PLURALS - This These - That Those

This is my cell phone.

These are my dictionaries.
Thats your coat, isnt it?
Those are our friends. They have just arrived.
Whats this? Its my pet. What are these? They are my pets.
Whats that? Its my book. What are those? They are my books.

POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES - My Your His Her Our Their

This is my brother Robert.
Here I have your bag.
Can you give Jake his socks?
Mrs. Blade and all her students are travelling to Paysand today.
Here we are. This is our house.
Our neighbours are very strange, their house is always closed.

INDIRECT OBJECTS PRONOUNS - Me You Him Her It Us

Them
Can you help me?
This present is for you.
I havent seen him for a long time.
Will you give her my message?
Can he see us now?
Have you got your keys? No, Ive left them at home.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS - Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours

Theirs
Please, dont touch those papers on the shelf, they are mine.
Is that her car? No, hers is a Fiat.
A: Here is your bag.
B: No, it is Peters.
C: Im sorry, his is in the tent.
D: This bag is ours.
E: Oh, yes! It is yours.
Isnt that Mr. and Mrs. Blacks cat? No, theirs is brown and this one is white.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS SELF PRONUOUNS Myself Yourself

Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves
Themselves
Has anybody helped you with your homework? No, I did it by myself.
You have to do it by yourself.
He has to do it by himself.
Jane is a small baby; she cant walk by herself yet.
Can you help us to put up a tent? Peter doesnt ask anyone, we have to do it by
ourselves.
The modal verbs have special rules for themselves.

INTERROGATIVE STRUCTURE - AFFIRMATIVE STRUCTURE Subject + verb + complement

Interrogative
Pronoun
Where
When

Auxiliary
verb
can
are

What

did

Subjec Verb
t
I
sit
you
going to
visit
you
buy

How
Which book

will
have

they
you

Who
Why

do
is

Whose + noun
(car)
What time
What color
How often
How much
How many

are

you
your
dog
you

travel
already
read
study with
crying

here
your
grandmother
at Tata
yesterday
to Haiti

?
?
?
?
?
?
?

driving

?
?
?
?
?
?

VERB BE (SIMPLE PRESENT)

AFFIRMATIVE
I am
YOU are
HE is
SHE is
IT is
WE are
YOU are
THEY are

Complement

NEGATIVE
I am not
YOU are not
HE is not
SHE is not
IT is not
WE are not
YOU are not
THEY are not

INTERROGATIVE
Am I?
Are YOU?
Is HE?
Is SHE?
Is IT?
Are WE?
Are YOU?
Are THEY?

VERB HAVE (SIMPLE PRESENT) MODAL VERB

AFFIRMATIVE
I have (got)
YOU have (got)
HE has (got)
SHE has (got)
IT has (got)
WE have (got)
YOU have (got)
THEY have (got)

NEGATIVE
I have not (got)
YOU have not (got)
HE has not (got)
SHE has not (got)
IT has not (got)
WE have not (got)
YOU have not (got)
THEY have not (got)

INTERROGATIVE
Have I (got)?
Have YOU (got)?
Has HE (got)?
Has SHE (got)?
Has IT (got)?
Have WE (got)?
Have YOU (got)?
Have THEY (got)?

VERB HAVE (SIMPLE PRESENT) COMMON VERB

AFFIRMATIVE
I have
YOU have
HE has
SHE has

IT has
WE have
YOU have
THEY have

NEGATIVE
I do not have
YOU do not have
HE does not have
SHE does not have

IT does not have

WE do not have
YOU do not have
THEY do not have

INTERROGATIVE
Do I have?
Do YOU have?
Does HE have?
Does SHE have?

Does IT have?
Do WE have?
Do YOU have?
Do THEY have?

