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gender-2
Gender refers to roles that are created in our families, our culture, and
our society.
The concept of gender thus includes the characteristics, attitudes and
behavior held about men and women.
Gender roles and expectations are learnt.
They can change over time and they vary between cultures.
ii.
gender analysis-2
Gender Analysis is a close examination of a problem or situation in
order to identify the gender issues.
Gender analysis of a development program involves identifying the
gender issues within the problem which is being addressed and in the
obstacles to progress, so that these issues can be addressed in all
aspects of the program - in project objectives, in the choice of
intervention strategy and the methods of program implementation.
iii.
gender frameworks-2
Gender Analysis Frameworks are step-by-step tools for carrying out
gender analysis, which help to raise questions, analyze information,
and develop strategies to increase women's and men's participation in
and benefits from projects and programmes.
iv.
gender mainstreaming-2
Gender mainstreaming is the (re)organization, improvement,
development and evaluation of policy processes, so that a gender
equality perspective is incorporated in all policies at all levels and
at all stages, by the actors normally involved in policy-making
b) Examine the elements that can be used to explain gender
differences and inequalities-7
2.
3.
4.
eliminating violence against women
womens needs are met during medical humanitarian crises, and support and
empower women living with HIV and AIDS.
Violence against women
Violence hurts women and girls and hampers their ability to thrive in multiple
ways. Since the Beijing Conference, an historic two-thirds of countries have
put laws on the books to stop domestic violence. Yet gaps in laws,
implementation of legal protection and lack of access to essential services
remain for women globally.
Women and armed conflict
Wars and armed conflict destroy families and societies and leave women and
girls particularly vulnerable. Sexual violence is widespread and often used as
a war tactic.
UN Womens programmes on women, peace and security engage women in all
aspects of negotiations, peacebuilding and reconstruction to build inclusive
societies. We train peacekeepers to detect, address and stop conflict-related
sexual violence, while also supporting the reform of justice and security
institutions and ensuring that public services that are fully responsive to
womens needs.
Women and the economy
Whether in businesses, on farms, as entrepreneurs or employees, or through
unpaid domestic or care work at home, women make enormous contributions
to economies. Gender discrimination means women often end up in insecure,
low-wage jobs, and constitute a small minority of those in senior positions.
To ensure that women can contribute fully and benefit from the economy, UN
Women runs multiple programmes for womens economic empowerment. We
promote womens ability to secure decent jobs, own land, accumulate assets,
and influence institutions and public policies determining growth and
development. We also work with partners to ensure that workplaces are free
of violence and sexual harassment.
Women in power and decision-making
Once in leadership roles, women make a difference. But they are underrepresented as voters and in top positions, whether in elected office, the civil
service, corporate boardrooms or academia.
UN Women advocates for reforms to ensure womens fair access to decisionmaking. Our programmes on leadership and participation provide training for women
political candidates to help build their skills, as well as voter and civic
education and sensitization campaigns on gender equality. We work with UN
country teams, unions and civil society to ensure that elections uphold
womens rights, including to vote and campaign free from violence. Through
the Fund for Gender Equality, we also support womens grass-roots groups and
help give women a greater voice on a range of issues.
Institutional mechanisms
Specialized institutions have played an important part in informing laws,
policies and programmes and advancing gender equality. Robust laws and
policies coupled with stronger mechanisms to coordinate various actors and
ensure their effective enforcement and implementation can push the
agenda.
Human rights of women
Women and girls are entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of all of their
human rights. The Beijing Platform for Action confirms that protection and
promotion of human rights is the first responsibility of governments and core
to the work of the United Nations.
UN Women provides technical assistance to ensure that States create
national laws, policies and plans to ensure womens rights and protect them
against violations. We promote international treaties, such as the Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),
lobby decision-makers to ensure that adequate laws are passed and work
with partners to train and educate the law enforcement and justice officials
who must implement them.
Women and the media
The media plays a significant role in perpetuating and challenging social
norms that condone discrimination or violence against women. It can
objectify women but also showcase strong women leaders and protagonists
who can become role models for their audience.
