leading coefficient of p.
We say a0 is the constant coefficient of p.
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Examples:
1
p(x) = 3x
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
1
2
is a polynomial function of degree 1 (linear).
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Examples:
1
2
p(x) = 3x
p(x) = 4x 3x3 + 1 is a polynomial function of degree
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Examples:
1
2
p(x) = 3x
p(x) = 4x 3x3 + 1 is a polynomial function of degree 3 (cubic).
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Examples:
1
2
p(x) = 3x
p(x) = 3(x2 4)2 (x + 1)3 is a polynomial function of degree
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Examples:
1
2
p(x) = 3x
p(x) = 3(x2 4)2 (x + 1)3 is a polynomial function of degree 7.
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Examples:
1
2
p(x) = 3x
3
4
p(x) = 3(x2 4)2 (x + 1)3 is a polynomial function of degree 7.
p(x) = x12 x is not a polynomial function.
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Long Division
Recall: Suppose we want to find

(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
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Long Division

(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Long Division

(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
x2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
2x3 x2 + x 1
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Long Division

(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
2x2

x2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
2x3 x2 + x 1
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Long Division

(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
2x2

x2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
2x3 x2 + x 1
2x3 + 4x2
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Long Division

(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
2x2

x2
2x3 x2 + x 1
2x3 + 4x2
3x2 + x
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Long Division

(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
2x2 + 3x
x2
2x3 x2 + x 1
2x3 + 4x2
3x2 + x
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Long Division
(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
2x2 + 3x
x2
2x3 x2 + x 1
2x3 + 4x2
3x2 + x
3x2 + 6x
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Long Division
(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
2x2 + 3x
x2
2x3 x2 + x 1
2x3 + 4x2
3x2 + x
3x2 + 6x
7x 1
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Long Division
(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
2x2 + 3x + 7

x2
2x3 x2 + x 1
2x3 + 4x2
3x2 + x
3x2 + 6x
7x 1
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Long Division
(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
2x2 + 3x + 7

x2
2x3 x2 + x 1
2x3 + 4x2
3x2 + x
3x2 + 6x
7x 1
7x + 14
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Long Division
(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
2x2 + 3x + 7

x2
2x3 x2 + x 1
2x3 + 4x2
3x2 + x
3x2 + 6x
7x 1
7x + 14
13
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Long Division
(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
By long division,
2x2 + 3x + 7

x2
2x3 x2 + x 1
2x3 + 4x2
3x2 + x
3x2 + 6x
7x 1
7x + 14
13
Hence, 2x3 x2 + x 1 = (x 2)(2x2 + 3x + 7) + 13.

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Theorem (Division Algorithm)
If p(x) is a polynomial and r then there exists a unique polynomial

q(x) of degree less than that of p(x) and a unique R such that
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + R.
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p(x) = (x r)q(x) + R.
Remarks.
1
Here, q is called the quotient and R is called the remainder.
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p(x) = (x r)q(x) + R.
Remarks.
1
Here, q is called the quotient and R is called the remainder.
deg q = (deg p) 1
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Synthetic Division
- a handy method of dividing a polynomial by a binomial of the form

x r, where r is a constant
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Synthetic Division
- a handy method of dividing a polynomial by a binomial of the form

x r, where r is a constant
- involves only the coefficients of the polynomials
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Consider the example earlier:

(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
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Consider the example earlier:

(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2)
Write the coefficients of p(x) in order of decreasing degree in a

horizontal row. On the second row, write r one column to the left of
an .
2
1 1
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Write an on the third row, on the same column.

2
1 1
2
?
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Multiply an by r and write the product in the row directly below an1 .
2
1 1
4
*
2
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Add the product and an1 and write this in the third row, in the
same column as an1 .
2
2
4+
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
1 1
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Repeat the process using the last number obtained in the third row as
the multiplier of r.
2
2
4 6
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
1 1
*
2
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2
2
4 6+
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
1 1
3 7
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2
2
4 6
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
1 1
14
*
2
3 7
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2
2
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
1 1
4 6
14+
3 7
13
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Starting from the leftmost, the entries in the third row (except the
last) are the coefficients of the terms of the quotient in decreasing
order of degrees. The last entry in the third row is the remainder.
2
2
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
1 1
4 6
14+
3 7
13
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Starting from the leftmost, the entries in the third row (except the
last) are the coefficients of the terms of the quotient in decreasing
order of degrees. The last entry in the third row is the remainder.
2
2
2
1 1
4 6
14+
3 7
13
Hence, the quotient is 2x2 + 3x + 7 and the remainder is 13.
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
Solution:
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
Solution:
5
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
Solution:
5
4
?
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
Solution:
5
4
20
*
4
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
Solution:
5
4
20+
5
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
19
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
Solution:
5
4
20 76
5
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
19
*
4
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
Solution:
5
4
20 76+
5
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
19 76
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
Solution:
5
4
20 76 304
5
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
*
4
19 76
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
Solution:
5
4
20 76 304+
5
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
19 76 310
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Example: (5x3 x2 + 6) (x 4)
Solution:
5
4
20 76 304+
5
19 76 310
Hence, the quotient is 5x2 + 19x + 76 and the remainder is 310.
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Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0.
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Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

