PLANTS

HOW DO PLANTS GET THEIR WATER &

INORGANIC IONS (MINERALS):
Plants take up water and inorganic ions e.g.
___________ through their _________.
They have adapted to this job by:

The Water Pathway

1. Water passes into the ________ by _______.

This is because there is more water in the
________ than in the ________ of the cell.
2. This extra water in the cell sap makes it more
___________, so there is more water in the root
hair cell than the neighbouring root cell.
3. Water therefore passes from the root hair cell to
the next cell by _________.
4. This process continues in subsequent root cells
along the entire root until the water eventually
reaches the_________ ________.
5. Water is then carried up the stem and into the
__________ tissue.

TRANSLOCATION:
Translocation is the movement of ___________ and ___________
from regions of _____________ or storage to regions of utilization
in ______________ and _______________.
Applied chemicals such as ________________________ may also
travel through the plant in this way.

TRANSPIRATION:
Water is used by the plant for:

Water ____________ across the cell membrane, through the _______

____________. Evaporation of water from the leaves via the ________ is called
__________________.
As water is lost from the leaves, a ___________ ____________ gradient is set up
causing a pull from above. Therefore, more is absorbed by the ________ and
carried up the ________ __________.
Factors that cause the rate of transpiration to slow down:
1) _________________ because ________________
__________________________________________
2) _________________ because ________________
__________________________________________
Factors that cause the rate of transpiration to speed up include:
1) _________________ because ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2) _________________ because ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________
In dry environments plants have ________ leaves with ______ stomata and a
_______ root system.

ANIMALS
BLOOD:
Blood is made up of blood cells and
fragments floating in a yellow, watery
liquid.
The four components are:
PLASMA is the ____________ part of the
blood. It transports many substances
around the body including glucose,
_________, hormones and ____________
RED BLOOD CELLS carry ___________
around the body, attached to a pigment
called ___________________.
Their structure suits their function because:

BLOOD VESSELS:
VEINS

THE HEART:

ARTERIES

Veins carry
blood _______
the heart
Valves?
____________
walls
____________
pressure
Blood mainly
____________

Arteries carry
blood _______
from the heart
Valves?
____________
walls
____________
pressure
Blood mainly
____________

CAPILLARIES

The function of the heart is to

__________________________________
It is mainly made of ________________

Capillaries connect
__________ and
__________
Valves?
____________ walls
____________ pressure
Blood changes from
__________ to
___________
as it passes through
the organ

CIRCULATION:
The circulatory system is made up of
the ________, ________
___________
and _____________.
Its function is to ________
____________ around the body e.g.

What are the names of the blood vessels which

supply blood to the heart muscle itself?

IMMUNE SYSTEM:

_____________
WHITE BLOOD CELLS prevent
_____________ spreading in the body.
They can _____________ and
____________ microorganisms OR they can
make ____________________.

Lymphatic System:
1. Produces _____________ (white blood cells)
2. Circulation of __________ ___________

PLATELETS are cell _______________ and

help the blood to _____________.

PROBLEMS:

CLOTTING: Soluble __________ is

converted to insoluble _____________ to
make a blood clot.

Causes of heart attacks:

1.
2.
3.
What can be done to prevent this?
1.
2.
3.

ANTIBODIES are made by a different kind

of _______ _______ cell.
The invading cell is recognized as being
foreign because its recognition sites or
________ are different from the cells
normally found in the body.
Antibodies are _______ to particular
antigens as they fit over them to stop them
working and so lots of different types are
needed.

PLANTS
HOW DO PLANTS GET THEIR WATER &
INORGANIC IONS (MINERALS):
Plants take up water and inorganic ions e.g.
Ca, Mg etc. through their roots.
They have adapted to this job by:
Having root hairs
Branching their roots in many directions
The Water Pathway

1. Water passes into the root by osmosis. This is

because there is more water in the soil than in the
vacuole of the cell.
2. This extra water in the cell sap makes it more
turgid so there is more water in the root hair cell
than the neighbouring root cell.
3. Water therefore passes from the root hair cell to
the next cell by osmosis.
4. This process continues in subsequent root cells
along the entire root until the water eventually
reaches the xylem vessels.
5. Water is then carried up the stem and into the
leaf tissue.

TRANSLOCATION:
Translocation is the movement of _sucrose_ and _amino acids__
from regions of __production_ or storage to regions of utilization in
__respiration_ and ____growth___.
Applied chemicals such as __systemic pesticides_ may also travel
through the plant in this way.

TRANSPIRATION:
Water is used by the plant for:
photosynthesis
support
Water _diffuses_ across the cell membrane, through the __cell membrane__.
Evaporation of water from the leaves via the _stomata_ is called _transpiration__.
As water is lost from the leaves, a __water__ _potential__ gradient is set up causing
a pull from above. Therefore, more is absorbed by the _roots_ and carried up the
_xylem vessels_
Factors that cause the rate of transpiration to slow down:
1) High humidity because surrounding air is moist
therefore evaporation rate is slow.
2) Low temperature because less energy available to lift
water molecules away from leaf surface.
Factors that cause the rate of transpiration to speed up include:
1) High wind / exposure because turbulence around leaves lifts water molecules
away from the leaf surface.
2) High temperature because a lot of energy available to lift particles away from
the leaf surface i.e. high evaporation rate.
In dry environments plants have _small_ leaves with few_ stomata and a _large_ root
system.

ANIMALS
BLOOD:
Blood is made up of blood cells and
fragments floating in a yellow, watery
liquid.
The four components are:
PLASMA is the liquid part of the blood. It
transports many substances around the
body including glucose, carbon dioxide,
hormones and antibodies.
RED BLOOD CELLS carry oxygen around
the body, attached to a pigment called
haemoglobin.
Their structure suits their function because: Biconcave = large SA
No nucleus more Hb

BLOOD VESSELS:
VEINS

ARTERIES

Veins carry blood

towards the heart

Arteries carry
blood away from
the heart
Valves? NO
Thick walls
High blood
pressure
Blood mainly
oxygenated

Valves? YES
Thin walls
Very low blood
pressure
Blood mainly
deoxygenated

THE HEART:
CAPILLARIES

Capillaries connect
arteries and veins
Valves? NO
Very thin walls
Low blood pressure
Blood changes from
oxygenated to
deoxygenated
as it passes through the
organ

CIRCULATION:
The circulatory system is made
up of the heart, blood vessels
and blood.
Its function is to transport
substances around the body. e.g.
glucose, oxygen, urea, carbon
dioxide etc

WHITE BLOOD CELLS prevent microbes

spreading in the body. They can engulf and
digest microorganisms OR they can make
antibodies.

Lymphatic System:
1. Produces _lymphocytes_ (white blood cells)
2. Circulation of ___body fluid__

PLATELETS are cell fragments and help the

blood to clot.

PROBLEMS:

CLOTTING: Soluble _fibrin_ is converted to

insoluble __fibrinogen__ to make a blood
clot.

The function of the heart is to pump blood

around the body.
It is mainly made of muscle.

Causes of heart attacks:

1. Stress
2. Diet
3. Smoking
What can be done to prevent this?
1. Quit smoking
2. Reduce fats in diet
3. Reduce stress

What are the names of the blood vessels which

supply blood to the heart muscle itself?
Coronary arteries

IMMUNE SYSTEM:

ANTIBODIES are made by a different kind

of white blood cell.
The invading cell is recognized as being
foreign because its recognition sites or
antigens are different from the cells
normally found in the body.
Antibodies are specific to particular
antigens as they fit over them to stop them
working and so lots of different types are
needed.