UN Women collaborates closely with the media as a key ally in advancing
womens rights. Apart from working with the media to facilitate in-depth
coverage on womens rights, we undertake research on the portrayal of
women in news media as well as the entertainment industry. Additionally
theMedia Compact on Beijing+20, works to increase and sharpen the profile of
women in the news. We also conduct special workshops and trainings with
journalists globally to encourage gender-sensitive reporting.
Women and the environment
Women are among the most affected by climate change. They are often the
ones gathering water, fishing or farming land affected by flooding.
Meanwhile, their voices are often ignored in environmental planning and
management. They also have less access to land and productive resources.
UN Women seeks to ensure women are involved in environmental decisionmaking at all levels, integrating their concerns in policies and programmes,
and establishing ways to assess the impact of development and
environmental policies on women. We take part in international fora,
following negotiations and maintaining active outreach to ensure that the
decisions incorporate references to gender equality, womens rights and
womens contribution in climate change mitigation and adaptation.
The girl child
Specific forms of violence and harmful practices, including female genital
mutilation (FGM) and cutting, breast ironing and child marriage, affect girls in
particular, including child sexual abuse.
UN Women works to empower girls and young women to pursue their
dreams, confront discrimination, and prevent violence of all kinds. We raise
awareness of girls rights, support programmes that work with educators,
parents and fathers in particular, and with religious leaders. To advance girls'
education, health and well-being, we advocate with governments and other
partners, striving for a world where girls can live free from fear, violence and
discrimination.
2. Millennium development goal 3 has one target, and that is to eliminate
gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by
2005 and to all levels of education not later than 2015. Explain how the
Kenyan government has demonstrated the centrality of gender equality
and women empowerment to the development paradigm-15
MDG 3 is to promote equality and empower women.
The goal has one target: to eliminate gender disparity in primary and
secondary education, preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education
no later than 2015.
Four indicators are used to measure progress towards the goal:
1. the ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary
education
2. the ratio of literate women to men in the 15 to 24 year old age
group
In many countries around the world, womens property rights are limited by
social norms, customs and at times legislation, hampering their economic
status and opportunities to overcome poverty. Even in countries where
women constitute the majority of small farmers and do more than 75 percent
of the agricultural work, they are routinely denied the right to own the land
they cultivate and on which they are dependent to raise their families.
Ownership of land and property empowers women and provides income and
security. Without resources such as land, women have limited say in
household decision-making, and no recourse to the assets during crises. This
often relates to other vulnerabilities such as domestic violence and HIV and
AIDS.
In regions of conflict, the impact of unequal land rights has serious
consequences for women often the only survivors. In conflict and postconflict situations, the number of women-headed households often increases
sharply as many men have either been killed or are absent. Without their
husbands, brothers or fathers in whose name land and property titles are
traditionally held they find themselves denied access to their homes and
fields by male family members, former in-laws or neighbors. Without the
security of a home or income, women and their families fall into poverty
traps and struggle for livelihoods, education, sanitation, health care, and
other basic rights.
In recent years, international agreements have repeatedly reiterated the
importance of womens land and property rights. The Beijing Platform for
Action affirmed that womens right to inheritance and ownership of land and
property should be recognized. The Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has underscored it,
referring to rural womens rights to equal treatment in land and agrarian
reform processes. Womens property rights are an implicit part of achieving
the Millennium Development Goals, specifically Goal 1 on eradicating
extreme poverty and Goal 3 on gender equality. Advocacy for womens land
and property rights enhances womens economic security and rights and
reduce feminized poverty.
Let us conclude this part by rephrasing the words of UNIFEM coordinator in
Nepal who said that a growing body of evidence suggests that gender
equality fuels thriving economies. When women can find decent jobs and
acquire assets, they earn incomes and accumulate savings to help
themselves and their families. The pool of human resources, talents and
economic contributions expands, spurring productivity and growth (UNIFEM,
2008)
gender discrimination
This means to give differential treatment to individuals on the
grounds of their gender. In many societies, this involves
iv.
gender planning
The technical and political processes and procedures
necessary to implement gender-sensitive policy
a)
There have been a number of individuals who are sceptic on the idea of
gender mainstreaming. It is therefore important that it is clear to
everyone who is responsible for gender mainstreaming within his or her
department, and how the internal gender mainstreaming structure is
organized. Without an executive and without a structure it is difficult to
get things regulated. For this reason the lines of responsibility must be
clear to everyone, including such things as who the contact person is
and who bears the ultimate responsibility. There should be gender
mainstreaming coordinators in each department with a final
responsibility in the hands of the top management
5.
i)
Donor community does not effectively commit resources
for gender equality:
ii.
gender equity
feed the people of our country. Access to indigenous seeds, water and renewable energy are central to sustain
healthy, nutritious and affordable, food production.