p(x)
mx + b
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
= q(x) +
R
mx + b
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
= q(x) +
R
mx + b
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
= q(x) +
R
mx + b
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
= q(x) +
R
mx + b
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
= q(x) +
R
mx + b
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
= q(x) +
= q(x) +
R
mx + b
R
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
m
= q(x) +
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
= m
R
q(x) +
m(x +
!
b
m)
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
= m
R
q(x) +
m(x +
!
b
m)
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
= m
R
q(x) +
m(x +
!
b
m)
= m q(x)
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
R
= m q(x) +
m(x +
R
= m q(x) +
b
(x + m
)
!
b
m)
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
R
= m q(x) +
m(x +
R
= m q(x) +
b
(x + m
)
!
b
m)
Divisor
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
R
= m q(x) +
m(x +
R
= m q(x) +
b
(x + m
)
Divisor
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
!
b
m)
mx + b
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
R
= m q(x) +
m(x +
R
= m q(x) +
b
(x + m
)
Divisor
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
mx + b x +
!
b
m)
b
m
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
R
= m q(x) +
m(x +
R
= m q(x) +
b
(x + m
)
Divisor
mx + b x +
Remainder
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
!
b
m)
b
m
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
R
= m q(x) +
m(x +
R
= m q(x) +
b
(x + m
)
Divisor
mx + b x +
Remainder
R
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
!
b
m)
b
m
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
R
= m q(x) +
m(x +
R
= m q(x) +
b
(x + m
)
!
b
m)
b
Divisor
mx + b x + m
Remainder
R
R
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
R
= m q(x) +
m(x +
R
= m q(x) +
b
(x + m
)
!
b
m)
b
Divisor
mx + b x + m
Remainder
R
R
Quotient
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
R
= m q(x) +
m(x +
R
= m q(x) +
b
(x + m
)
!
b
m)
b
Divisor
mx + b x + m
Remainder
R
R
Quotient
q(x)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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p(x)
mx + b
p(x)
b
)
m(x + m
p(x)
m
b
m(x + m
)
p(x)
b
(x + m
)
R
mx + b
R
= q(x) +
b
)
m(x + m
= q(x) +
R
= m q(x) +
m(x +
R
= m q(x) +
b
(x + m
)
!
b
m)
b
Divisor
mx + b x + m
Remainder
R
R
Quotient
q(x)
mq(x)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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To divide p(x) by mx + b:
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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1
Divide p(x) by x +
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
b
m
b
(r = m
)
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b
m
b
(r = m
)
Divide p(x) by x +
Remainder is the same
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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b
m
b
(r = m
)
Divide p(x) by x +
Remainder is the same
Divide the quotient obtained by m
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
3
2
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
6
4
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
6
4
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
0
6
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
6 10
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
15
6 10
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
15
6 10
17
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
15
51
2
6 10
17
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
15
6 10
17
51
2
51
2
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
15
6 10
17
51
2
51
2
153
4
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
15
6 10
17
51
2
51
2
153
4
149
4
6
4
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
15
6 10
17
51
2
51
2
153
4
149
4
0
6
Therefore,
4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1 = (2x + 3)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
15
6 10
17
51
2
51
2
153
4
149
4
0
6
Therefore,
4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1 = (2x + 3)(2x4
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
15
6 10
17
51
2
51
2
153
4
149
4
0
6
Therefore,
4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1 = (2x + 3)(2x4 3x3
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
15
6 10
17
51
2
51
2
153
4
149
4
0
6
Therefore,
4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1 = (2x + 3)(2x4 3x3 + 5x2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
17
2 x
51
4 )
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Example: (4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1) (2x + 3)

