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Chemistry
Raymond Chang broadened the definition of "chemistry" to mean the study of matter
and the changes it undergoes
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Chemical Reaction
A process in which at least one new substance is produced as a
result of chemical change.
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Products
CO
+ Mg
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Al2S3
2Al +
3S
Al2S3
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Not Balanced
Balanced
Matter Is Conserved
H2
Cl2
2 HCl
+
Total atoms
2 H, 2 Cl
+
=
Total Mass
=
2(1.0) + 2(35.5)
73.0 g
=
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Total atoms
2H, 2 Cl
Total Mass
2(36.5)
73.0 g
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4NO + 6H2O
4N
4N
12 H
12 H
10 O
10 O
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1. Understand that some chemical reactions can be reversed by changing the reaction conditions (Limited
to the effects of heat and water on hydrated and anhydrous copper(II) sulfate and cobalt(II) chloride.)
2. Demonstrate kmnowledge and understanding of the concept of equilibrium
3. Predict the effect of changing the conditions (concentration, temperature and pressure) on other
reversible reactions
4. Describe and explain the essential conditions for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process
including the sources of hydrogen and nitrogen (hydrocarbons or steam and air)
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(reactants)
(products)
Hb
4O2
Hb.4O2
There are also some very important industrial reactions, like the Haber process,
that are reversible.
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13
+
+
hydrogen
chloride
ammonium
chloride
HCl (g)
NH4Cl (s)
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14
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reactant B
product
+
Dynamic equilibrium can only take place in a closed system, otherwise the products would escape.
A closed system is one in which no substances are either added to the system or lost from it. Energy
can, however, be transferred in or out at will.
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Effect
Temperature
Concentration
Pressure