4. Poverty
Poverty must be understood in terms of inequality and justice. Women and girls are bearing the brunt of poverty and
inequality in our country has increased. Poverty affects our families and communities. Gender equality must be at the
core of any strategy aiming at the eradication of poverty. Gender disaggregate data must be collected and
understood so that the dimensions of inequality between women and men are analysed in terms of understanding
root causes of poverty. Communities must be enhanced to collect and use data to effectively drive demand for
accountability to the needs of citizens. The eradication of poverty must be a primary concern of our country and of the
international community so as to respect the dignity of all.
5. Economic Development and the burden of unpaid care work
Women actively contribute to society and the economy and this contribution must be accounted. Inclusive
development requires investments in rural and urban informal settlements. Women must get access to credit and
economic resources. Womens economic sector activities should be enhanced by widening their skills and technology
capacity to improve their productive base. Women participate disproportionally to the informal sector, lacking social
protection whilst the burden of care in relation to child care, elderly care, care for the sick, and care for the household
is carried by women and girls often as low or unpaid work. Inclusive economic models that enhance decent work and
youth employment are central to decrease gender inequalities. The economic value of care work must be recognised
and women must get access to social services. Universal social protection must be put in place to ensure dignity of
all and alleviate the multiple burdens on women and girls.
6. The crisis of violence against women and girls
Violence against women and girls is increasingly becoming a crisis and is heightened in conflict settings, creating
fear, discrimination and powerlessness. Violence against women and girls in the culture of impunity impacts on their
health, dignity and economic productivity and is compounded by the stigma carried by violence. Sexual and gender
based violence also affect boys and men, and they should be engaged to help end violence against women and girls
so that socio-cultural practices that perpetuate inequality are challenged. Capacities of traditional and community
conflict resolution mechanisms must be made responsive to women and girls, while empowering women and girls to
demand and ensure that their rights are respected. The participation of women and girls to fully share in decisionmaking in households and communities should be reinforced. Justice, prosecution and reconciliation mechanisms to
address violence against women and girls must be equally strengthened so that rights of women and girls are upheld.
Legal aid, service delivery and access to justice and services are vitally important to address the crisis of violence
against women and girls.
7. Womens Health
Increased maternal mortality rates in Kenya is alarming and efforts are required to address this worrying trend. Every
person has a right to the highest attainable standard of health, including sexual reproductive health. Women must
have access to Reproductive Health and Rights. The fight against HIV/Aids crucially requires that women can make
decisions in relation to sexuality within and outside marriage. Girls must be protected from harmful cultural practices
such as early marriage and Female Genital Mutilation. Women must have access to quality maternal health services
with quality nursing and social staff.
8. Education
Women and girls continue to experience discrimination and exclusion from access to quality education, have lower
retention rates and are underrepresented at the secondary and tertiary levels leading to reduced economic
opportunities, poorer health, and increased poverty and marginalisation. Education plays a crucial role in human
development and the realisation of human potential. Education for women and girls has a transformative effect on
communities and societies and is the single most effective strategy to enhance the health, economic development
and general well being of society. Structural socio-economic and cultural barriers to womens education include cost,
distance and harmful cultural practices and attitudes (early marriage, gender stereotypes etc). Measures must be
taken to ensure equal access by women and girls to quality education, including mobile schools for pastoralist
communities and boarding schools. Quality Education must be available at all levels through policies and
interventions that remove structural barriers to their education and facilitate their full participation in development.