Solution:
4
3
2
15
6 10
17
51
2
51
2
153
4
149
4
0
6
Therefore,
4x5 + x3 2x2 + 1 = (2x + 3)(2x4 3x3 + 5x2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
17
2 x
51
4 )
+ ( 149
4 ).
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Definition
A polynomial function f is said to be a factor of p if p(x) = f (x)g(x) for
some polynomial g(x).
Examples:
1
f (x) = 4 and g(x) = x 2 are factors of P (x) = 4x 8.
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Definition
A polynomial function f is said to be a factor of p if p(x) = f (x)g(x) for
some polynomial g(x).
Examples:
1
f (x) = 4 and g(x) = x 2 are factors of P (x) = 4x 8.
f (x) = x
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
2
2
and g(x) = x +
2
2
are factors of P (x) = x2 21 .
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Definition
A number r such that p(r) = 0 is called a zero of p.
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Definition
A number r such that p(r) = 0 is called a zero of p.
Example:
2 and
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
2 are zeros of p(x) = x4 4.
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Remainder Theorem
Suppose that when p is divided by x r, the quotient is q and the

remainder is R. That is,
p(x) = q(x)(x r) + R.
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Remainder Theorem

p(x) = q(x)(x r) + R.
Then,
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Remainder Theorem

p(x) = q(x)(x r) + R.
Then,
p(r) = q(r)(r r) + R
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Remainder Theorem

p(x) = q(x)(x r) + R.
Then,
p(r) = q(r)(r r) + R = R.
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Remainder Theorem

p(x) = q(x)(x r) + R.
Then,
p(r) = q(r)(r r) + R = R.
Theorem (Remainder Theorem)

If p is a polynomial function, then the remainder when p(x) is divided by
x r is p(r).
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Example: Previously,
(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2) = (2x2 + 3x + 7) Rem. 13.
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(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2) = (2x2 + 3x + 7) Rem. 13.
By the Remainder Theorem, the remainder is the same as the dividend
evaluated at 2.
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(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2) = (2x2 + 3x + 7) Rem. 13.
evaluated at 2.
2(2)3 (2)2 + 2 1 =
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(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2) = (2x2 + 3x + 7) Rem. 13.
evaluated at 2.
2(2)3 (2)2 + 2 1 = 16 4 + 2 1 =
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(2x3 x2 + x 1) (x 2) = (2x2 + 3x + 7) Rem. 13.
evaluated at 2.
2(2)3 (2)2 + 2 1 = 16 4 + 2 1 = 13
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Example: What is the remainder when p(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 2x 1 is

divided by (x + 3)?
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divided by (x + 3)?
Solution:
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divided by (x + 3)?
Solution:
By the Remainder Theorem, the remainder is p(3).
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divided by (x + 3)?
Solution:
p(3) = 2(3)3 + 5(3)2 2(3) 1
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divided by (x + 3)?
Solution:
p(3) = 2(3)3 + 5(3)2 2(3) 1
= 54 + 45 + 6 1
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divided by (x + 3)?
Solution:
p(3) = 2(3)3 + 5(3)2 2(3) 1
= 54 + 45 + 6 1
= 4.
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Example: Find the value of a so that the remainder is 2 when

5x100 + ax80 + 2x25 5 is divided by (x + 1).
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Solution:
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Solution:
2 = 5(1)100 + a(1)80 + 2(1)25 5
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Solution:
2 = 5(1)100 + a(1)80 + 2(1)25 5
2 = 5+a25
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Solution:
2 = 5(1)100 + a(1)80 + 2(1)25 5
2 = 5+a25
2 = 2 + a
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Solution:
2
2
2
a
=
=
=
=
5(1)100 + a(1)80 + 2(1)25 5

5+a25
2 + a
4
Therefore, the value of a must be 4.
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Factor Theorem
Suppose p(r) = 0.
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Factor Theorem
Suppose p(r) = 0. Then
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + R
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Factor Theorem
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + R
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + P (r)
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Factor Theorem
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + R
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + P (r)
p(x) = (x r)q(x)
Therefore, x r is a factor of p(x).
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Factor Theorem
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + R
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + P (r)
p(x) = (x r)q(x)
Conversely, if x r is a factor of p(x),
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Factor Theorem
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + R
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + P (r)
p(x) = (x r)q(x)
Conversely, if x r is a factor of p(x), then there is a polynomial g(x)
such that
p(x) = (x r)g(x)
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Factor Theorem
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + R
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + P (r)
p(x) = (x r)q(x)
such that
p(x) = (x r)g(x)
p(r) = (r r)g(r)
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Factor Theorem
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + R
p(x) = (x r)q(x) + P (r)
p(x) = (x r)q(x)
such that
p(x) = (x r)g(x)
p(r) = (r r)g(r)
p(r) = 0
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Theorem (Factor Theorem)