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (COMMON VERBS)

Reconocemos que un verbo est en SIMPLE PRESENT cuando en las personas I

YOU WE THEY ese verbo esta como en el infinitivo y en las personas HE SHE
IT se agrega s o es al infinitivo.
Uso: para expresar acciones habituales, rutinas, verdades generales o hechos
cientficos. Tambin para acciones que se realizan cada ciertos perodos de
tiempo. Usa el auxiliar DO en negativo e interrogativo.
INDICAN SU USO:
EVERY, *DAY - *WEEK - *SUMMER - *YEAR - *ETC.
AT WEEKENDS ON MONDAYS EVERY SO OFTEN
IN, *JANUARY - *FEBRUARY - *SUMMER - *WINTER - *ETC.
WHEN IT, *RAINS - *IS FINE.
ADVERBS: *SOMETIMES *ALWAYS *USUALLY *GENERALY *OFTEN *NEVER *SELDOM
*EVERY *RARELY.
ONCE TWICE SEVERAL TIMES AFFIRMATIVE
I get
YOU work
HE goes
SHE watches
IT sleeps
WE play
YOU have
THEY spend

NEGATIVE
I do not get
YOU do not work
HE does not go
SHE does not watch
IT does not sleep
WE do not play
YOU do not have
THEY do not spend

INTERROGATIVE
Do I get?
Do YOU work?
Does HE go?
Does SHE watch?
Does IT sleep?
Do WE play?
Do YOU have?
Do THEY spend?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Reconocemos que un verbo est en PRESENT CONTINUOUS cuando en la oracin

tenemos el verbo BE en presente (am is are) seguido del verbo principal con
ING.
Uso: para hablar de acciones que estn sucediendo en el momento en que se
est hablando.
INDICAN SU USO:
NOW AT THE MOMENT IN THIS MOMENT
AFFIRMATIVE
I am working
YOU are studying
HE is knocking
SHE is combing
IT is crying
WE are sitting
YOU are playing
THEY are tidying

NEGATIVE
I am not working
YOU are not studying
HE is not knocking
SHE is not combing
IT is not crying
WE are not sitting
YOU are not playing
THEY are not tidying

INTERROGATIVE
Am I working?
Are YOU studying?
Is HE knocking?
Is SHE combing?
Is IT crying?
Are WE sitting?
Are YOU playing?
Are THEY tidying?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Reconocemos que un verbo est en PRESENT PERFECT cuando en la oracin

tenemos el verbo HAVE en presente (have has) seguido del verbo principal en
pastparticiple (tercera columna).
Uso: para hablar acerca de una accin o situacin que comenz en un momento
no definido del pasado y an contina en el presente.
INDICAN SU USO:
THIS, *MONTH - *YEAR - *WEEK - *SUMMER
JUST ALREADY YET - LATELY
SINCE FOR EVER NEVER
AFFIRMATIVE
I have seen
YOU have made
HE has listened
SHE has finished
IT has eaten
WE have been
YOU have brought
THEY have ridden

NEGATIVE
I have not seen
YOU have not made
HE has not listened
SHE has not finished
IT has not eaten
WE have not been
YOU have not brought
THEY have not ridden

INTERROGATIVE
Have I seen?
Have YOU made?
Has HE listened?
Has SHE finished?
Has IT eaten?
Have WE been?
Have YOU brought?
Have THEY ridden?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Reconocemos que un verbo est en PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS cuando en

la oracin tenemos el verbo HAVE en presente (have - has) seguido del verbo BE
en P.P. (tercera columna) y el verbo principal con ING.
Uso: para hablar de actividades que comenzaron en el pasado y continan en el
presente, pueden haber finalizado o no.
AFFIRMATIVE
I have been working
YOU have been
studying
HE has been knocking
SHE has been combing
IT has been crying
WE have been sitting
YOU have been playing
THEY have been
tidying

NEGATIVE
I have not been
working

YOU have not been

studying
HE has not been
knocking
SHE has not been
combing
IT has not been crying
WE have not been
sitting
YOU have not been
playing
THEY have not been
tidying

INTERROGATIVE

Have I been working?

Have YOU been
studying?
Has HE been knocking?
Has SHE been
combing?
Has IT been crying?
Have WE been sitting?
Have YOU been
playing?
Have THEY been
tidying?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Reconocemos que un verbo est en SIMPLE PAST cuando en la oracin el verbo

principal est en pasado (segunda columna).
Uso: para hablar de acciones pasadas que tuvieron lugar en determinado
momento y que ya han finalizado. Usa el auxiliar DID en negativo e interrogativo.
INDICAN SU USO:
YESTERDAY IN 2002 BEFORE AGO
LAST, *NIGHT - *WEEKEND - *MONTH - *YEAR - *MONDAY
ON THEIR VACATION
WHEN I WAS IN NEW YORK
AFFIRMATIVE
I got
YOU worked
HE went
SHE watched
IT slept
WE played
YOU had
THEY spent

NEGATIVE
I did not get
YOU did not work
HE did not go
SHE did not watch
IT did not sleep
WE did not play
YOU did not have
THEY did not spend

INTERROGATIVE
Did I get?
Did YOU work?
Did HE go?
Did SHE watch?
Did IT sleep?
Did WE play?
Did YOU have?
Did THEY spend?