9. Women, peace and security
Conflict affects women and girls differently and they must be included as key actors in peace and security. Their
substantive inclusion should be organized around the pillars of participation, protection, promotion, relief and
recovery. The post 2015 development framework must incorporate UNSCR 1325 which acknowledges women as
agents of peace and presents an opportunity for Kenyan women through the Kenya National Action Plan that
expounds the priority areas for women, peace and security in the context of marginalized counties in Kenyas new
devolved structures. The post 2015 Development framework must take a human security approach which focuses
primarily on protecting people while promoting peace and assuring sustainable development. It has to adopt a
women-centred approach for resolving inequalities that affect security. It seeks to hold the government accountable
for the safety and security of Kenyan women. In the Post- 2015 Development Agenda there is need to design national
targets with gender specific indicators that build on the existing gender equality commitments that the country has
made. This link should prioritise the delivery of security and safety of women while stressing the importance of
involving women in security, justice, and economic empowerment programmes.
10. Womens Leadership
The exclusion of women from leadership and decision-making processes in Kenya has led to inequality and skewed
policies, increasing womens marginalisation, poverty and insecurity. Womens participation in leadership and
decision making in the social, economic and political spheres is crucial in ensuring good governance and
accountability. Socio-cultural impediments against womens leadership within communities, including pastoralist
communities, must be removed. Legitimate governance requires that affirmative action is taken to ensure
representation of women in governance at all levels. Decentralised governance and traditional leadership structures
must be responsive to womens needs and concerns and include women as actors in decisionmaking.
Comprehensive support and mentoring women into political leadership and strengthening of accountability of political
structures to women constituencies must be enhanced so that women can effectively influence policies through
political systems, while national election systems and mechanisms must be made more conducive to the participation
of women in local, county and national governance and leadership. Quality of governance must be audited by
measuring the representation of women in decision making in civil society, government and the private sector.
11. Monitoring and accountability
The monitoring of the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals has been weak because of the
inadequate baseline and sex-disaggregated data. The Millennium Development Goals Indicators lack a gender
dimension and the monitoring of the MDGs has remained weak while indicators were not sufficiently robust in
capturing the gender dimensions. The post-2015 Development Framework must use a human rights approach in its
implementation. The accountability mechanisms to womens machinery must be enhanced with a bottom up
approach in a human rights based framework and in full compliance with accountability and reporting mechanisms as
set out in the national constitution and international obligations. The post-2015 Development Framework must
provide clear and specific international and national indicators for monitoring progress in the area of poverty
eradication and womens equality in all relevant sectors, including government, civil society and the private sector.
12. Financial resources
Inequitable distribution of resources and allocation to wrong priorities and weak accountability have contributed to not
achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The post-2015 Development Framework must include gender
responsive budgeting, focusing on priorities such as: (i) the expansion of gender-sensitive public investment in quality
public goods, (ii) public infrastructure, (iii) economic and social services to create employment for women;
(iv)enhancing of womens labor market participation and productivity and (v) the provision of services to reduce the
burden of unpaid care work. Gender sensitive public finance reforms must be ensured. Efficiency, transparency and
accountability in budget processes must be improved through more efficient collection of revenues and targeting of
expenditures that ensure gender equal outcomes. The financial sector must be restructured to ensure that credit goes
to real investment and is accessible to small and medium enterprises especially in sectors dominated by women. The
formal banking system and financial institutions must enhance the provision of services reaching excluded groups of
poor women, small and medium enterprises, self employed workers, small holder farmers and youth, including those
without land and other collateral.
PAPER NO 3
1. a)explain the meaning of the following terms as used in gender issues-6
i.
ii.
gender equality-REPEATED
gender equity REPEATED
ii.
empowerment
. to give power or authority to; authorize, especially by legal or official means:
I empowered my agent to make the deal for me. The local ordinance empowers
the board of health to close unsanitary restaurants.
3. discuss 5 emerging gender issues in Africa and how the issues can be
contained-15
i.
Peace and Security [with focus on violence against
women conflict]
ii.
HIV and AIDS
iii.
Governance and human rights
iv.
Participation in leadership and decision making
v.
Economic Justice [with a focus on the impact of corruption
on access to social service delivery]
The identified issues are noted as a guide of potential issues for the CCPAUs attention 1, taking into account that these are issues that the CCP- AU
has the opportunities and capacity to focus on both from a mandate and
feasibility perspective.