If p is a polynomial function, then x r is a factor of p(x) if and only if
p(r) = 0.
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Example: Verify that x 2 and x + 3 are factors of

p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
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p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
Solution:
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p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
Solution:
We compute p(2) and p(3).
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p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
Solution:
p(2) = 3(2)4 + 2(2)3 24(2)2 + (2) + 30
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p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
Solution:
p(2) = 3(2)4 + 2(2)3 24(2)2 + (2) + 30
= 48 + 16 96 + 2 + 30
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p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
Solution:
p(2) = 3(2)4 + 2(2)3 24(2)2 + (2) + 30
= 48 + 16 96 + 2 + 30
= 0.
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p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
Solution:
p(2) =
=
=
p(3) =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
3(2)4 + 2(2)3 24(2)2 + (2) + 30

48 + 16 96 + 2 + 30
0.
3(3)4 + 2(3)3 24(3)2 + (3) + 30
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p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
Solution:
p(2) =
=
=
p(3) =
=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
3(2)4 + 2(2)3 24(2)2 + (2) + 30

48 + 16 96 + 2 + 30
0.
3(3)4 + 2(3)3 24(3)2 + (3) + 30
243 54 216 3 + 30
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p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
Solution:
p(2) =
=
=
p(3) =
=
=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
3(2)4 + 2(2)3 24(2)2 + (2) + 30

48 + 16 96 + 2 + 30
0.
3(3)4 + 2(3)3 24(3)2 + (3) + 30
243 54 216 3 + 30
0.
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p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
Solution:
p(2) =
=
=
p(3) =
=
=
3(2)4 + 2(2)3 24(2)2 + (2) + 30

48 + 16 96 + 2 + 30
0.
3(3)4 + 2(3)3 24(3)2 + (3) + 30
243 54 216 3 + 30
0.
By the Factor Theorem, (x 2) and (x + 3) are factors of

p(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 24x2 + x + 30.
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Example: Find the value of k so that x + 2 is a factor of

x3 + 2kx2 + 3x k.
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x3 + 2kx2 + 3x k.
Solution:
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x3 + 2kx2 + 3x k.
Solution:
By the Factor Theorem, P (2) = 0. Thus,
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x3 + 2kx2 + 3x k.
Solution:
0 = (2)3 + 2k(2)2 + 3(2) k
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x3 + 2kx2 + 3x k.
Solution:
0 = (2)3 + 2k(2)2 + 3(2) k
0 = 8 + 8k 6 k
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x3 + 2kx2 + 3x k.
Solution:
0 = (2)3 + 2k(2)2 + 3(2) k
0 = 8 + 8k 6 k
14
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x3 + 2kx2 + 3x k.
Solution:
0 = (2)3 + 2k(2)2 + 3(2) k
0 = 8 + 8k 6 k
14 = 7k
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x3 + 2kx2 + 3x k.
Solution:
0 = (2)3 + 2k(2)2 + 3(2) k
0 = 8 + 8k 6 k
14 = 7k
k=2
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Remember, synthetic division may be used to determine whether or not

x r is a factor of p(x).
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Remember, synthetic division may be used to determine whether or not

x r is a factor of p(x).
If p(r) = 0, the Factor Theorem does not give the quotient when p(x) is
divided by x r.
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Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

GOAL: Find all the zeros of a given polynomial function of degree n.
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Theorem (Fundamental Theorem of Algebra)

Every non-constant polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one
complex zero.
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Theorem (Fundamental Theorem of Algebra)

Every non-constant polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one
complex zero.
Consequence:
Theorem (Factored Form of a Polynomial)

