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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A Building Information Model (BIM) is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics
of a facility.1 To successfully implement BIM, a project team must perform detailed and comprehensive
planning. A well documented BIM Project Execution Plan will ensure that all parties are clearly aware of
the opportunities and responsibilities associated with the incorporation of BIM into the project
workflow. A completed BIM Project Execution Plan should define the appropriate uses for BIM on a
project (e.g., design authoring, cost estimating, and design coordination), along with a detailed design
and documentation of the process for executing BIM throughout a projects lifecycle. Once the plan is
created, the team can follow and monitor their progress against this plan to gain the maximum benefits
from BIM implementation.
This Guide provides a structured procedure, as displayed in figure i-1, for creating and implementing a
BIM Project Execution Plan. The four steps within the procedure include:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Identify high value BIM uses during project planning, design, construction and operational
phases
Design the BIM execution process by creating process maps
Define the BIM deliverables in the form of information exchanges
Develop the infrastructure in the form of contracts, communication procedures, technology
and quality control to support the implementation
Readers who are not familiar with these concepts should first review the National Building Information
Modeling Standard, Part 1 available at http://www.buildingsmartalliance.org/nbims.
The goal for developing this structured procedure is to stimulate planning and direct communication by
the project team during the early phases of a project. The team leading the planning process should
included members from all the organizations with a significant role in the project. Since there is no
single best method for BIM implementation on every project, each team must effectively design a
tailored execution strategy by understanding the project goals, the project characteristics, and the
capabilities of the team members.
This BIM Project Execution Planning Guide is a product of the BIM Project Execution Planning
buildingSMART alliance (bSa) Project. The bSa is charged with developing the National Building
Information Modeling Standard (NBIMS). This Guide was developed to provide a practical manual that
can be used by project teams to design their BIM strategy and developing a BIM Project Execution Plan.
The core modeling and information exchange concepts have been developed to complement the longterm goals of the bSa in the development of a standard that can be implemented throughout the AECOO
Industry to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of BIM implementation on projects.
ii
Chimay Anumba, Professor and Head, Department of Architectural Engineering, Penn State
Craig Dubler, Graduate Research Assistant, Penn State
Shane Goodman, former MAE/BAE student, Penn State
Colleen Kasprzak, Graduate Research Assistant, Penn State
Ralph Kreider, Graduate Research Assistant, Penn State
John Messner, Director, CIC Research Program and Associate Professor of Architectural
Engineering, Penn State
Chitwan Saluja, former Graduate Research Assistant, Penn State
Nevena Zikic, former Graduate Research Assistant, Penn State
Contact information for the above authors can be found at the Computer Integrated Construction
Research Program website (http://www.engr.psu.edu/ae/cic/).
Additional Contributors:
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READERS GUIDE
This Building Information Modeling (BIM) Project Execution Planning Guide is directed toward readers
with a fundamental understanding of BIM concepts2.
The eight chapters in this Guide provide:
Appendices provide additional resources for implementing the BIM Project Execution Planning
Procedure on a project. These resources include blank template forms for completing each step within
the process. There are also example process maps and information exchange examples for a sample
project. The sample project used is a hypothetical Laboratory Project with a limited number of BIM Uses
so that it is easy to follow.
Electronic resources are available at the project website (http://www.engr.psu.edu/ae/cic/BIMEx).
These resources include Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for various template files, a Microsoft Visio file
with template process models, and an Adobe PDF template form for completing an execution plan.
Project teams can use these documents to develop their BIM Project Execution Plan, or copy
appropriate content to any customized organizational documents.
Readers who are not familiar with these concepts should first review the National Building Information Modeling
Standard, Part 1 available at http://www.buildingsmartalliance.org/nbims.
2
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research team wishes to thank the sponsors and project Advisory Board Members for their support
of the BIM Project Execution Planning Guide project. The team also wishes to thank the students at
Penn State who have contributed to portions of this guide, as well as the industry members who have
participated in surveys, interviews and case studies related to the project.
Sponsors:
Sponsor Directors:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................I
AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS........................................................................................................... III
READERS GUIDE............................................................................................................................. IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................V
CHAPTER ONE - OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT EXECUTION PLANNING PROCEDURE FOR BIM ................................1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CHAPTER TWO - IDENTIFYING BIM GOALS AND USES FOR A PROJECT ...........................................................9
1.
2.
3.
4.
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D
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CHAPTER SIX - IMPLEMENTING THE BIM PROJECT EXECUTION PLANNING PROCEDURE .................................... 35
1.
2.
3.
CHAPTER EIGHT - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BIM PROJECT EXECUTION PLANNING................ 43
APPENDIX A BIM GOAL WORKSHEET ............................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX B BIM USE DESCRIPTIONS ............................................................................................... 46
Building (Preventative) Maintenance Scheduling ........................................................................................... 47
Building Systems Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 48
Asset Management ......................................................................................................................................... 49
Space Management and Tracking ................................................................................................................... 50
Disaster Planning ............................................................................................................................................. 51
Record Modeling ............................................................................................................................................. 52
Site Utilization Planning .................................................................................................................................. 53
Construction System Design ............................................................................................................................ 54
Digital Fabrication ........................................................................................................................................... 55
3D Control and Planning.................................................................................................................................. 56
3D Coordination .............................................................................................................................................. 57
Design Authoring ............................................................................................................................................. 58
Engineering Analysis (Structural, Lighting, Energy, Mechanical, Other) ......................................................... 59
Sustainability (LEED) Evaluation ...................................................................................................................... 60
Code Validation ............................................................................................................................................... 61
Design Reviews ................................................................................................................................................ 62
Programming ................................................................................................................................................... 63
Site Analysis ..................................................................................................................................................... 64
Phase Planning (4D Modeling) ........................................................................................................................ 65
Cost Estimation ............................................................................................................................................... 66
Existing Conditions Modeling .......................................................................................................................... 67
Business Process Mapping Notation (BPMN) Terms and Definitions: .................................................. 117
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4
5
6
7
8
A
B
C
D
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G
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3 NBIMS,
2. Why Should the Project Team Develop a BIM Project Execution Plan?
To effectively integrate BIM into the project delivery process, it is important for the team to develop a
detailed execution plan for BIM implementation. A BIM Project Execution Plan (hereinafter referred to
as the BIM Plan) outlines the overall vision along with implementation details for the team to follow
throughout the project. The BIM Plan should be developed in the early stages of a project; continually
developed as additional participants are added to the project; and monitored, updated, and revised as
needed throughout the implementation phase of the project. The plan should define the scope of BIM
implementation on the project, identify the process flow for BIM tasks, define the information
exchanges between parties, and describe the required project and company infrastructure needed to
support the implementation.
By developing a BIM Plan, the project and project team members can achieve the following value:
1. All parties will clearly understand and communicate the strategic goals for implementing BIM on
the project
2. Organizations will understand their roles and responsibilities in the implementation
3. The team will be able to design an execution process which is well suited for each team
members business practices and typical organizational workflows
4. The plan will outline additional resources, training, or other competencies necessary to
successfully implement BIM for the intended uses
5. The plan will provide a benchmark for describing the process to future participants who join the
project
6. The purchasing divisions will be able to define contract language to ensure that all project
participants fulfill their obligations
7. The baseline plan will provide a goal for measuring progress throughout the project.
BIM, like other new technologies, can carry some level of additional process risk when implemented by
teams that are not experienced with the implementation process, or if people are not familiar with the
strategies and processes of their team members. Ultimately, the entire team will gain value through the
increased level of planning by reducing the unknowns in the implementation process thereby reducing
the overall risk to all parties and the project.
The four steps, shown in Figure 1-1, consist of identifying the appropriate BIM goals and uses on a
project, designing the BIM execution process, defining the BIM deliverables, and identifying the
supporting infrastructure to successfully implement the plan. These steps are introduced in the
following sections, and then a chapter in this guide is dedicated to explaining the details related to each
step. Detailed templates have also been created to support each of these steps. These templates are
available on the project website as well as the printed examples included in the Appendices of this
guide.
BIM Use is a unique task or procedure on a project which can benefit from the integration of
BIM into that process. The twenty-five identified uses are not comprehensive, but provide a
good representation of the current uses of BIM within the industry. Several examples of BIM
Uses include design authoring, 4D modeling, cost estimating, space management and record
modeling. The team should identify and prioritize the appropriate BIM Uses which they have
identified as beneficial to the project. The procedure for identifying BIM Goals and Uses is
discussed in further detail in Chapter Two of this guide.
Design the BIM Execution Process
Once the team has identified the BIM Uses, a process mapping procedure for planning the BIM
implementation needs to be performed. Initially, a high level map showing the sequencing and
interaction between the primary BIM Uses on the project is developed (see Figure 1-2). This
allows all team members to clearly understand how their work processes interact with the
processes performed by other team members.