Peace and Security: The continent has been witness to several conflicts
since 1990, ranging from internal conflicts such as experienced in Central
Africa in the early 1990s to the current conflicts in North Africa 2. The
majority of these conflicts, have had similar traits, namely the fact that
women suffer the effects of war disproportionately from men because of
their roles and location in society, and yet consistently, when the peace
building processes are initiated women are absent from these spaces. This
led to the formulation of UN Resolution 1325 of 2000, aimed at increasing
the participation of women both in the prevention and resolution of
conflict as well as to in increase the participation of women in building
and maintaining peace. The provisions of UN Resolution 1325 have
provided the policy framework for addressing conflict prevention and
resolution, on the continent, as shown by the wholesale adoption of its
principles in African Womens Protocol, the Solemn Declaration on Gender
Equality and the SADC Womens Rights Protocol, in fairly specific terms.
While the policy frameworks on peace and security are fairly recent
phenomena both in international and continental context, the reality that
conflict has affected women and men disproportionately is to be noted in
the development of appropriate strategies for conflict prevention and
management. This is the basis of the Nairobi Declaration on Womens and
Girls Rights to Remedy and Reparation 3. In fact the Nairobi Declaration is
one of the key strategies through which efforts are being made to address
the issues of both the participation of women in conflict prevention and
1 The choice of five issues is so that CCP-AU itself can have a variety of issues to
choose the two or three issues for focus. All the issues will be discussed broadly as a
basis for further discussion and debate at the roundtable.
2 Of course Africa has not been alone in the experience of conflict hence the
development of the United Nations Resolution 1325 at
http://www.un.org/events/res_1325e.pdf
3http://www.womensrightscoalition.org/site/reparation/signature_en.php
4 For example Seychelles, South Africa and Zimbabwe all have domestic
violence/gender based violence laws, that are difficult to implement more for lack of
resources rather than clarity of the policy framework.
significant progress has been made in recognition of these facts. This has
been achieved through deliberate efforts ranging from increasing the
enrolment of girls in school, through affirmative action initiatives to
accelerate womens rising in government and private institutions and
increased support for womens national economies; in different ways.
However womens lived realities generally seem to indicate that despite
the recognition of the discrimination and in the majority of cases, good
policies enunciated above, women continue to be discriminated against.
Reports on progress made in achieving gender equality indicate that
progress towards attaining full equality for women is far from being a
reality 12 and that in fact sub Saharan Africa seems to be the worst
performing continent in improving the lives of women.
What is clear from the foregoing is that the policy frameworks are not
consistent with the prevailing realities on the ground. Various
explanations have been proffered for the reason why women are generally
absent, or where they are present are invisible in governance and why
their rights are violated. The issues range from lack of political will on the
part of those in leadership to ensure that women realize their rights, while
in some cases resources are cited as the major factor state parties
become unable to meet their obligations to promoting the rights of
women. Whatever the cause, what is clear is that there is need for greater
recognition of the rights of women and their right to participate and
influence in governance processes in their countries and regions.
CCP- AU may need to consider advocating for more stringent monitoring
of the various womens rights policies and laws. They may also be need to
consider creating a structure for monitoring implementation of womens
rights and their engagement with governance processes at continental
civil society level, to be used as an information tool both for the AU and
the partners of the CCP-AU,
Participation in Leadership and Decision Making: Possibly the one
area that most signifies the challenge of gender inequality on the
continent is the womens participation in leadership and decision making.
The world over, womens participation in decision making has been at
best low and at worst impossible, largely due to women and mens
inequality and the impact of violence against women both in the private
and public spheres. Women constitute the majority in most countries on
the continent and yet they are not proportionately represented nor
adequately represented in key decision making bodies. This exclusion of
women from leadership and decision has also negatively impacted on
development of the continent, because as noted by the former UN
iii.
gender violence
Gender violence includes rape, sexual assault, relationship
violence in heterosexual and same sex partnerships, sexual
harassment, stalking, prostitution and sex trafficking. The term
"gender violence" reflects the idea that violence often serves to
maintain structural gender inequalities, and includes all types of
violence against men, women, children, adolescents, gay,
transgender people and gender non conforming. This type of
violence in some way influences or is influenced by gender
relations. To adequately address this violence, we have to address
cultural issues that encourage violence as part of masculinity.
patriarchy
Patriarchy is a social system in which males hold primary power,
predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social
privilege and control of property. In the domain of the family,
fathers or father-figures hold authority over women and children.