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Reconocemos que un verbo est en PAST CONTINUOUS cuando en la oracin

tenemos el verbo BE en pasado (was - were) seguido del verbo principal con ING.
Uso: para hablar de acciones que ocurran en determinado momento del pasado
y continuaron despus, o fueron interrumpidas por acciones ms cortas u
ocurran ambas acciones simultneamente.
INDICAN SU USO:
AT 11 AM WHEN WHILE
AFFIRMATIVE
I was working
YOU were studying
HE was knocking
SHE was combing
IT was crying
WE were sitting
YOU were playing
THEY were tidying

NEGATIVE
I was not working
YOU were not studying
HE was not knocking
SHE was not combing
IT was not crying
WE were not sitting
YOU were not playing
THEY were not tidying

INTERROGATIVE
Was I working?
Were YOU studying?
Was HE knocking?
Was SHE combing?
Was IT crying?
Were WE sitting?
Were YOU playing?
Were THEY tidying?

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Reconocemos que un verbo est en PAST PERFECT cuando en la oracin tenemos

el verbo HAVE en pasado (had) seguido del verbo principal en pastparticiple
(tercera columna).
Uso: cuando queremos hablar de dos acciones que sucedieron en el pasado y
referirnos a la primera en suceder en el tiempo (la que ocurri ms lejos del
momento en que se habla).
AFFIRMATIVE
I had seen
YOU had made
HE had listened
SHE had finished
IT had eaten
WE had been
YOU had brought
THEY had ridden

NEGATIVE
I had not seen
YOU had not made
HE had not listened
SHE had not finished
IT had not eaten
WE had not been
YOU had not brought
THEY had not ridden

INTERROGATIVE
Had I seen?
Had YOU made?
Had HE listened?
Had SHE finished?
Had IT eaten?
Had WE been?
Had YOU brought?
Had THEY ridden?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Reconocemos que un verbo est en PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS cuando en la

oracin tenemos el verbo HAVE en pasado (had) seguido del verbo BE en P.P.
(tercera columna) y el verbo principal con ING.
Uso: para hablar de una accin que ocurri en el pasado antes que otra.
AFFIRMATIVE
I had been working
YOU had been studying
HE had been knocking
SHE had been combing
IT had been crying
WE had been sitting
YOU had been playing
THEY had been tidying
NEGATIVE
I had not been working
YOU had not been
studying

HE had not been

knocking
SHE had not been
combing
IT had not been crying
WE had not been
sitting
YOU had not been
playing
THEY had not been
tidying

Had YOU been

studying?
Had HE been
knocking?
Had SHE been
combing?
Had IT been crying?
Had WE been sitting?
Had YOU been playing?
Had THEY been
tidying?

INTERROGATIVE
Had I been working?

FUTURE GOING TO + INFINITIVE

Reconocemos que una oracin est en este FUTURE cuando tenemos GOING TO
ms el verbo principal en infinitivo.
Uso: cuando hablamos de algo que tenemos planeado y decidido hacer en el
futuro.
AFFIRMATIVE
I am going to get
YOU are going to work
HE is going to go
SHE is going to watch
IT is going to sleep
WE are going to play
YOU are going to have

THEY are going to

spend
NEGATIVE
I am not going to get
YOU are not going to
work
HE is not going to go

SHE is not going to

watch
IT is not going to sleep
WE are not going to
play
YOU are not going to
have

THEY are not going to

spend
INTERROGATIVE
Am I going to get?

Are YOU going to work?

Is HE going to go?
Is SHE going to watch?
Is IT going to sleep?
Are WE going to play?

Are YOU going to have?

Are THEY going to
spend?