If a polynomial p(x) has degree n and leading coefficient an , then
p(x) = an (x r1 )(x r2 )...(x rn )
where r1 , r2 , ..., rn (not necessarily distinct) are the roots of p.
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
Therefore, x2 + 1 = (x + i)(x i).
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
x=
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
x=
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
x=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
36
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
x=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
36 + 24
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
x=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
36 + 24
4
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
x=
=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
36 + 24
4
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
x=
=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
36 + 24
4
6 2 15
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
6
36 + 24
4
6 2 15
=
4
x=
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
6
36 + 24
4
6 2 15
=
4
3 15
=
2
x=
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
6
36 + 24
4
6 2 15
=
4
3 15
=
2
x=
Thus, 2x2 6x 3 =
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
6
36 + 24
4
6 2 15
=
4
3 15
=
2
x=
Thus, 2x2 6x 3 = 2
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
36 + 24
4
6 2 15
=
4
3 15
=
2

3+ 15
x=
Thus, 2x2 6x 3 = 2 x
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Examples
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1 x = i
2x2 6x 3 = 0
6
36 + 24
4
6 2 15
=
4
3 15
=
2

Thus, 2x2 6x 3 = 2 x 3+2 15 x 32 15 .
x=
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Remarks.
Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree n.
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Remarks.
1. Suppose we can factor p(x) as
p(x) = an (x r1 )m1 (x r2 )m2 ...(x rk )mk for some positive integer
k n and distinct complex numbers r1 , r2 , . . . , rk .
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Remarks.
k n and distinct complex numbers r1 , r2 , . . . , rk . We say that r1
is a zero of p(x) with multiplicity m1 ,
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Remarks.
is a zero of p(x) with multiplicity m1 , r2 is a zero of p(x) with
multiplicity m2 ,
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Remarks.
multiplicity m2 , ..., rk is a zero of p(x) with multiplicity mk .
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Remarks.
Moreover, the degree of p(x) is m1 + m2 + ... + mk .
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Remarks.
2. If a root of p(x) has multiplicity one, we say it is a simple root. If it
has multiplicity two, it is a double root. Triple roots have
multiplicity three, and so on.
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Remarks.
2. If a root of p(x) has multiplicity one, we say it is a simple root. If it
has multiplicity two, it is a double root. Triple roots have
multiplicity three, and so on.
3. The polynomial p(x) can be expressed as a product of linear factors
with complex coefficients.
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Theorem
A polynomial of degree n has exactly n complex zeros, counting
multiplicities.
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Theorem
multiplicities.
In view of this theorem, the sum (from the previous remarks)
m1 + m2 + ... + mk
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Theorem
multiplicities.
In view of this theorem, the sum (from the previous remarks)
m1 + m2 + ... + mk = n
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Example. Find a polynomial function p(x) of least degree having 2 and 4

as simple roots, with 1 being a zero of multiplicity two, and p(1) = 3.
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Solution.
Factors of p(x):
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Solution.
Factors of p(x): x 2,
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Solution.
Factors of p(x): x 2, x 4,
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Solution.
Factors of p(x): x 2, x 4, (x + 1)2
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Solution.
p(x) = an (x 2)(x 4)(x + 1)2
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Solution.
p(x) = an (x 2)(x 4)(x + 1)2
p(1) = 3
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Solution.
p(x) = an (x 2)(x 4)(x + 1)2
p(1) = 3 an (1 2)(1 4)(1 + 1)2
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Solution.
p(x) = an (x 2)(x 4)(x + 1)2
p(1) = 3 an (1 2)(1 4)(1 + 1)2 = 3
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Solution.
p(x) = an (x 2)(x 4)(x + 1)2
p(1) = 3 an (1 2)(1 4)(1 + 1)2 = 3
an (1)(3)(2)2 = 3
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Solution.
p(x) = an (x 2)(x 4)(x + 1)2
p(1) = 3 an (1 2)(1 4)(1 + 1)2 = 3
an (1)(3)(2)2 = 3 12an = 3
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Solution.
p(x) = an (x 2)(x 4)(x + 1)2
p(1) = 3 an (1 2)(1 4)(1 + 1)2 = 3
an (1)(3)(2)2 = 3 12an = 3 an =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
1
4
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Solution.
p(x) = an (x 2)(x 4)(x + 1)2
p(1) = 3 an (1 2)(1 4)(1 + 1)2 = 3
an (1)(3)(2)2 = 3 12an = 3 an =
1
4
1
p(x) = (x 2)(x 4)(x + 1)2
4
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Theorem
If z is a zero a polynomial function p having real coefficients, then z is a
also a zero of p.
Example: Consider p(x) = x3 x2 + 4x 4.
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
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Theorem
also a zero of p.
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
= 8i + 4 + 8i 4
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Theorem
also a zero of p.
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
= 8i + 4 + 8i 4
= 0.
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Theorem
also a zero of p.
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
= 8i + 4 + 8i 4
= 0.
2i is a zero of p.
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Theorem
also a zero of p.
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
= 8i + 4 + 8i 4
= 0.
2i is a zero of p. Then, 2i is also a zero of p.
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Theorem
also a zero of p.
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
= 8i + 4 + 8i 4
= 0.
2i is a zero of p. Then, 2i is also a zero of p. Indeed,
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
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Theorem
also a zero of p.
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
= 8i + 4 + 8i 4
= 0.
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
= 8i + 4 8i 4
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Theorem
also a zero of p.
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
= 8i + 4 + 8i 4
= 0.
p(2i) = (2i)3 (2i)2 + 4(2i) 4
= 8i + 4 8i 4
= 0.
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Example: Find a polynomial function P with real coefficients having 3 as a