Some patriarchal societies are also patrilineal, meaning that
property and title are inherited by the male lineage and descent
is reckoned exclusively through the male line, sometimes to the
point where significantly more distant male relatives take
precedence over female relatives.
The female alternative is matriarchy.
v.
womens role in sustainable livelihoods, womens health and violence against women, to
more general topics such as poverty, education, economic development, food and
natural resources. The expert meeting said to be committed to the attainment of the
Millennium Development Goals and the acceleration of their implementation and to the
prior commitments in the Beijing Platform of Action.
STATEMENT
The Post-2015 Development Agenda and Gender Equality in Kenya
Naivaisha, 16 18 September 2013
Expert Meeting convened by UN Women
The deliberation on the Post 2015 Development Agenda and Gender Equality in Kenya
held in Naivasha included 37 experts from Kenya, with representation from diverse
backgrounds, constituencies and professional backgrounds including community
organisers and women grassroots organisations, persons with disability, the youth and
pastoralist communities, civil society, the government, the gender sector, the UN civil
society advisory group, development partners and academia. The expertise covered a
range of thematic areas, including agriculture, poverty, economic development, health,
Hiv/Aids, gender based violence, education, sustainable development and climate
change, peace and security, governance and womens leadership.
We are committed to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals and the
acceleration of their implementation and to the prior commitments in the Beijing
Platform of Action. We resolve to contribute to the Post-2015 Development Agenda and
Beijing + 20, recognising other relevant resolutions such as UNSCR 1325 and the New
Deal. We recognize the challenges we face in our country and in the world and the
contribution we can make to ensure the safety of this planet and of our people. We have
been inspired by the sharing of the specific expertise and experiences and discovering
the common challenges we face and interests we have. We believe the problems we
face are interconnected and we call for a transformative approach to address the
fragility and vulnerability of our communities so that our needs and priorities are
addressed in the post-2015 development framework:
1. Womens role in sustainable livelihoods
Humankind is the custodian of the planet and the threat posed by climate change
challenges everyone without distinction. The commoditisation of traditional resources
and criminalisation of the use of traditional seeds threatens livelihoods. Women in our
communities carry valuable knowledge and expertise to stop, adapt and mitigate the
risks associated with climate change. The rights of our indigenous communities,
practices, access to seeds, land and indigenous assets must be protected. The right to
produce our traditional food, crops and use of traditional methods and lifestyles, such as
pastoralism, must be upheld and protected so that we can feed the people of our land.
2. Natural resources
Opportunities emerging in the context of mining and exploitation of natural resources
must be set against the costs to our sustainable livelihoods, and the costs in terms of
environmental damage, harm to sustainable farming practices and pastoralism and
traditional protection mechanisms to feed the majority of people in our country. The
competition over increasingly scarce resources emerging from globalisation threatens
basic needs, such as access to water, land, food and livelihoods. Conflicts emerging
over these resources, appear in many forms and many levels which are interrelated.
Land should be protected so that communities can sustain themselves and help feed
and sustain our country. Womens rights must be respected so that they have access to
safe drinking water, cultivable land and shelter.
3. Food
Food production is a vital economic activity of our country and women are the key
providers of food crops. Food sovereignty should be enhanced by recognising the value
of smallholder farmers, pastoralists and communities in providing food to their
communities and enhance their supply to the national market and food chains so that it
can feed the people of our country. Access to indigenous seeds, water and renewable
energy are central to sustain healthy, nutritious and affordable, food production.
4. Poverty
Poverty must be understood in terms of inequality and justice. Women and girls are
bearing the brunt of poverty and inequality in our country has increased. Poverty affects
our families and communities. Gender equality must be at the core of any strategy
aiming at the eradication of poverty. Gender disaggregate data must be collected and
understood so that the dimensions of inequality between women and men are analysed
in terms of understanding root causes of poverty. Communities must be enhanced to
collect and use data to effectively drive demand for accountability to the needs of
citizens. The eradication of poverty must be a primary concern of our country and of the
international community so as to respect the dignity of all.