FUTURE TENSE

Reconocemos que un verbo est en FUTURE cuando en la oracin tenemos el

auxiliar WILL acompaado del verbo principal como en el infinitivo.
Uso: cuando uno en el momento en que est hablando decide hacer algo en el
futuro, tambin en predicciones, promesas y ofrecimientos.
INDICAN SU USO:
TOMORROW THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW IN 2012
NEXT, *MONDAY - *WEEK - *MONTH - *YEAR
AFFIRMATIVE
I shall get
YOU will work
HE will go
SHE will watch
IT shall sleep
WE will play
YOU will have
THEY will spend

NEGATIVE
I wont get
YOU wont work
HE wont go
SHE wont watch
IT wont sleep
WE wont play
YOU wont have
THEY wont spend

INTERROGATIVE
Will I get?
Will YOU work?
Will HE go?
Will SHE watch?
Will IT sleep?
Will WE play?
Will YOU have?
Will THEY spend?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS AS FUTURE

Reconocemos que una oracin est en PRESENT CONTINUOUS AS FUTURE cuando

en la oracin tenemos el verbo BE en presente (am is are) seguido del verbo
principal con ING y un indicador de futuro, ej.: (tomorrow).
Uso: cuando hablamos de algo que vamos a hacer en el futuro, generalmente un
futuro cercano.
INDICADORES DE USO:
TOMORROW THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW IN 2012
NEXT, *MONDAY - *WEEK - *MONTH - *YEAR
IN, *THE AFTERNOON - *THE EVENING - *THE MORNING
AT, *THE WEEKEND - *NIGHT
AFFIRMATIVE
I am working
tomorrow
YOU are studying
HE is knocking
SHE is combing
IT is crying
WE are sitting
YOU are playing
THEY are tidying

NEGATIVE
I am not working
tonight
YOU are not studying
HE is not knocking
SHE is not combing
IT is not crying
WE are not sitting
YOU are not playing
THEY are not tidying

INTERROGATIVE
Am I working next
week?
Are YOU studying?
Is HE knocking?
Is SHE combing?
Is IT crying?
Are WE sitting?
Are YOU playing?
Are THEY tidying?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Reconocemos que una oracin est en FUTURE CONTUNUOUS cuando en la

oracin tenemos el verbo BE en futuro (will be shall be) seguido del verbo
principal con ING.
Uso: para hablar de acciones que van a tener lugar en el futuro y que, al
momento del tiempo al que nos referimos, seguirn desarrollndose.
INDICAN SU USO:
TOMORROW THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW IN 2012
NEXT, *MONDAY - *WEEK - *MONTH - *YEAR
AFFIRMATIVE
I shall be getting
YOU will be working
HE will be going
SHE will be watching
IT will be sleeping
WE shall be playing
YOU will be having
THEY will be spending
NEGATIVE

I will not be getting

YOU will not be
working
HE will not be going
SHE will not be
watching
IT will not be sleeping
WE will not be playing
YOU will not be having
THEY will not be
spending

INTERROGATIVE
Will I be getting?
Will YOU be working?
Will HE be going?
Will SHE be watching?
Will IT be sleeping?
Will WE be playing?
Will YOU be having?
Will THEY be spending?

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Reconocemos que una oracin est en FUTURE PERFECT cuandoen la oracin

tenemos el verbo HAVE en futuro (willhave) seguido del verbo principal en
pastparticiple (tercera columna).
Uso: para hablar de acciones que ya se estn desarrollando o que se van a
desarrollar en el futuro, pero que llegue ese momento del futuro que se menciona
la accin ya habr finalizado.
INDICAN SU USO:
BY, *10 PM - *MONDAY - *TOMORROW - *2020
BY NEXT, *WEEK - *NEXT MONTH - *YEAR
AFFIRMATIVE
I will have gone
YOU will have broken
HE will have seen
SHE will have bought
IT will have found
WE will have talked
YOU will have played
THEY will have drunk
NEGATIVE
I will not have gone

YOU will not have

broken
HE will not have seen
SHE will not have
bought
IT will not have found
WE will not have talked
YOU will not have
played
THEY will not have
drunk

INTERROGATIVE
Will I have gone?
Will YOU have broken?
Will HE have seen?
Will SHE have bought?
Will IT have found?
Will WE have talked?
Will YOU have played?
Will THEY have drunk?

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Reconocemos que un verbo est en FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS cuando en la

oracin tenemos el verbo HAVE en futuro (will have) seguido del verbo BE en P.P.
(tercera columna) y el verbo principal con ING.
Uso: para hablar de acciones pertenecientes a un perodo de tiempo entre ahora
y algn momento del futuro, que puede ser incompleto.