Figure 1-2: High Level BIM Use Map (see Chapter 3 for full size image)
After the high level map is developed, then more detailed process maps should be selected or
designed by the team members responsible for each detailed BIM Use. For example, the high
level map will show how the BIM authoring, energy modeling, cost estimating, and 4D modeling
are sequenced and interrelated. A detailed map will show the detailed process that will be
performed by an organization or, in some cases, several organizations, such may be the case for
energy modeling. The procedure for designing the BIM execution process is discussed in further
detail in Chapter 3 of this guide.
When complete, the BIM Plan should address the following categories of information:
1. BIM Project Execution Plan Overview Information: Document the reason for creating the
Project Execution Plan.
2. Project Information: The Plan should include critical project information such as project
numbers, project location, project description, and critical schedule dates for future reference.
3. Key Project Contacts: As part of the reference information, A BIM Plan should include contact
information for key project personnel.
4. Project Goals / BIM Objectives: This section should document the strategic value and specific
uses for BIM on the project as defined by the project team in the initial step of the planning
procedure. Additional information regarding this category is included in Chapter Two.
5. Organizational Roles and Staffing: One of the primary tasks is to define the coordinator(s) of
the BIM planning and execution process throughout the various stages of the project. This is
particularly important when identifying the organization(s) who will initiate the development of
the BIM Plan, as well as the required staff to successfully implement the plan.
6. BIM Process Design: This section should clearly illustrate the execution process through the use
of process maps which are developed in the second step of the planning procedure. Additional
information regarding this category is included in Chapter Three.
7. BIM Information Exchanges: The model elements and level of detail required to implement
each BIM Use should be clearly defined in the information exchanges requirements. Additional
information regarding this category is included in Chapter Four.
8. BIM and Facility Data Requirements: The owners requirements for BIM must be documented
and understood.
9. Collaboration Procedures: The team should develop their electronic and collaboration activity
procedures. This includes the definition of model management procedures (e.g., file structures,
and file permissions) as well as typical meeting schedules and agendas.
10. Model Quality Control Procedures: A procedure for ensuring that the project participants meet
the defined requirements should be developed and monitored throughout the project.
11. Technology Infrastructure Needs: The hardware, software and network infrastructure required
to execute the plan should be defined.
12. Model Structure: The team should discuss and document items such as model structure, file
naming structure, coordinate system, and modeling standards.
13. Project Deliverables: The team should document deliverables required by the owner.
14. Delivery Strategy / Contracts: This section should define the delivery strategy which will be
used on the project. The delivery strategy, e.g., design-build vs. design-bid-build, will impact
implementation and it will also impact the language which should be incorporated into the
contracts to ensure successful BIM implementation.
Note: These items are discussed in further detail in Chapter 5 of this guide.
7. How Does the BIM Planning Procedure Integrate With the National BIM
Standard?
The National Building Information Modeling Standard (NBIMS) is currently being developed by the
buildingSMART alliance, a part of the National Institute for Building Sciences. The goal of the NBIMS is
to identify and define standard information exchanges that are required on facility projects. The BIM
Plan Procedure is designed to complement the standard exchange requirements under development in
Building Information Modeling Execution Planning Guide
2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group
The Pennsylvania State University
the NBIMS initiative. Ultimately, the vision will be that a project team can seamlessly integrate the
information exchanges in the NBIMS with step 3 of this execution planning procedure which focuses on
Information Exchange Requirements. As the information exchanges become standard throughout the
industry, the third step of this process could be simplified by referencing the standard exchanges,
instead of providing a custom information exchange requirement for a task.
The BIM Plan Procedure will also be submitted for potential acceptance as a standard procedure for
creating BIM Project Execution Plans for incorporation into the NBIMS. If the industry standardizes the
procedure for planning the BIM Execution on projects, then organizations can create their typical
company workflows and procedures in a format to easily integrate with the BIM Plan Procedure. This
will make it easier for teams to quickly plan the execution strategy on a project. If all organizations map
their standard processes, then the project execution planning procedure is a design task which compiles
the different work processes from the various team members (see Figure 1-4). It will also make it easier
for team members including the owner to quickly and effectively understand and evaluate execution
plans since they will be organized in a standard format with consistent information.
2
The first step in developing a BIM Project Execution Plan is to identify the appropriate BIM Uses based
on project and team goals. A current challenge and opportunity faced by the early project planning
team is identifying the most appropriate uses for BIM on a project given the project characteristics,
participants goals and capabilities, and the desired risk allocations. There are many different tasks
which can benefit from the incorporation of BIM. These benefits are documented as BIM Uses, and this
guide includes twenty-five uses for consideration on a project (see Figure 2-1). The goal of this chapter
is to provide a method for identifying appropriate BIM Uses for project implementation.
installed designs through detailed 3D coordination of systems, or developing more accurate record
models to improve the quality of performance modeling and commissioning.
Other goals may target the efficiency of specific tasks to allow for overall time or cost savings by the
project participants. These goals include the use of modeling applications to create design
documentation more efficiently, to develop estimates through automated takeoffs, or to reduce the
time to enter data into the maintenance system. These items are only suggestions of potential goals
that the project team may have when beginning to decide how to implement BIM on a project. It is by
no means a comprehensive list and it is essential to identify the specific goals that will provide incentive
for implementing BIM on the project.
A hypothetical new Laboratory Building constructed on a university campus will be used throughout the
following three chapters to illustrate the steps in the guide. Sample project goals from this example
project are shown in Table 2-1. Additionally, a blank BIM Goal Worksheet can be found in Appendix A.
Table 2.1 Sample BIM Goals for a Laboratory Building Project
It is important to understand that some goals may relate to specific uses while other goals may not. For
example, if there is a project goal to increase field labor productivity and quality through large amounts
of prefabrication, then the team can consider the 3D Design Coordination BIM Use which will allow the
team to identify and correct potential geometric conflicts prior to construction. On the other hand, if
the teams goal was to increase the sustainability of the building project, several uses may assist in
accomplishing that goal.
10
descriptions were developed to provide a brief overview for project team members who may not be
familiar with the BIM Use, and to provide additional information that the project team may find valuable
during the selection process. Each description includes an overview of the BIM Use, potential benefits,
required team competencies, and selected resources that can be referenced for additional information
about the BIM Use. An example of a BIM Use description is shown below in Figure 2-3.
11
This perspective to begin with the end in mind will identify the downstream desired uses of
information which should be supported by earlier processes in the lifecycle of the project. By identifying
these downstream BIM uses first, the team can focus on identifying reusable project information and
important information exchanges.
12
Figure 2-4: BIM Use Selection Worksheet Example (Partial List See Appendix F Information Exchange Worksheet
for full information exchange worksheet)
5 BIM
13
along with potential outside participants that may be needed to assist with the implementation.
List the lead responsible party first in the spreadsheet.
3. Rate the capabilities of each party for each BIM use identified in the following categories
a. Resources6 Does the organization have the resources necessary to implement the BIM
Use required? Some of the general resources required include:
Software
Software Training
Hardware
IT support
7
b. Competency Does the responsible party have the know-how to successfully
implement the specific BIM use? To determine competency, the project team should
understand the details for the BIM use and how it will be carried out on the specific
project.
c. Experience - Has the responsible party performed the Use of BIM in the past? The team
experience associated with each BIM Use is vital to the success of implementation.
4. Identify additional value and risk associated with each Use
The team should consider the potential value gained, as well as, additional project risk that may
be incurred by proceeding with each BIM Use. These value and risk elements should be
incorporated into the notes column of the BIM Use Selection Worksheet.
5. Determine whether or not to implement each BIM Use
The team should discuss each BIM Use in detail to determine whether or not the BIM Use is
appropriate for the project given its characteristics (both project and team). This will require
that the team determine the potential added value or benefit to the project and then compare
this potential benefit to the cost of implementation. The team will also need to consider the risk
elements associated with implementing or not implementing each particular BIM Use. For
example, some BIM Uses can significantly reduce overall project risk, however they may shift
risk from one party to another. In other situations, the implementation of a BIM Use may
potentially add risk for a party when they successfully perform their scope of work. Once all
factors are considered, the team needs to make a go / no go decision related to each BIM Use.
Also understand that as the team decides to perform several BIM Uses, others may become
easier to implement because the team members can leverage existing information. For
example, if the architectural design is authored in a 3D parametric modeling application, then it
is less expensive to implement 3D design coordination
Specific resources and competencies associated with successful implementation can be found under the description of
each BIM Use in Appendix B or the project website.
7 Specific resources and competencies associated with successful implementation can be found under the description of
each BIM Use in Appendix B or the project website.
6
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After each BIM Use is identified, it is necessary to understand the implementation process for each BIM
Use and the implementation process of the project as a whole. This chapter describes a procedure to
design the BIM Project Execution Process. The process map developed in this step allows the team to
understand the overall BIM process, identify the information exchanges that will be shared between
multiple parties, and clearly define the various processes to be performed for the identified BIM Uses.
The use of process mapping techniques allows the team to effectively perform this step. These process
maps will also serve as the basis for identifying other important implementation topics including
contract structure, BIM deliverable requirements, information technology infrastructure, and selection
criteria for future team members.