5. Economic Development and the burden of unpaid care work
Women actively contribute to society and the economy and this contribution must be
accounted. Inclusive development requires investments in rural and urban informal
settlements. Women must get access to credit and economic resources. Womens
economic sector activities should be enhanced by widening their skills and technology
capacity to improve their productive base. Women participate disproportionally to the
informal sector, lacking social protection whilst the burden of care in relation to child
care, elderly care, care for the sick, and care for the household is carried by women and
girls often as low or unpaid work. Inclusive economic models that enhance decent work
and youth employment are central to decrease gender inequalities. The economic value
of care work must be recognised and women must get access to social services.
Universal social protection must be put in place to ensure dignity of all and alleviate the
multiple burdens on women and girls.
6. The crisis of violence against women and girls
Violence against women and girls is increasingly becoming a crisis and is heightened in
conflict settings, creating fear, discrimination and powerlessness. Violence against
women and girls in the culture of impunity impacts on their health, dignity and economic
productivity and is compounded by the stigma carried by violence. Sexual and gender
based violence also affect boys and men, and they should be engaged to help end
violence against women and girls so that socio-cultural practices that perpetuate
inequality are challenged. Capacities of traditional and community conflict resolution
mechanisms must be made responsive to women and girls, while empowering women
and girls to demand and ensure that their rights are respected. The participation of
women and girls to fully share in decision-making in households and communities
should be reinforced. Justice, prosecution and reconciliation mechanisms to address
violence against women and girls must be equally strengthened so that rights of women
and girls are upheld. Legal aid, service delivery and access to justice and services are
vitally important to address the crisis of violence against women and girls.
7. Womens Health
Increased maternal mortality rates in Kenya is alarming and efforts are required to
address this worrying trend. Every person has a right to the highest attainable standard
of health, including sexual reproductive health. Women must have access to
Reproductive Health and Rights. The fight against HIV/Aids crucially requires that
women can make decisions in relation to sexuality within and outside marriage. Girls
must be protected from harmful cultural practices such as early marriage and Female
Genital Mutilation. Women must have access to quality maternal health services with
quality nursing and social staff.
8. Education
Women and girls continue to experience discrimination and exclusion from access to
quality education, have lower retention rates and are underrepresented at the
secondary and tertiary levels leading to reduced economic opportunities, poorer health,
and increased poverty and marginalisation. Education plays a crucial role in human
development and the realisation of human potential. Education for women and girls has
a transformative effect on communities and societies and is the single most effective
strategy to enhance the health, economic development and general well being of
society. Structural socio-economic and cultural barriers to womens education include
cost, distance and harmful cultural practices and attitudes (early marriage, gender
stereotypes etc). Measures must be taken to ensure equal access by women and girls
to quality education, including mobile schools for pastoralist communities and boarding
schools. Quality Education must be available at all levels through policies and
interventions that remove structural barriers to their education and facilitate their full
participation in development.
9. Women, peace and security
Conflict affects women and girls differently and they must be included as key actors in
peace and security. Their substantive inclusion should be organized around the pillars of
participation, protection, promotion, relief and recovery. The post 2015 development
framework must incorporate UNSCR 1325 which acknowledges women as agents of
peace and presents an opportunity for Kenyan women through the Kenya National
Action Plan that expounds the priority areas for women, peace and security in the
context of marginalized counties in Kenyas new devolved structures. The post 2015
Development framework must take a human security approach which focuses primarily
on protecting people while promoting peace and assuring sustainable development. It
has to adopt a women-centred approach for resolving inequalities that affect security. It
seeks to hold the government accountable for the safety and security of Kenyan
women. In the Post- 2015 Development Agenda there is need to design national targets
with gender specific indicators that build on the existing gender equality commitments
that the country has made. This link should prioritise the delivery of security and safety
of women while stressing the importance of involving women in security, justice, and
economic empowerment programmes.