zero of multipicity 2 and 1 + i as a zero of multiplicity 1 such that
P (0) = 36.
Solution:
Since 1 + i is a zero of P , then so is 1 i.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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P (0) = 36.
Solution:
P (x) = k(x 3)2 [x (1 + i)][x (1 i)]
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
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P (0) = 36.
Solution:
P (x) = k(x 3)2 [x (1 + i)][x (1 i)]
= k(x 3)2 [x 1 i][x 1 + i]
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
56 / 58

P (0) = 36.
Solution:
P (x) = k(x 3)2 [x (1 + i)][x (1 i)]
= k(x 3)2 [x 1 i][x 1 + i]
= k(x 3)2 [(x 1)2 (i)2 ]
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
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P (0) = 36.
Solution:
P (x) =
=
=
=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
k(x 3)2 [x (1 + i)][x (1 i)]

k(x 3)2 [x 1 i][x 1 + i]
k(x 3)2 [(x 1)2 (i)2 ]
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 1 (1))
Lec. 16
56 / 58

P (0) = 36.
Solution:
P (x) =
=
=
=
=
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
k(x 3)2 [x (1 + i)][x (1 i)]

k(x 3)2 [x 1 i][x 1 + i]
k(x 3)2 [(x 1)2 (i)2 ]
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 1 (1))
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 2)
Lec. 16
56 / 58

P (0) = 36.
Solution:
P (x) =
=
=
=
=
k(x 3)2 [x (1 + i)][x (1 i)]

k(x 3)2 [x 1 i][x 1 + i]
k(x 3)2 [(x 1)2 (i)2 ]
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 1 (1))
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 2)
36 = P (0) = k(3)2 (2) =
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
56 / 58

P (0) = 36.
Solution:
P (x) =
=
=
=
=
k(x 3)2 [x (1 + i)][x (1 i)]

k(x 3)2 [x 1 i][x 1 + i]
k(x 3)2 [(x 1)2 (i)2 ]
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 1 (1))
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 2)
36 = P (0) = k(3)2 (2) = 18k
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
56 / 58

P (0) = 36.
Solution:
P (x) =
=
=
=
=
k(x 3)2 [x (1 + i)][x (1 i)]

k(x 3)2 [x 1 i][x 1 + i]
k(x 3)2 [(x 1)2 (i)2 ]
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 1 (1))
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 2)
36 = P (0) = k(3)2 (2) = 18k

k=2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
56 / 58

P (0) = 36.
Solution:
P (x) =
=
=
=
=
k(x 3)2 [x (1 + i)][x (1 i)]

k(x 3)2 [x 1 i][x 1 + i]
k(x 3)2 [(x 1)2 (i)2 ]
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 1 (1))
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 2)
36 = P (0) = k(3)2 (2) = 18k

k=2
P (x) = 2(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 2)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
56 / 58