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16
the process for performing the three estimates would be added into the high level map at three
locations, but the team could reference a single detailed map for further information.
3
Figure 3-1: Notation for a Process in the Overview Process Map
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Figure 3-2: Portion of the BIM Overview Map for the Laboratory Project
(see larger formatted version in Appendix E)
To illustrate the results of an overview mapping task, the BIM Overview Map for the Laboratory
Project defines the overall BIM Uses that the team has employed for the project which are
Design Authoring, Energy Analysis, 4D Modeling, 3D Design Coordination, and Record Modeling
(reference Figure 3-3). It identifies that Energy Analysis will be performed during the schematic
design phase, where as 4D Modeling and 3D Design Coordination will be performed during
design development and the construction document phases. The map also identifies the key
Information Exchanges that are shared between different parties.
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19
No
Activity 1
Activity 2
Responsible Party A
Responsible Party B
Yes
Activity 3
Responsible Party B
If Goals Met?
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Figure 3-5: Detailed BIM Use Process Map for 4D Modeling for the Laboratory Project
(see Appendix E for larger scale map)
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To develop a Process Map for the BIM Plan, the following symbols may be used :
Table 3-1: Process Mapping Notation for BIM Process Maps
Element
Event
Process
Description
An Event is an occurrence in the course of a business process. Three
types of Events exist, based on when they affect the flow: Start,
Intermediate, and End.
A Process is represented by a rectangle and is a generic term for
work or activity that entity performs.
Gateway
Sequence Flow
Association
Pool
Lane
Data Object
Group
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Notation
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The goal of this chapter is to present a method for defining information exchanges (identified in Chapter
Three) between project processes that are crucial to successful BIM implementation. To define these
exchanges, the team needs to understand what information is necessary to deliver each BIM Use. To
assist in this task, an Information Exchange (IE) Worksheet was designed. The Information Exchange
Worksheet should be completed in the early stages of a project after designing and mapping the BIM
process. A blank IE Worksheet is available in Appendix F and the procedure for filling out the worksheet
is described in Section Two of this chapter.
INFORMATION
INFORMATION
EXCHANGE
EXCHANGE
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particular BIM Use is not authored by an upstream team member, then the information needed must be
created by the responsible party of that Use. Therefore, it is up to the project team to decide who
should be authoring this information and when this information needs to be placed into the BIM. For
simplistic purposes, it is only necessary that the team define one information exchange requirement for
each BIM Use; although, there may be several exchanges that take place. These exchanges should be
clarified in the Level Two process maps depicted in Chapter Three.
After process map development, information exchanges between project participants are clearly
identified. It is important for the team members and, in particular, the author and receiver (for each
information exchange transaction) to clearly understand the information content. The procedure for
creating the information exchange requirements is detailed below:
1) Identify each potential information exchange from the Level 1 Process Map
Information Exchanges that are shared between two parties should be defined. One BIM Use
may have multiple exchanges; however, to simplify the process, only one exchange is necessary
to document each Use. Also, the time of exchange should be derived from the Level One Map.
This ensures that the involved parties know when the BIM deliverables are expected to be
completed along the projects schedule. The project phases should also be identified in the
project specific contract language (Chapter Five). When possible, the BIM Use exchanges should
be listed in chronological order to give a visual representation of the progression of the model
requirement.
2) Choose a Model Element Breakdown structure for the project
After the project team has established the Information Exchanges (IE), the team should select an
element breakdown structure for the project. Currently, the IE Worksheet uses the CSI
Uniformat II structure; however other options are available on the BIM Execution project
website.
3) Identify the Information Requirements for each Exchange (Output & Input)
To define each information exchange, the following information should be documented:
a. Model Receiver Identify all project team members that will be receiving the information
to perform a future BIM Use. These parties are responsible for filling out the Input
Exchanges. Output exchanges will not have a model receiver, and should be filled out by the
project team, initiated by the Architect.
b. Model File Type List the specific software application(s), as well as, the version that will be
used to manipulate the model during each BIM Use by the receiver. This is pertinent in
order to identify any interoperability that may exist between exchanges.
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c. Information Identify only the information necessary for the BIM Use implementation.
Currently, the IE Worksheet uses a three tier level of detail structure, shown in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1: Information Level of Detail
4
d. Notes Not all necessary requirements for model content may be covered by the
information and element breakdown structure, and if more description is needed, it should
be added as a note. Notes can be specific to certain modeling content and/or depict a
modeling technique.
4) Assign Responsible Parties to Author the Information Required
Each line item in an Information Exchange should have a party who is responsible for creating
the information. The responsibility for creating the information should lie with the party that
best understands the information. And the time of input should be when it is most efficient
within the project, based on the professionals schedule, the progress of the design. This should
be designated by the time the exchange takes place. Table 4-2 below is a list of potential
responsible parties.
Table 4-2: List of Potential Responsible Parties
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A OUTPUT
B INPUT
C INPUT
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The final step in the four-part BIM Project Execution Planning Procedure is to identify and define the
project infrastructure required to effectively implement BIM as planned. Fourteen specific categories
support the BIM project execution process. These categories, as displayed in Figure 5-1, were
developed after analyzing the documents listed below12, reviewing current execution plans, discussing
the issues with industry experts and revised through extensive review by various industry organizations.
This chapter describes each category of the BIM Project Execution Plan. Information for each category
can vary significantly by project, therefore the goal of the description is to initiate discussion and
address content areas and decisions which need to be made by the project team. Additionally a
template BIM Project Execution Plan has been developed and is available on the project website13 and
referenced in Appendix G BIM Project Execution Plan Template. Please note that the information
contained in the template will have to be customized based on the project. Additional information may
be necessary, while other information could be removed.
The AIA BIM Protocol Exhibit, the ConsensusDOCS BIM Addendum, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
BIM Roadmap and the Autodesk Communication Specifications define processes, standards and/or contract language for
BIM execution on projects. The contents of these documents were compiled and organized to determine key aspects of
BIM implementation both on a project and within an organization. The content categories of these implementation
documents are contained in Appendix G of this document, along with their relation to the BIM Project Execution Planning
categories defined in this guide.
12
13
www.engr.psu.edu/BIM
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2. Project Information
When developing the Project Execution Plan, the team should review and document critical project
information that may be valuable for the BIM team for future reference. This section includes basic
Project information that may be valuable for current and future. It can be used to help introduction
new members to the project as well as help others reviewing the plan understand the project. This
section may include items such as project owner, project name, project location and address, contract
type / delivery method, brief project description, project number(s) and the project schedule / phases /
milestones. See figure 5-2 for example project information items. Any additional general project
information can and should be included in this section. Additional project information includes unique
project characteristics, project budget, project requirements, contract status, funding status, and unique
project requirements, etc.
BIM Project Execution Plan
Categories
Project Owner
Project Name
Project Location and Address
Contract Type / Delivery Method
Brief Project Description
BIM Process Design
Project Numbers
Project Schedule / Phases / Milestones
Figure 5-2: Diagram of Critical Project Overview Information
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9. Collaboration Procedures
The team must develop their electronic and activity collaboration procedures. This includes model
management (e.g., model check-out, revision procedures, etc.), and standard meeting actions and
agendas.
Collaboration Strategy
The team should document how the project team will collaborate in general. When planning,
consider items such as communication methods, document management and transfer, and
record storage, etc.
Information Exchange Name ( should be drawn from step 3 of the planning process)
Information Exchange Sender
Information Exchange Receiver
One-Time or Frequency (is this a one time or periodic exchange? If periodic, how
often?)
Start and due dates
Model file Type
Software used to create file
Native file type
File exchange types (receiver file type)
Interactive Workspace
The project team should consider the physical environment it will need throughout the lifecycle
of the project to accommodate the necessary collaboration, communication, and reviews that
will improve the BIM Plan decision making process. Describe how the project team will be
located. Consider questions like will the team be collocated? If so, where is the location and
what will be in that space? Will there be a BIM Trailer? If yes, where will it be located and what
will be in the space such as computers, projectors, tables, table configuration? Include any
additional information necessary information about workspaces on the project.
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Visual Check: Ensure there are no unintended model components and the design intent
has been followed by using navigation software
Interference Check: Detect problems in the model where two building components are
clashing by a Conflict Detection software
Standards Check: Ensure that the model is to the standards agreed upon by the team.
Element Validation: Ensure that the dataset has no undefined or incorrectly defined
elements
Each party should designate a responsible party to make sure that the agreed upon process for
quality control of models and data has been followed before accepting submittals and model
revisions.
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Defining a file naming structure for all designers, contractor, subcontractors, and other
project members
Describing and diagram how the models will be separated (e.g. by building, by floors, by
zones, by areas, and/or by disciplines)
Describing the measurement system (imperial or metric) and coordinate system (georeferenced / origin point) to be used to allow for easier model integration.
Identifying and agreeing upon items such as the BIM and CAD standards, content
reference information, and the version of IFC, etc.
32
Consider BIM requirements when selecting the delivery approach and when drafting contracts.
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Design-Build are highly collaborative delivery methods that
facilitate information sharing based on the risk and reward structure14, and several new contract
forms were recently released to address BIM, delivery structure and contracting15.
If you do not plan to use IPD or Design-Build on a project or the delivery method has already
been selected, BIM can still successfully be implemented with other delivery structures, such as
Design-Bid-Build or CM at Risk. When using a less integrated delivery structure, it is important
to work through an initial BIM Execution Process and then assign roles and responsibilities in the
contract structure. It is also important that there is buy-in from all the team members so that all
parts can have as much success as possible. Without buy-in from all members, it will decrease
the quality of the BIM product, lead to added work by other project members and could result,
at worst, in unsuccessful implementation of BIM on that project.
Team Selection Procedure
The planning team needs to consider the criteria and procedure for the selection of future
project team members based on their organizations BIM ability. When creating the criteria, the
team needs to review the competencies for each BIM Use selected during the planning process.
After the required competencies are determined, project teams should require the new project
Please refer to the following documents for more information on IPD and Design-Build: AIA IPD Agreements: C1962008, C197-2008; AIA Integrated Project Delivery Guide (IPDG); AIA Design Build (DB) Agreements: A441-2008, C4412008. DBIA, ConsensusDOCS, and EJDC documents also include information beyond the scope of this project.
15
More information and samples of the AIA and ConsensusDOCS documents can be found at
www.aiacontractdocuments.org and www.consensusdocs.org.
14
33
members to display that they have those competencies through examples of prior work or
demonstrations. It is critical that all team members have the ability to perform their BIM
responsibilities.
BIM Contractual Language
Integrating BIM on a project not only improves particular processes, but also increases the
degree of project collaboration. Collaboration is of particular importance when the contract
affects the degree of change in the project delivery process and provides some control over
potential liability issues16. The owner and team members should pay careful attention to the
drafting of BIM contractual requirements since they will guide the participants actions.
The following areas should be considered and included in contracts where applicable:
Standard contracts may be used on BIM projects, but edit the contents to include the necessary
items mentioned. There are several contract addendums or modified contract forms address
BIM implementation on a project (see below17). A written BIM Project Execution Plan should be
specifically referenced and required within the developed contracts for the project so that team
members participate in the planning and implementation process.
BIM requirements should also be incorporated into consultant, subcontractor and vendor
agreements. For example, the team may require each subcontractor to model the scope of
work for 3D design coordination, or they may wish to receive models and data from the vendors
for incorporation into the coordination or record models. Modeling initiatives required by
consultants, subcontractors, and vendors must be clearly defined within the contracts including
the scope, schedule for delivery of the model, and file / data formats. By having the BIM
requirements in the contract, it ensures that all team members a legally require to complete
implementation as planned. If BIM was not written into contracts additional steps need to be
taken to ensure that the BIM Plan is followed by all project team members.
16 Larson,
D.A., and K.A. Golden (2008). Entering the Brave New World: An Introduction to Contracting for BIM. William
Mitchell Law Review, Volume 34.
17 Several contract addendums or modified contract forms address BIM implementation on a project: AIA E202-2008: BIM
Protocol Exhibit. This document addresses the development of a model throughout a project; AIA E201-2007 Document:
Digital Data Protocol Exhibit; ConsensusDOCS 301 BIM Addendum. This document addresses the risk management of a
BIM design process; AIA C196-2008, C197-2008: IPD Agreements.
34
The development of the BIM Plan is a collaborative process. Some portions of the procedure, e.g.,
discussing the overall project goals, are a collaborative tasks, while other portions, e.g., defining the
required file structure or a detailed information exchange, do not necessarily require collaboration. The
key to successfully developing the plan is to ensure that meetings are scheduled for the collaborative
tasks when needed, and that the non-collaborative tasks are completed in a timely manner, in
preparation for these meetings. The BIM Plan can be developed through a series of collaborative
meetings, followed by work tasks which take place between the meetings. A series of four meeting have
been defined to develop the BIM Plan. The goal of presenting this four meeting series is to illustrate one
structure that the team can use to effectively develop the plan. For some projects, the team may be
able to reduce the number of meetings through effective collaboration between meetings.
35
36
37
38
As stated in the introduction, BIM Plans require typical methods developed by each organization
involved. The purpose of this chapter is to define how organizations can utilize the BIM Project
Execution Planning procedure to develop these typical methods for BIM project implementation. Figure
7.1 revisits the BIM Plan concept to show how individual means and methods play a vital role in the
implementation process. To obtain the greatest benefit from BIM, the organizations must be willing to
develop and share this information with the project team.
Organizations should develop internal standards of how they intend to use BIM as a company. By
completing the planning process as an organization prior to the Project BIM Plan, each stakeholder will
have a starting point for planning and be able to modify existing organization standards rather than
creating new standards. These standards can also be shared to with others within the organization to
help communicate means and methods. To create BIM Project Execution Planning standards for an
organization that same four-step procedure used for projects.
1. BIM Goals
Before generating goals, the organization should establish a BIM mission statement. When creating the
mission statement, consider why BIM is important to the organization and what reasons there are to use
BIM such as industry demand, owner requirements, competitive advantage, and innovation. By
generating a mission statement it sets the stage for future discussions of BIM.
Building Information Modeling Execution Planning Guide
2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group
The Pennsylvania State University
39
After a mission statement is established, the planning team should generate a list of standard project
goals that would benefit the organization. The list should be divided into several categories such as
required, recommended, and optional for each project. Additionally, the goals created should be
modifiable based on individual project and team characteristics. By generating standard goals it will
allow each project team to select from a menu of goal choices and reduced the time taken to generate
the goals. Moreover, the project teams should feel free to generate their own goals which can be
transferred back into the standard project goals.
2. BIM Uses
As an organization define typical BIM Uses for project and why they are important. Some Uses should
be required for every project, while others can only be suggested or optional based on team and project
characteristics. Standard BIM Uses can be determined using the tools for project execution planning
such as the BIM Use Analysis Worksheet. Using this worksheet, the planning teams can assess the
current BIM competencies the organization has and the additional competencies required for each BIM.
Using this worksheet and additional BIM know the planning team should rank the BIM. When planning
which BIM Uses should be required and suggested, it is important to recognize which BIM Uses build on
top of each other and which will deliver the best return. It is also critical that the planning team is not
overambitious about which BIM Uses are required and ensure that the selected BIM Uses are realistic
for project teams to accomplish. By determining which BIM Uses will be selected for each project, it will
increase the chance of those uses being completed and will also allow the organization to properly
evaluate which uses are most beneficial.
40
5. BIM Infrastructure
When planning organizational standards for BIM Project Execution Planning, it is important to consider
all the resources and infrastructure required to perform the selected resources. As part of this process
organizational BIM roles and responsibilities need to be defined. For each BIM Use selected, the
planning team should determine what type of personnel will be necessary to perform each use. The
planning team should establish a plan for adapting each BIM Uses personnel based on project size,
complexity, level of detail and scope. They should as determine which personnel will typical oversee the
BIM Use.
The organization needs to design standard collaboration procedures. Included in this task is crafting
standard strategies base on different project types and delivery methods. The planning team should
also determine standard collaboration activities and meetings that will take place on typical projects
including frequency and required attendees. As part of the planning process consider if an interactive
workspace, such as collocating all disciplines or a BIM trailer, would assist a typical project team. Layout
factors that determine how decide this question for each project. It is also essential that the
organization establishes standard electric communication procedures. As part of this, they should
determine what file storing and backup systems will be used. A standard file folder structure can also be
determined so that it is the same over all projects. Additionally, the planning team should establish
standards for sharing of information both externally and internally.
Along with collaboration procedures, quality control is valuable for every project. The quality of a model
can make or break a project; therefore the organization should have standard quality control processes
that are well documented and repeated to ensure model quality. Included in the planning should be
discussions on desired model accuracy and tolerances at various stages of the project.
41
The planning team needs to assess the software and hardware needs of each BIM Uses to compare to
the current software and hardware of the organization. If necessary upgrades and purchases should be
made to ensure that the software and hardware does not fall behind the required performance of the
equipment. If the proper equipment is not in place, it could result in lower productivity and increased
cost of each BIM Use. Modeling content and reference information should also be considered during
this time.
Time should be taken during the planning process to generate a standard model structure. This includes
standardizing at a minimum the file name structure, measurement and coordinate systems, and BIM
and CAD Standards.
Typical project deliverables need to be established based on different project characteristics. Project
Owners should establish a list of deliverables for each project based on all the information generated
during the planning process. Designer and contractors should also spend time creating a menu of BIM
services that add value to the project owner.
It is valuable to consider how BIM will be incorporated into both prime and subcontracts. Requirements
for BIM including BIM Project Execution Planning, BIM Uses, and information exchange should be
written into planning contracts. Delivery and Contacting Strategy should be considered. If possible,
consider using the contract and delivery strategy that is most applicable to BIM use, however if not
possible create a strategy for maximizing the potential of BIM. The planning team should also generate
a team selection procedure to determine the criteria that will be used for selecting contractors and
subcontractors for BIM projects.
42
43
The BIM Project Execution Procedure can be adapted to different contracting structures. It has been
proven that the BIM process has the ability to be more comprehensively adopted in an integrated
project delivery (IPD) method. However, none of the case studies used to validate this procedure were
used with an IPD contract. Because of this, it is evident that the core steps of the procedure are helpful
no matter the delivery method of the project. Depending on the contract strategy, additional steps may
be needed to ensure project planning success.
Developing an organizational BIM Project Execution Plan before project inception can decrease
project planning time. By performing organizational level planning, the team can reduce the amount of
time spent on each step of the planning process and maintain a manageable planning scope by defining
their standard goals, uses, processes, and information exchanges.
There is great value in early planning. If planning does not take place early, extra time may be needed
to resolve inconsistencies downstream. This often results in more time and resources used than the
original planning would have needed.
The BIM Plan should be treated as a living document. When beginning the BIM Project Execution
Planning process, it is valuable to understand that the BIM Plan will be constantly changing and updated.
It is unrealistic to assume that the project team will have all information necessary to completely
develop a BIM Plan at the inception of the project. It will take time to populate the information because
additional and new information must be incorporated as project team members are added.
Once an initial plan is developed, it must be reviewed regularly. A revision schedule needs to set
based on a frequency that the project team deems appropriate. Throughout the lifecycle of the project,
it is important to keep the initial project goals in mind to ensure that the team is working towards their
completion. If there is any deviation, there should be a reassessment of or a rededication of the original
goals.
The appropriate resources must be made available to ensure planning success. It is important to keep
in mind that the level of effort needed for this process should not be underestimated. Project teams
must consider the time allocated for planning when generating both the project schedule and project
budget. Due to the learning curve associated with this process, teams should overestimate the time it
will take to produce a BIM Project Execution Plan. The time associated with the learning curve can be
reduced by educating involved team members before delving into the process. Without proper planning
before the project specific meetings begin, many unexpected issues may arise that could have been
solved at an earlier time.
This procedure creates an opening for all BIM related discussions. Certain issues may have been
assumed or not even considered before the initial planning meeting. These discussions, while maybe
not pertaining directly to the BIM Execution Plan, may be extremely important and necessary to allow
for the entire project to run seamlessly.
The BIM Project Execution Planning Process will become more efficient once the teams have gone
through the process several times and have developed many of their own planning resources.
Building Information Modeling Execution Planning Guide
2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group
The Pennsylvania State University
44
Goal Description
Achieve Goal
45
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
46
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
Ability to understand and manipulate CMMS and building control systems with Record Model
Ability to understand typical equipment operation and maintenance practices
Ability to manipulate, navigate, and review a 3D Model
Selected Resources:
Campbell, D.A. (2007). BIM Web Applications for AEC, Web 3D Symposium.
Fallon, K. (2008). Interoperability: Critical to Achieving BIM Benefits. AIA Edges Website: Singh, H.; W.H.
Dunn (2008). Integrating Facilities Stovepipes for Total Asset Management (TAM). Journal of Building
Information Modeling, Spring 2008. http://www.aia.ord/nwsltr_tap.cfm?pagename=tap_a_0704_interop
ASHRAE (2003). HVAC design Manual for Hospitals and Clinics. Atlanta, GA. (2004). Federal energy
Management Program. O&M Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency, Release 2.0. July
2004. www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pds.OM_5.pdf
Piotrowski, J. (2001). Pro-Active Maintenance for Pumps. Archives, February 2001, Pump-Zone.com
47
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Building Systems Analysis Software (Energy, Lighting, Mechanical, Other)
Selected Resources:
Ayat E. Osman, Robert Ries. " Optimization For Cogeneration Systems in Buildings Based on Life Cycle
Assessment" May 2006, http://itocn.org/2006/20/
48
Asset Management
Description:
A process in which an organized management system will efficiently aid in the maintenance and
operation of a facility and its assets. These assets, consisting of the physical building, systems,
surrounding environment, and equipment, must be maintained, operated, and upgraded at an efficiency
which will satisfy both the owner and users at the lowest appropriate cost. It assists in financial decisionmaking, as well as short-term and long-term planning. Asset Management utilizes the data contained in a
record model to determine cost implications of changing or upgrading building assets, segregate costs of
assets for financial tax purposes, and maintain a current comprehensive database that can produce the
value of a company's assets.
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Asset Management system
Selected Resources:
NIST General Buildings Information Handover Guide: Principles, Methodology and Case Studies
http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build07/PDF/b07015.pdf
49
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Content management application
Selected Resources:
Valcik, Nicolas A. and Patricia Huesca-Dorantes. Building a GIS Database for Space and Facilities
Management. New Directions for Institutional Research, n120 p53-61 2003.
50
Disaster Planning
Description:
A process in which emergency responders would have access to critical building information in the form
of a model and information system. The BIM would provide critical building information to the responders
that would improve the efficiency of the response and minimize the safety risks. The dynamic building
information would be provided by a building automation system (BAS), while the static building
information, such as floor plans and equipment schematics, would reside in a BIM model. These two
systems would be integrated via a wireless connection and emergency responders would be linked to an
overall system. The BIM coupled with the BAS would be able to clearly display where the emergency
was located within the building, possible routes to the area, and any other harmful locations within the
building.
Potential Value:
Provide police, fire, public safety officials, and first responders access to critical building information in
real-time
Improve the effectiveness of emergency response
Minimize risks to responders
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Building Automation System (BAS) knowledge
Emergency response knowledge
Ability to manipulate, navigate, and review BIM model for facility updates
Ability to understand dynamic building information through BAS
Ability to make appropriate decisions during an emergency
Selected Resources:
Building Information for Emergency Responders. Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 11th World MultiConference (WMSCI 2007). Proceedings. Volume 3. Jointly with the Information Systems Analysis and
Synthesis: ISAS 2007, 13th International Conference. July 8-11, 2007, Orlando, FL, Callaos, N.; Lesso, W.;
Zinn, C. D.; Yang, H., Editor(s) (s), 1-6 pp, 2007. Treado, S. J.; Vinh, A.; Holmberg, D. G.; Galler, M.
51
Record Modeling
Description:
A process in which a 3D model contains an accurate depiction of the physical conditions and environment
of a facility and its assets. This has potential to contain information relating to the main architectural and
MEP elements, but equipment and asset information as well. Furthermore, with the continuous updating
and improvement of the record model and the capability to store more information, the model contains a
true depiction of space with a link to information such as serial codes, warranties and maintenance history
of all the components in the building. The record model also contains information linking pre-build
specification to as-built specifications. This allows the owner to monitor the project relative to the
specifications provided.
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Selected Resources:
http://www.bimforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19#Q6
http://bentleybim.wordpress.com/2007/11/13/bentleys-bim-preferred-58-to-revit-38-executive-briefing/
http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=19&C=213&P=1
http://www.aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2006/Expotitions_meeting.html
52
Potential Value:
Generate site usage layout for temporary facilities, assembly areas, and material deliveries for all
phases of construction
Identify potential and critical space and time conflicts
Select a feasible construction scheme
Update site organization and space usage as construction progresses
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Design authoring software
Scheduling software
Selected Resources:
Chau, K.W.; M. Anson, and J.P. Zhang. Four-Dimensional Visualization of Construction Scheduling and Site
Utilization. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. (July/August 2004): 598-606. ASCE. 5
September 2008. http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0410956 .
Dawood, Nashwam et al. The Virtual Construction Site (VIRCON) Tools: An Industrial Evaluation. ITcon. Vol.
10 (2005): 43-54. 8 September 2008. http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2005_5.
Heesom, David and Lamine Mahdjoubi. Trends of 4D CAD Applications for Construction Planning.
Construction Management and Economics. (February 2004). 22 171-182. 8 September 2008.
http://www.tamu.edu/classes/choudhury/articles/1.pdf.
53
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
Selected Resources:
Leventhal, Lauren. Delivering Instruction for Inherently-3D Construction Tasks: Lessons and Questions for
Universal Accessibility. Workshop on Universal Accessibility of Ubiquitous Computing: Providing for the elderly.
Khemlano (2007). AECbytes: Building the Future (October 18, 2007).
54
Digital Fabrication
Description:
A process that utilizes machine technology to prefabricate objects directly from a 3D Model. The 3D
Model is spooled into appropriate sections and inputted into fabrication equipment for production of
system assemblies.
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Fabrication equipment
Fabrication methods
Selected Resources:
Rundell, Rick. BIM and Digital Fabrication (1-2-3 Revit Tutorial). http://www.cadalyst.com/aec/bim-and-digitalfabrication-1-2-3-revit-tutorial-3707. 8 February 2008.
55
Potential Value:
Decrease layout error by producing control directly from the 3D Construction Model
Increase communication between office and field personal
Decrease/Eliminate language barriers
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Selected Resources:
http://www.construction-planning-and-control.com/
56
3D Coordination
Description:
A process in which Clash Detection software is used during the coordination process to determine field
conflicts by comparing 3D models of building systems. The goal of clash detection is to eliminate the
major system conflicts prior to installation.
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Model Review application
Selected References:
Staub-French S and Khanzode A (2007) **3D and 4D Modeling for design and construction coordination:
issues and lessons learned** ITcon Vol. 12, pg. 381-407, http://www.itcon.org/2007/26
Khanzode A, Fischer M, Reed D (2008) **Benefits and lessons learned of implementing building virtual
design and construction (VDC) technologies for coordination of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
(MEP) systems on a large healthcare project**, ITcon Vol. 13, Special Issue Case studies of BIM use , pg.
324-342, http://www.itcon.org/2008/22
AECbytes.com - venderhub
57
Design Authoring
Description:
A process in which 3D software is used to develop a Building Information Model based on criteria that is
important to the translation of the buildings design. Two groups of applications are at the core of BIMbased design process are design authoring tools and audit and analysis tools.
Authoring tools create models while audit and analysis tools study or add to the richness of information in
a model. Most of audit and analysis tools can be used for Design Review and Engineering Analysis BIM
Uses. Design authoring tools are a first step towards BIM and the key is connecting the 3D model with a
powerful database of properties, quantities, means and methods, costs and schedules.
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Selected References:
Tardif, M. (2008). BIM: Reaching Forward, Reaching Back. AIArchitect This Week. Face of the AIA.
AIArchitect
58
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Engineering analysis tools and software
Selected References:
59
Potential Value:
Accelerate design review and LEED certification process with efficient use of a single database with
all the sustainable features present and archived
Improved communication between project participants in order to achieve LEED credits and
decreased redesign efforts as a result
Align scheduling and material quantities tracking for more efficient material use and better cash flow
analysis
Optimize building performance by tracking energy use, indoor air quality and space planning for the
adherence to LEED standards leading to integrated facility management using a BIM model
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
LEED credit knowledge
Selected Resources:
60
Code Validation
Description:
A process in which code validation software is utilized to check the model parameters against project
specific codes. Code validation is currently in its infant stage of development within the U.S. and is not in
widespread use. However, as model checking tools continue to develop, code compliance software with
more codes, code validation should become more prevalent within the design industry.
Potential Value:
Validate that building design is in compliance with specific codes, e.g. IBC International Building
Code, ADA Americans with Disabilities Act guidelines and other project related codes using the 3D
BIM model.
Code validation done early in design reduces the chance of code design errors, omissions or
oversights that would be time consuming and more expensive to correct later in design or
construction.
Code validation done automatically while design progresses gives continuous feedback on code
compliance.
Reduced turnaround time for 3D BIM model review by local code officials or reduced time that needs
to be spent meeting with code commissioners, visiting the site, etc. or fixing code violations during
punch list or closeout phase.
Saves time on multiple checking for code compliance and allows for a more efficient design process
since mistakes cost time and money.
Resources Required:
Local codes
Model checking software
3D Model manipulation
Ability to use BIM authoring tool for design and model checking tool for design review
Ability to use code validation software and previous knowledge and experience with checking codes
is needed.
Selected Resources:
61
Design Reviews
Description:
A process in which a 3D model is used to showcase the design to the stakeholders and evaluate meeting the
program and set criteria such as layout, sightlines, lighting, security, ergonomics, acoustics, textures and colors, etc.
Virtual mock-up can be done in high detail even on a part of the building like faade to quickly analyze design
alternatives and solve design and constructability issues. If properly executed, these reviews can resolve design
issues by offering different options, and cutting down the cost and time invested considering basic construction,
making modifications after reviews and final demolition and removal expense.
Evaluation of the designed space can be facilitated by high degree of interactivity in order to get positive feedback
from end users and owner. Some of the top criteria in evaluation of the courtrooms are: sightlines, lighting, ADA
compliance, safety, security, acoustics, HVAC, ergonomics, aesthetics and millwork tolerances. Real-time
modifications of design are enabled based on the end users feedback. Therefore, decision making time is cut in half
since the attention focus is on one issue at a time until the consensus is reached.
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Design Review Software
Interactive review space
Selected Resources:
Dunston, Phillip S., Arns, Laura L., and McGlothin, James D. (2007). "An Immersive Virtual Reality Mock-up for
Design Review of Hospital Patient Rooms," 7th International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual
Reality, University Park, Pennsylvania, October 22-23, 9 pages
Majumdar, Tulika, Fischer, Martin A., and Schwegler, Benedict R. (2006). "Conceptual Design Review with a
Virtual Reality Mock-Up Model," Building on IT: Joint International Conference on Computing and Decision
Making in Civil and Building Engineering, Hugues Rivard, Edmond Miresco, and Hani Melham, editors, Montreal,
Canada, June 14-16, 2902-2911.
Maldovan, Kurt D., Messner, John I., and Faddoul, Mera (2006). "Framework for Reviewing Mockups in an
Immersive Environment," CONVR 2006: 6th International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual
Reality, R. Raymond Issa, editor, Orlando, Florida, August 3-4, on CD, 6 pages
62
Programming
Description:
A process in which a spatial program is used to efficiently and accurately assess design performance in
regard to spatial requirements. The developed BIM model allows the project team to analyze space and
understand the complexity of space standards and regulations. Critical decisions are made in this phase
of design and bring the most value to the project when needs and options are discussed with the client
and the best approach is analyzed.
Potential Value:
Efficient and accurate assessment of design performance in regard to spatial requirements by the
owner.
Resources Required:
Selected Resources:
63
Site Analysis
Description:
A process in which BIM/GIS tools are used to evaluate properties in a given area to determine the most
optimal site location for a future project. The site data collected is used to first select the site and then
position the building based on other criteria.
Potential Value:
Use calculated decision making to determine if potential sites meet the required criteria according to
project requirements, technical factors, and financial factors
Decrease costs of utility demand and demolition
Increase energy efficiency
Minimize risk of hazardous material
Maximize return on investment
Resources Required:
GIS software
3D Model manipulation
Selected Resources:
The Site Selection Guide. US General Services Administration (GSA) Public Building Service.
Optimal Site Selection for Military Land Management, R.M. Wallace, ASCE Conf. Proc. 138, 159 (2004). DOI:
10. 1061/40737(2004)159.
Farnsworth, Stephen J. Site Selection Perspective. Prospecting Sites. June 1995, 29-31.
WPBG Sustainable Committee. Optimizing Site Potential.
Suermann P.C. Leveraging GIS Tools in Defense and Response at the U.S. Air Force Academy. ASCE Conf.
Proc. 179, 82 (2005) DOI: 10. 1061/40794(179)82.
GIS Based Engineering Management Service Functions: Taking GIS Beyond Mapping for Municipal
Governments.
64
Potential Value:
Better understanding of the phasing schedule by the owner and project participants and showing the
critical path of the project
Dynamic phasing plans of occupancy offering multiple options and solutions to space conflicts
Integrate planning of human, equipment and material resources with the BIM model to better
schedule and cost estimate the project
Space and workspace conflicts identified and resolved ahead of the construction process
Marketing purposes and publicity
Identification of schedule, sequencing or phasing issues
More readily constructible, operable and maintainable project
Monitor procurement status of project materials
Increased productivity and decreased waste on job sites
Conveying the spatial complexities of the project, planning information, and support conducting
additional analyses
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
Scheduling software
4D Modeling Software
Selected Resources:
Dawood, N., and Mallasi, Z. (2006). Construction Workplace Planning: Assignment and Analysis Utilizing 4D
Visualization Technologies. Computer-aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Pgs. 498-513.
Jongeling, R., Kim, J., Fischer, M., Morgeous, C., and Olofsson, T. (2008). Quantitative analysis of workflow,
temporary structure usage, and productivity using 4D models. Automation in Construction, Pgs. 780-791.
Kang, J. H., Anderson, S. D., and Clayton, M. J. (2007). Empirical Study on the Merit of Web-based 4D
Visualization in Collaborative Construction Planning and Scheduling. Journal of Construction Engineering
and Management, Pgs. 447-461.
65
Cost Estimation
Description:
A process in which a BIM model can be used to generate an accurate quantity take-off and cost estimate
early in the design process and provide cost effects of additions and modifications with potential to save
time and money and avoid budget overruns. This process also allows designers to see the cost effects of
their changes in a timely manner which can help curb excessive budget overruns due to project
modifications.
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
Ability to define specific design modeling procedures which yield accurate quantity take-off
information
Ability to identify quantities for the appropriate estimating level (e.g. ROM, SF, etc.) upfront
Selected Resources:
Lee, H., Lee, Kim, J. (2008). A cost-based interior design decision support system for large-scale housing
projects, ITcon Vol. 13, Pg. 20-38, http://www.itcon.org/2008/2
Autodesk Revit. "BIM and Cost Estimating. Press release. Jan. 2007. Autodesk. 11 Sept. 2008.
http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/bim_cost_estimating_jan07_1_.pdf
Dean, R. P., and McClendon, S. (2007). "Specifying and Cost Estimating with BIM. ARCHI TECH. Apr. 2007.
ARCHI TECH. 13 Sept. 2008. http://www.architechmag.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentid=3624.
Khemlani, L. (2006). "Visual Estimating: Extending BIM to Construction. AEC Bytes. 21 Mar. 2006. 13 Sept.
2008. http://www.aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2006/visualestimating.html
Buckley, B. (2008). "BIM Cost Management. California Construction. June 2008. 13 Sept. 2008.
Manning, R.; Messner, J. (2008). Case studies in BIM implementation for programming of healthcare
facilities, ITcon Vol. 13, Special Issue Case studies of BIM use, Pg. 246-257, http://www.itcon.org/2008/18
66
Potential Value:
Resources Required:
3D Model manipulation
3D Laser scanning
3D Laser scanning point cloud translation into objects
Selected Resources:
67
68
69
70
71
Cost Estimation
72
4D Modeling
73
Site Analysis
74
Programming
75
76
Design Review
77
Energy Analysis
78
Structural Analysis
79
Lighting Analysis
80
3D Design Coordination
81
82
83
Record Modeling
84
Maintenance Scheduling
85
86
Design Authoring
3D Design Coordination
Energy Analysis
4D Modeling
Record Modeling
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
Info
Resp
Party
Notes
Info
Resp
Party
Notes
Info
Resp
Party
Notes
SUBSTRUCTURE
Foundations
Standard Foundations
Special Foundations
Slab on Grade
Basement Construction
Basement Excavation
Basement Walls
SHELL
Superstructure
Floor Construction
Roof Construction
Exterior Enclosure
Exterior Walls
Exterior Windows
Exterior Doors
Roofing
Roof Coverings
Roof Openings
INTERIORS
Interior Construction
Partitions
Interior Doors
Fittings
Stairs
Stair Construction
Stair Finishes
Interior Finishes
Wall Finishes
Floor Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
SERVICES
Conveying Systems
Elevators & Lifts
Escalators & Moving Walks
Other Conveying Systems
Plumbing
Plumbing Fixtures
Domestic Water Distribution
Sanitary Waste
Rain Water Drainage
Other Plumbing Systems
HVAC
Energy Supply
Heat Generating Systems
Cooling Generating Systems
Distribution Systems
Terminal & Package Units
Systems Testing & Balancing
Other HVAC Systems & Equipment
Fire Protection
Sprinklers
Standpipes
Fire Protection Specialties
Other Fire Protection Systems
Electrical
94
Energy Supply
Heat Generating Systems
Cooling Generating Systems
Distribution Systems
Terminal & Package Units
Systems Testing & Balancing
Other HVAC Systems & Equipment
Fire Protection
Sprinklers
Standpipes
Fire Protection Specialties
Other Fire Protection Systems
Electrical
Electrical Service & Distribution
Lighting and Branch Wiring
Communications & Security
Other Electrical Systems
E
EQUPMENT & FURNISHINGS
Equipment
Commercial Equipment
Institutional Equipment
Vehicular Equipment
Other Equipment
Furnishings
Fixed Furnishings
F
SPECIAL CONSTRUCATION & DEMOLITION
Special Construction
Special Structures
Integrated Construction
Special Construction Systems
Special Facilities
Special Controls & Instrumentation
Selective Bldg Demo
Building Elements Demolition
Hazardous Components Abatement
G
BUILDING SITEWORK
Site Preparation
Site Clearing
Site Demolition & Relocations
Site Earthwork
Hazardous Waste Remediation
Site Improvements
Roadways
Parking Lots
Pedestrian Paving
Site Development
Landscaping
Site Civil/Mech Utilities
Water Supply & Distribution Systems
Sanitary Sewer Systems
Storm Sewer Systems
Heating Distribution
Cooling Distribution
Fuel Distribution
Other Civil/Mechanical Utilities
Site Electrical Utilities
Electrical Distribution
Site Lighting
Site Communications & Security
Other Electrical Utilities
Other Site Construction
Service Tunnels
Other Site Systems & Equipment
1 Construction Systems
Construction Equipment
Temporary Safety
Temporary Security
Temporary Facilities
Weather Protection
2 Space
Construction Activity Space
Analysis Space
3 Information
Construction Information
Engineering Information
Record Information
95
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
[PROJECT TITLE]
DEVELOPED BY
[AUTHOR COMPANY]
This template is a tool that is provided to assist in the development of a BIM project execution plan as
required per contract. The template plan was created from the buildingSMART alliance (bSa) Project
BIM Project Execution Planning as developed by The Computer Integrated Construction (CIC) Research
Group of The Pennsylvania State University. The bSa project is sponsored by The Charles Pankow
Foundation
(http://www.pankowfoundation.org),
Construction
Industry
Institute
(CII)
(http://www.constructioninstitute.org),
Penn
State
Office
of
Physical
Plant
(OPP)
(http://www.opp.psu.edu), and The Partnership for Achieving Construction Excellence (PACE)
(http://www.engr.psu.edu/pace). The BIM Project Execution Planning Guide can be downloaded at
http://www.engr.psu.edu/BIM/PxP.
This coversheet can be replaced by a company specific coversheet that includes at a minimum document title, project title, project
location, author company, and project number.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To
view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to
Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
96
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
[PROJECT TITLE]
DEVELOPED BY
[AUTHOR COMPANY]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION A:
SECTION B:
SECTION C:
SECTION D:
SECTION E:
SECTION F:
SECTION G:
SECTION H:
SECTION I:
SECTION J:
SECTION K:
SECTION L:
SECTION M:
SECTION N:
SECTION O:
97
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
To successfully implement Building Information Modeling (BIM) on a project, the project team has
developed this detailed BIM Project Execution Plan. The BIM Project Execution Plan defines uses for
BIM on the project (e.g. design authoring, cost estimating, and design coordination), along with a
detailed design of the process for executing BIM throughout the project lifecycle.
[INSERT ADDITIONAL INFORMATION HERE IF APPLICABLE. FOR EXAMPLE: BIM MISSION STATEMENT This
is the location to provide additional BIM overview information. Additional detailed information can be included as an
attachment to this document.
Please note: Instructions and examples to assist with the completion of this guide are currently in grey. The text can
and should be modified to suit the needs of the organization filling out the template. If modified, the format of the text
should be changed to match the rest of the document. This can be completed, in most cases, by selecting the
normal style in the template styles.
98
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
1.
PROJECT OWNER:
2.
PROJECT NAME:
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PROJECT NUMBERS:
NUMBER
PROJECT INFORMATION
CONTRACT NUMBER:
TASK ORDER:
PROJECT NUMBER:
8.
PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS
INVOLVED
PRELIMINARY PLANNING
DESIGN DOCUMENTS
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
CONSTRUCTION
99
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
ORGANIZATION
CONTACT NAME
LOCATION
PHONE
Project Manager(s)
BIM Manager(s)
Discipline Leads
100
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
(HIGH/ MED/
LOW)
3. BIM USES:
Highlight and place an X next to the additional BIM Uses as selected by the project team using the BIM Goal & Use Analysis Worksheet.
See BIM Project Execution Planning Guide at www.engr.psu.edu/BIM/BIM_Uses for Use descriptions. Include additional BIM Uses as
applicable in empty cells.
PLAN
DESIGN
PROGRAMMING
DESIGN AUTHORING
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN REVIEWS
3D COORDINATION
CONSTRUCT
SITE UTILIZATION
PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
DESIGN
OPERATE
BUILDING MAINTENANCE
SCHEDULING
BUILDING SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
3D COORDINATION
ASSET MANAGEMENT
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
DIGITAL FABRICATION
SPACE MANAGEMENT /
TRACKING
LIGHTING ANALYSIS
3D CONTROL AND
PLANNING
DISASTER PLANNING
ENERGY ANALYSIS
RECORD MODELING
RECORD MODELING
PHASE PLANNING
(4D MODELING)
PHASE PLANNING
(4D MODELING)
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
OTHER ENG. ANALYSIS
SUSTAINABLITY (LEED)
EVALUATION
CODE VALIDATION
PHASE PLANNING
(4D MODELING)
PHASE PLANNING
(4D MODELING)
COST ESTIMATION
COST ESTIMATION
COST ESTIMATION
COST ESTIMATION
EXISTING CONDITIONS
MODELING
EXISTING CONDITIONS
MODELING
EXISTING CONDITIONS
MODELING
EXISTING CONDITIONS
MODELING
101
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
3D coordination
ORGANIZATION
LOCATION(S)
LEAD CONTACT
Contractor A
B
C
102
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
103
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
104
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
105
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
1. COLLABORATION STRATEGY:
Describe how the project team will collaborate. Include items such as communication methods, document management and
transfer, and record storage, etc.
2.
MEETING PROCEDURES:
The following are examples of meetings that should be considered.
MEETING TYPE
PROJECT STAGE
FREQUENCY
PARTICIPANTS
LOCATION
INFORMATION
EXCHANGE
FILE
SENDER
FILE
RECEIVER
DESIGN AUTHORING
TO 3D
COORDINATION
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEER
(FTP POST)
(COORDINATION
LEAD)
WEEKLY
[DATE]
MECHANICAL
ENGINEER
(FTP POST)
(COORDINATION
LEAD)
WEEKLY
[DATE]
MODEL
SOFTWARE
NATIVE
FILE
TYPE
FILE
EXCHANGE
TYPE
STRUCT
DESIGN APP
.XYZ
.XYZ
.ABC
MECH
DESIGN APP
.XYZ
.XYZ
.ABC
4. INTERACTIVE WORKSPACE
The project team should consider the physical environment it will need throughout the lifecycle of the project to accommodate
the necessary collaboration, communication, and reviews that will improve the BIM Plan decision making process. Describe
how the project team will be located. Consider questions like will the team be collocated? If so, where is the location and
what will be in that space? Will there be a BIM Trailer? If yes, where will it be located and what will be in the space such as
computers, projectors, tables, table configuration? Include any additional information necessary information about workspaces
on the project.
106
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
PASSWORD
PROTECT
FILE
MAINTAINER
UPDATED
FTP SITE:
ROOT PROJECT FOLDER
ftp://ftp.****.com/***/****
FOLDER
YES
***********
JIM McBIM
ONCE
FOLDER
ONCE
.xyz
DAILY
FILE LOCATION
ARCH-11111-BL001.xyz
NETWORK drive @ PSU
ROOT PROJECT FOLDER
F:\PROJECT\BIM
FOLDER
NO
JIM McBIM
ONCE
Project Management
Software
www.*****.com
107
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
DEFINITION
RESPONSIBLE PARTY
VISUAL CHECK
INTERFERENCE
CHECK
STANDARDS
CHECK
SOFTWARE
PROGRAM(S)
FREQUENCY
DISCIPLINE
TOLERANCE
DESIGN DOCUMENTS
ARCH
SHOP DRAWINGS
MECH CONTRACTOR
108
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
1. SOFTWARE:
List software used to deliver BIM. Remove software that is not applicable.
BIM USE
DISCIPLINE
(if applicable)
SOFTWARE
VERSION
DESIGN AUTHORING
ARCH
2. COMPUTERS / HARDWARE:
Understand hardware specification becomes valuable once information begins to be shared between several disciplines or
organizations. It also becomes valuable to ensure that the downstream hardware is not less powerful than the hardware used
to create the information. In order to ensure that this does not happen, choose the hardware that is in the highest demand and
most appropriate for the majority of BIM Uses.
BIM USE
HARDWARE
OWNER OF HARDWARE
SPECIFICATIONS
DESIGN AUTHORING
ARCHITECT X
DISCIPLINE
(if applicable)
MODELING CONTENT /
REFERENCE INFORMATION
VERSION
DESIGN AUTHORING
ARCH
ESTIMATING
CONTRACTOR
PROPRIETARY DATABASE
109
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
ARCH-
CIVIL MODEL
CIVIL-
MECHANICAL MODEL
MECH-
PLUMBING MODEL
PLUMB-
ELECTRICAL MODEL
ELEC-
STRUCTURAL MODEL
STRUCT-
ENERGY MODEL
ENERGY-
CONSTRUCTION MODEL
CONST-
COORDINATION MODEL
COORD-
2. MODEL STRUCTURE:
Describe and diagram how the Model is separated, e.g., by building, by floors, by zones, by areas, and/or by disciplines.
VERSION
CAD STANDARD
IFC
VERSION/MVD(s)
ORGANIZATIONS APLICABLE
DESIGN AUTHORING
ARCHITECT
RECORD MODELING
CONSTRUTION MANAGER
110
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
STAGE
APPROXIMATE
DUE DATE
NOTES
FORMAT
Design
Development
Construction
Documents
Construction
Record Model
Close out
(.xyz)
111
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
112
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
SECTION O: ATTACHMENTS
113
[PROJECT TITLE]
[DATE]
AIA BIM
Protocol Ex.
Autodesk
Comm. Spec.
Consensus
Docs BIM Add.
USACE BIM
Roadmaps
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
H
Building Information Modeling Execution Planning Guide
2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group
The Pennsylvania State University
114
APPENDIX I BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIA. (2008). Model Progression Specification for BIM. Retrieved 4 20, 2009, from Integrated Project
Delivery: http://ipd-ca.net
AutoDesk. (2008). Autodesk Communication Specifications. San Rafael, California: AutoDesk.
Fallon, K., & Palmer, M. (2007). General Buildings Information Handover Guide: Principles, Methodology,
and Case Studies. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Larson, D., & Golden, K. (2008). Entering the Brave New World: An Introduction to Contracting BIM. 34.
Lowe, R., & Muncey, J. (2008). The ConsensusDOCS 301 BIM Addendum. Forum on the Construction
Industry: American Bar Association.
National Institute of Building Sciences. (2007). United States National Building Information Modeling
Standard: Version 1-part 1 Overview, Principles, and Methodologies. National Institute of Building
Sciences.
Perlberg, B. (2009). ConsensusDOCS: Contracts Built by Consensus for the Project's Best Interest. 30 (1).
US Army Corps of Engineers. (2008). BIM Road Map. Retrieved March 17, 2008, from BIM Road Map:
www.bimroadmap.com
I
Building Information Modeling Execution Planning Guide
2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group
The Pennsylvania State University
115
APPENDIX J GLOSSARY
BIM (Building Information Modeling) (CIC Research Program): a process focused on the development,
use and transfer of a digital information model of a building project to improve the design, construction
and operations of a project or portfolio of facilities.
BIM (Building Information Model) (NBIMS): a digital representation of physical and functional
characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility
forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to
demolition. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases of the
life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or modify information in the BIM to support and reflect
the roles of that stakeholder.
BIM Deliverables: Information (in numerous formats) that may be required by contract or agreement to
be submitted or pass to another party.
BIM Goals: Objectives used to define the potential value of BIM for a project and for project team
members. BIM Goals help to define how and why BIM will be used on a project or in an organization.
BIM Process: A generic name for the practice of performing BIM. This process can be planned or
unplanned. The BIM Process may also be referred to as the BIM Execution Process or the BIM Project
Execution Process. The BIM Project Execution Planning Process suggests diagramming the BIM process
using process maps.
BIM Process Maps: a diagram of how BIM will BIM applied on a Project. The BIM Project Execution Plan
proposes two levels of BIM Process Maps: BIM Overview Map and Detailed BIM Use Process Maps.
BIM Project Execution Plan (BIM Plan, BIM PxP): Is a planning the results from the BIM Project
Execution Planning Process. This document lays out how BIM will be implemented on the project as a
result of the decision of the group.
BIM Project Execution Planning Procedure: Is a process for planning the execution of BIM on a project.
It consists of four primary steps: 1) identify BIM Goals and BIM Uses, 2) design BIM Project Execution
Process, 3) develop Information Exchanges, 4) define supporting infrastructure for BIM Implementation.
BIM Use: A unique task or procedure on a project which can benefit from the application and
integration of BIM into that process.
Detailed BIM Use Process Maps: A comprehensive BIM Process Map that defines the various sequences
to perform a specific application of BIM or BIM Uses. These maps also identify the responsible parties
for each process, reference information content, and the information exchanges which will be created
and shared with other processes.
116
Information Exchange (IE): the information passed from one party to another in the BIM process. The
parties involved should agree upon and understand what information will be exchanged. These are
often in the form of deliverables from a process that will be required as a resource for future processes.
Overview Map: A high level BIM Process Map that illustrates the relationship between BIM Uses which
will be employed on the project.
Reference Information: Structured information resources (enterprise and external) that assist or are
required to accomplish a BIM Use.
117
APPENDIX K INDEX
3D Control and Planning ............................ 56, 83
3D Coordination ................................... 57, 81, 87
4D Modeling ................................... 21, 65, 73, 87
AIA .................................................. 27, 34, 47, 58
Asset Management .................................... 47, 49
AutoDesk .......................................................... 66
BIM Execution Planning Category Guide ....... 115
BIM Execution Planning Process ...................... 70
BIM Goal Worksheet .................................. 10, 45
BIM Overview Map ............ 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 87
BIM Process Map ............................................. 36
BIM Project Execution Plan ...................... 2, 6, 35
BIM Project Execution Plan Template.............. 96
BIM Use Analysis Worksheet ........................... 68
BIM Use Descriptions ....................................... 46
BIM Uses .............. 4, 9, 10, 12, 13, 29, 35, 36, 45
BPMN ............................................................... 15
Building Information Modeling .............. 1, 60, 61
Building Maintenance Scheduling.................... 47
Building Systems Analysis .......................... 48, 86
buildingSMART alliance...................................... 7
Business Process Modeling Notation ............... 15
CM at Risk ........................................................ 33
CMMS............................................................... 47
ConsensusDOCS ................................... 27, 33, 34
Construction System Design ............................ 54
Cost Estimation .......................................... 66, 72
(a)
118