10. Womens Leadership
The exclusion of women from leadership and decision-making processes in Kenya has
led to inequality and skewed policies, increasing womens marginalisation, poverty and
insecurity. Womens participation in leadership and decision making in the social,
economic and political spheres is crucial in ensuring good governance and
accountability. Socio-cultural impediments against womens leadership within
communities, including pastoralist communities, must be removed. Legitimate
governance requires that affirmative action is taken to ensure representation of women
in governance at all levels. Decentralised governance and traditional leadership
structures must be responsive to womens needs and concerns and include women as
actors in decisionmaking. Comprehensive support and mentoring women into political
leadership and strengthening of accountability of political structures to women
constituencies must be enhanced so that women can effectively influence policies
through political systems, while national election systems and mechanisms must be
made more conducive to the participation of women in local, county and national
governance and leadership. Quality of governance must be audited by measuring the
representation of women in decision making in civil society, government and the private
sector.
11. Monitoring and accountability
The monitoring of the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals has been
weak because of the inadequate baseline and sex-disaggregated data. The Millennium
Development Goals Indicators lack a gender dimension and the monitoring of the MDGs
has remained weak while indicators were not sufficiently robust in capturing the gender
dimensions. The post-2015 Development Framework must use a human rights
approach in its implementation. The accountability mechanisms to womens machinery
must be enhanced with a bottom up approach in a human rights based framework and
in full compliance with accountability and reporting mechanisms as set out in the
national constitution and international obligations. The post-2015 Development
Framework must provide clear and specific international and national indicators for
monitoring progress in the area of poverty eradication and womens equality in all
relevant sectors, including government, civil society and the private sector.
12. Financial resources
PAPER NO 5
1. a) explain the following terms in light of gender issues in development6
i. gender
ii.
development
b) Both men and women create and maintain the society and shape
the division of labour. Discuss why greater focus on division of labor is
on women-9
2. discuss the contemporary challenges of gender in relation to ruralurban migration-15
3. discuss the steps taken by the Kenya government to address gender
disparity in education and training with special reference to girls and
women-15
4. discuss elaborately any 5 emerging issues in gender and development15
5. using examples from various countries in Africa discuss the challenges
facing gender mainstreaming in development agenda-15
6. discuss the history of gender and development GAD from 1960 to
present-15
PAPER NO 6
1.
(a)Define the following terms:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Empowerment
Gender discrimination
Gender roles
Gender issues
(8 marks)
(b)
2.
Explain factors that influence the role of a man and woman in society.
(15 marks)
3.
(a)
Define the term gender mainstreaming.
marks)
(b)
(3
Discuss three (3) gains a Kenyan woman has achieved in the last five years
in following sectors.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Legal sector
Education Sector
Political Sector
Social Sector
Health Sector
marks)
(10
6.
Discuss how gender issues influence entrepreneurship and trade related
activities in Africa.
(15
marks)
7.
Explain the major concepts of the following approaches in develop discords.
(i)
(ii)
Women in development.
Gender and development.
marks)
(15
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Access To resources, benefits, information, decision-making for example)
is
influenced by acceptable gender and the established gender division of
labor.
Affirmative Action A policy or programme of taking steps to increase the
representation of
certain designed groups seeking to redress discrimination or bias through
active measures in education and employment. It is usually achieved
through discrimination against other groups.
Empowerment A process through which men, women, boys and girls
acquire knowledge,
skills and attitudes to critically analyze their situation and take appropriate
action to change the status quo of the underprivileged and other
marginalized groups in society.
Engender The process of ensuring that planning and programming is
appropriate for
and takes into account the female and male differences and concerns.
Gender This refers to the socially and culturally constructed differences
between
men and women; as distinct from sex which refers to their biological
differences. The social constructs vary across cultures and time.
Gender analysis This identifies analyzes and informs action. It addresses
inequalities that
arise from the different roles of men and women; the unequal power
relations between them; and other contextual factors like: ethnicity, sexual
orientation, employment, citizenship, etc.
Gender awareness This is the understanding that there are socially
determined differences
between men and women based on learned behaviour, which affect ability
to access and control resources.
Gender-Based Refers to any act of violence that results in, or is likely to
Violence result in
physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, girls, boys
and men on the basis of gender.
Gender Discrimination refers to unequal or preferential treatment of
individuals or groups on
the basis of their gender that results in reduced access to/ or control of
resources and opportunities
Gender Equality Refers to the equal treatment of women and men, girls
and boys so that
they can enjoy the benefits of development including equal access to and
control of opportunities and resources.