P (0) = 36.
Solution:
P (x) =
=
=
=
=
k(x 3)2 [x (1 + i)][x (1 i)]

k(x 3)2 [x 1 i][x 1 + i]
k(x 3)2 [(x 1)2 (i)2 ]
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 1 (1))
k(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 2)
36 = P (0) = k(3)2 (2) = 18k

k=2
P (x) = 2(x 3)2 (x2 2x + 2) = 2(x4 8x3 + 23x2 30x + 18)
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
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Note that
[x (a bi)] = [(x a) bi][(x a) + bi]
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
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Note that
[x (a bi)] = [(x a) bi][(x a) + bi]
= (x a)2 (bi)2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
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Note that
[x (a bi)] = [(x a) bi][(x a) + bi]
= (x a)2 (bi)2
= x2 2ax + a2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
57 / 58
Note that
[x (a bi)] = [(x a) bi][(x a) + bi]
= (x a)2 (bi)2
= x2 2ax + a2 + b2
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
57 / 58
Note that
[x (a bi)] = [(x a) bi][(x a) + bi]
= (x a)2 (bi)2
= x2 2ax + a2 + b2
Remarks:
1
All polynomials with real coefficients can be expressed as a product of

linear and quadratic factors with real coefficients.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
57 / 58
Note that
[x (a bi)] = [(x a) bi][(x a) + bi]
= (x a)2 (bi)2
= x2 2ax + a2 + b2
Remarks:
1
All polynomials with real coefficients can be expressed as a product of

linear and quadratic factors with real coefficients.
A polynomial with real coefficients of odd degree always has a real

zero.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
57 / 58
Exercises:
1
Use synthetic division to find the remainder and the quotient when
f (x) = 2x4 x3 3x + 8 is divided by 3x + 3
Find the value of k so that the remainder is 2 when

x3 + 4x2 + kx + 1 is divided by x + 1.
Justify whether or not x + 1 is a factor of 6x2 + 4x5 x3 2 + 3x.
Math 17 (UP-IMath)
Lec. 16
58 / 58

A16 - Zeroes of Polynomial VJ

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A16 - Zeroes of Polynomial VJ

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Polynomial Functions

Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem

W. A polynomial function of degree n is a function of the form

where a0 , a1 , ..., an2 , an1 , an

W. A polynomial function of degree n is a function of the form

where a0 , a1 , ..., an2 , an1 , an

We refer to an as the leading coefficient of p.

W. A polynomial function of degree n is a function of the form

where a0 , a1 , ..., an2 , an1 , an

We refer to an as the leading coefficient of p.

We say a0 is the constant coefficient of p.

is a polynomial function of degree 1 (linear).

p(x) = 4x 3x3 + 1 is a polynomial function of degree

is a polynomial function of degree 1 (linear).

p(x) = 4x 3x3 + 1 is a polynomial function of degree 3 (cubic).

is a polynomial function of degree 1 (linear).

p(x) = 4x 3x3 + 1 is a polynomial function of degree 3 (cubic).

p(x) = 3(x2 4)2 (x + 1)3 is a polynomial function of degree

is a polynomial function of degree 1 (linear).

p(x) = 4x 3x3 + 1 is a polynomial function of degree 3 (cubic).

p(x) = 3(x2 4)2 (x + 1)3 is a polynomial function of degree 7.

is a polynomial function of degree 1 (linear).

p(x) = 4x 3x3 + 1 is a polynomial function of degree 3 (cubic).

is a polynomial function of degree 1 (linear).

p(x) = 3(x2 4)2 (x + 1)3 is a polynomial function of degree 7.

p(x) = x12 x is not a polynomial function.

Recall: Suppose we want to find

Recall: Suppose we want to find

Recall: Suppose we want to find

Recall: Suppose we want to find

Recall: Suppose we want to find

Recall: Suppose we want to find

Recall: Suppose we want to find

Hence, 2x3 x2 + x 1 = (x 2)(2x2 + 3x + 7) + 13.

Theorem (Division Algorithm)

If p(x) is a polynomial and r then there exists a unique polynomial

Theorem (Division Algorithm)

If p(x) is a polynomial and r then there exists a unique polynomial

Here, q is called the quotient and R is called the remainder.

Theorem (Division Algorithm)

If p(x) is a polynomial and r then there exists a unique polynomial

Here, q is called the quotient and R is called the remainder.

- a handy method of dividing a polynomial by a binomial of the form

- a handy method of dividing a polynomial by a binomial of the form

Consider the example earlier:

Consider the example earlier:

Write the coefficients of p(x) in order of decreasing degree in a

Write an on the third row, on the same column.

Hence, the quotient is 2x2 + 3x + 7 and the remainder is 13.

Hence, the quotient is 5x2 + 19x + 76 and the remainder is 310.

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0.

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe:

Suppose the divisor is mx + b, where m 6= 0. Observe: