5) Musculoskeletal System

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Introduction
Musculoskeletal System:
bones, muscles, and joints

Bones: structural support and protection of
internal organs
Muscles: internal and external movement
Joints:
places at which bones come together

2
BONES
FUNCTIONS
- provide the
framework on
which our body
is constructed
- protect and
support internal
organs
- red bone
marrow in the
bones
manufactures
blood cells
-serve as points
of attachment
for muscles,
assist in body
movements
- other parts storage areas for

minerals
necessary for
growth ( calcium
and phosphorus)
BONE FORMATION
-organs chiefly composed of connective tissue
called osseous (bony) tissue and a rich supply
of blood vessels and nerves
- osseous tissue is a dense connective tissue
that consists of osteocytes (bone cells)
surrounded by a hard, intercellular substance
filled with calcium salts
BONE FORMATION
- fetal development - bones of the fetus are
composed of cartilaginous tissue - more
flexible and less dense than osseous tissue
- gradual replacement of cartilage and its
intercellular substance by immature bone
cells and calcium deposits OSSIFICATION
(bone formation)
BONE FORMATION
OSTEOBLASTS - immature osteocytes that produce the bony
tissue that replaces cartilage during ossification
OSTEOCLASTS (-clast = break) - large cells that reabsorb, or

digest, bony tissue (also called BONE PHAGOCYTES)
- enlarge the inner bone cavity so that the bone does not
become overly thick and heavy
- bone breaks, osteoblasts lay down the mineral bone matter
(calcium salts) and osteoclasts remove excess bone debris
(smooth out the bone)
OSTEOCYTES mature bone cells; nourish and maintain bone
BONE STRUCTURE
Bones can be of several different types:
LONG BONES
- found in arms and legs
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Long_bones_-_anterior_view_-_with_legend.png
SHORT BONES
- found in the wrists and ankles
- have small irregular shapes
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_bones#/media/File:Short_bones_-_anterior_view_-_with_legend.png
10
FLAT BONES
- cover soft body parts
- skull, shoulder bone, ribs and
pelvic bones
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_bone
11
IRREGULAR BONES
- irregular in size and shape and are usually quite compact,
e.g. vertebrae, sacrum, many of the skull bones)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Irregular_bones_-_anterior_view_-_with_legend.png
12
SESAMOID BONES
- small rounded bones
- resembling a grain of sesame in shape
picture source: http://www.footvitals.com/bones/sesamoiditis.html
13
ANATOMIC DIVISION OF A LONG BONE

and INTERIOR BONE STRUCTURE
DIAPHYSIS
HAVERSIAN CANALS
EPIPHYSIS
MEDULLARY CAVITY
EPIPHYSEAL LINE OR
PLATE
COMPACT BONE
METAPHYSIS
CANCELLOUS BONE
PERIOSTEUM
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
14

DIAPHYSIS - the shaft, or middle region, of a long bone
EPIPHYSIS - each end of a long bone
EPIPHYSEAL LINE OR PLATE - area of cartilage constantly
replaced by new bony tissue as the bone grows (cartilage
cells at the edges of the epiphyseal plate form new bone,
responsible for the lengthening of bones in childhood and
adolescence)
METAPHYSIS - portion between epiphysis and diaphysis,
next to epiphyseal plate
15

PERIOSTEUM - membrane that covers the surface of a long
bone, except at the ends of the epiphyses (bones other than
long bones are completely covered by the periosteum
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE - a thin layer of cartilage covering
the ends of long bones (it cushions the bones at the place
they meet with other bones (joints).
16

COMPACT (CORTICAL) BONE - a layer of hard, dense tissue that lies
under the periosteum in all bones
haversian canals- small canals in the compact bone, contain blood
vessels - bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste
products
medullary cavity - at the shaft of the long bones, contains yellow

bone marrow (chiefly composed of fat cells)
CANCELLOUS BONE (SPONGY OR TRABECULAR BONE) - much more
porous and less dense than
compact bone
trabeculae a series of separated bony fibers where mineral matter

is stored
spaces in cancellous bone - red bone marrow

17

Copyright 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
18
BONE PROCESSES/PROJECTIONS
- enlarged areas extend out from bones and serve as
attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments:
1. bone head rounded end of a bone
2. condyle - rounded, knuckle-like process at the joint
3. epicondyle small, rounded process above the condyle
4. tubercle small, rounded process for attachment of tendons and

muscles
5. trochanter very large process on the femur for attachment of
muscle
6. tuberosity rounded elevation for attachment of muscles or

tendons
19
20
BONE DEPRESSIONS/OPENINGS
-openings or hollow regions in a bone, help join one bone
to another and serve as passageways for blood vessels and

nerves
1. fossa - shallow cavity in or on a bone
2. foramen - opening for blood vessels and nerves (pl.
foramina)
3. fissure - a narrow, deep, slit-like opening
4. sulcus - a groove or furrow
5. sinus - hollow cavity within a bone
21
BONE DEPRESSIONS/OPENINGS
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=bone+projections&view=detailv2&&id=50DE37019900BBCCD74F6E48F647E988BB69B654&selectedIndex=
22&ccid=Etr8WYvH&simid=608028951680385052&thid=OIP.M12dafc598bc7cde2a06286415ae804efo0&ajaxhist=0
22
CRANIAL BONES
CRANIAL BONES
- protect the brain and its related structures, such as the
sense organs
- the cranial bones of a newborn child are not completely
joined
- at birth - gaps of unossified tissue in the skull - soft spots,

or fontanelles (little fountains)
24
CRANIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONE
PARIETAL BONE
TEMPORAL BONE
OCCIPITAL BONE
SPHENOID BONE
ETHMOID BONE
25
CRANIAL BONES
1. FRONTAL BONE - the forehead, part of eye sockets
2. PARIETAL BONES - the roof and upper part of the

sides of the cranium
3. TEMPORAL BONES - enclose the ears and contain a
fossa for joining with the mandible (lower jaw bone).
The mastoid process is a round process of the
temporal bone behind the ear. The styloid process is a
slender pointed piece of bone just below the ear.
26
CRANIAL BONES
4. OCCIPITAL BONE - the back and base of the skull;
joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a
suture (juncture line of cranial bones). The inferior
portion of the occipital bone has an opening called
the foramen magnum through which the spinal cord
passes
5. SPHENOID BONE - bat-shaped bone, behind the
eyes and part of the base of the skull. It joins with the
frontal, occipital, and ethmoid bone. Depression in
the sphenoid bone called sella turcica (Turkish
saddle) is where the pituitary gland is located
27
CRANIAL BONES
6. ETHMOID BONE - thin, delicate bone, composed
primarily of spongy, cancellous bone. It supports
the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the
eyes (ethm/o = sieve, sito)
28
29
30
31
FACIAL BONES
32
FACIAL BONES
- all of the facial bones, except one - joined together by
sutures IMMOVABLE
- the mandible (lower jaw bone) - the only facial bone
capable of movement (necessary for mastication (chewing)
and speaking)
33
FACIAL BONES
NASAL BONES
LACRIMAL BONES
MAXILLARY BONES
MANDIBULAR BONE (MANDIBLE)
ZYGOMATIC BONES
VOMER
34
FACIAL BONES
1. NASAL BONES - join with the frontal bone
superiorly and form part of the nasal septum
2. LACRIMAL BONES - two paired lacrimal (lacrim/o
= tear) bones, located one at the corner of each eye
3. MAXILLARY BONES - two large bones compose
the massive upper jawbones (maxillae); joined by a
suture in the median plane. If they are not joined
together normally before birth, the condition
known as cleft palate results.
35
FACIAL BONES
4. MANDIBULAR BONE (MANDIBLE) - this is the lower
jawbone. Both the maxilla and mandible contain the sockets
called alveoli in which the teeth are embedded. The
mandible joins the skull at the region of the temporal bone,
forming the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) on either side
of the skull
5. ZYGOMATIC BONES - two bones, one on each side of the

face, form the high portion of the cheek
6. VOMER- thin, single flat bone; forms the lower portion of
the nasal septum
Sinuses, or air cavities - in specific places within the cranial
and facial bones - lighten the skull; warm and moisten air as
it passes through
36
37
38
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
AND VERTEBRAE
39
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND

VERTEBRAE
VERTEBRAE - 26 bone segments from base of skull to
tailbone
- arranged in 5 divisions and separated by pads of cartilage
called intervertebral disks
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE VERTEBRA:

1. -VERTEBRAL BODY - inner, thick, disk-shaped portion
2. -VERTEBRAL ARCH - posterior part of the vertebra consists of a: spinous process, transverse processes and
laminae
- the neural canal is the space between the vertebral body
and the vertebral arch through which the spinal cord
passes.
40
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/704/flas
hcards/1972704/jpg/intervertebral_disc140C258B55D41CF7AE7.jpg
41
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND

VERTEBRAE
42
BONES OF THE
THORAX, PELVIS, and
EXTREMITIES
43
BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

and EXTREMITIES
ISCHIUM, CLAVICLE, PHALANGES, HUMERUS, ULNA, CARPALS,
METACARPALS, PATELLA, PHALANGES, PELVIC GIRDLE, ILIUM,
SCAPULA, RIBS, FEMUR, TIBIA, RADIUS, FIBULA, PUBIS, TARSALS,
METATARSALS, STERNUM
THORAX
ARM AND HAND
PELVIS
LEG AND FOOT

and EXTREMITIES
LEG AND FOOT
HUMERUS
PELVIS
PELVIC
SCAPULA
ULNA
GIRDLE
PATELLA
STERNUM
RADIUS
ILIUM
TIBIA
RIBS
CARPALS
THORAX
ARM AND HAND
CLAVICLE
ISCHIUM
FIBULA
TARSALS
METACARPALS
PHALANGES
FEMUR
PUBIS
METATARSALS
PHALANGES

and EXTREMITIES
THORAX
1)
2)
3)
4)
CLAVICLE collar bone

SCAPULA shoulder blade
STERNUM breastbone
RIBS - 12 pairs of ribs; ribs 1-7 -true ribs; 8-10 - false ribs; ribs 11-12
floating ribs (completely free at their anterior extremity)
Acromion extension of the scapula that joins with the clavicle to form a
joint above the shoulder
Manubrium uppermost portion of the sternum
Xyphoid process - lowest portion of the sternum
46

and EXTREMITIES
THORAX
47

and EXTREMITIES
BONES OF THE ARM and HAND
1) HUMERUS - upper arm bone
2) ULNA - medial lower arm bone
3) RADIUS - lateral lower arm bone
4) CARPALS - wrist bones
5) METACARPALS - five bones of the palm of the hand
6) PHALANGES - ( sing. phalanx) finger bones, each
finger ( except the thumb) has 3 phalanges - a proximal,
middle and distal phalanx.
48

and EXTREMITIES
BONES OF THE ARM and HAND
49

and EXTREMITIES
BONES OF THE PELVIS
PELVIC GIRDLE pelvis; 3 pairs of fused bones :
a) ILIUM uppermost and largest portion of
pelvis; superior part of the ilium is called
the iliac crest
b) ISCHIUM inferior part of the pelvis
C) PUBIS anterior part of the pelvis; 2 pubic bones are
joined by a cartilaginous disk - pubic symphysis
http://humananatomybody.info/bones-of-pelvis-pics/
50

and EXTREMITIES
BONES OF THE PELVIS
51

and EXTREMITIES
BONES OF THE LEG AND FOOT
1) FEMUR - thigh bone, acetabulum socket where the

head of the femur meets with the pelvis
2) PATELLA kneecap
3) TIBIA (commonly the shin bone),larger of the 2 bones of
the lower leg; medial malleolus bony prominence inside
the ankle
4) FIBULA - smaller of two lower leg bones, runs parallel to
the tibia; lateral malleolus bony prominence on the
outside of the ankle
52

and EXTREMITIES
5) TARSALS (hindfoot) bones of the hind part of the foot; 7
short bones, first of the tarsal bones talus; the largest
calcaneus (the heel bone)
6) METATARSALS (midfoot) bones of the midfoot; 5
metatarsal bones
7) PHALANGES of the toes (forefoot) bones of the forefoot,
2 phalanges in the big toe, 3 in other toes
53

and EXTREMITIES
54

and EXTREMITIES
55
56
JOINTS
JOINTS
- joint (articulation) - a coming together of two or
more bones
TYPES OF JOINTS:
-immovable
-partially movable
-freely movable
58
Immovable joints
(skull and pelvis)
e.g. suture joints, such as those between

the skull bones
59
Partially movable joints

(spine or ribs)
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=joints+between+the+vertebrae&view=detailv2&id=ED8502B8D0D6A3473C739EEB399BABC2C52AF8A1&se
lectedindex=48&ccid=M3gEMlzV&simid=608051912586561606&thid=OIP.M337804325cd5a89ab06936b814426eaao0&mode=overlay&first=1
60
Movable joints
- also called SYNOVIAL JOINTS (diarthrodial
joint)
- JOINT CAPSULE surrounds bone
- ligaments band bones together
- bones covered by ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
- SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE - lies under capsule
and lines SYNOVIAL CAVITY-filled with
synovial fluid
61
Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.
62
Bursa
-CLOSED SACK lined with a synovial membrane and filled
with SYNOVIAL FLUID
- located in areas of excessive friction, e.g. under tendons
and over bony prominences
- reduce friction between moving parts
Types of synovial joints
64
65
66
Ellipsoid
67
68
69
Joint movements
70
Joint movements
71
Joint movements
72
Joint movements
73
Joint movements
74
PATHOLOGY BONES
AND JOINTS
75
PATHOLOGY - BONES
Ewing sarcoma: malignant bone tumor arising in the bone,
frequently involving the shaft of a long bone
(sarco- = flesh, -oma=tumor)
This x-ray shows a malignant bone tumor

(Ewing's sarcoma) of the upper arm bone
(humerus). This type of tumor usually occurs
during childhood and adolescence (between 5
and 15 years)
Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma): malignant tumor

arising from osteoblasts - they multiply without control and
form large tumours, especially at the ends of long bones
(osteo= bone; -gen=origin; -ic=pertaining to)
This x-ray shows a malignant bone tumor
(osteogenic sarcoma) of the knee. This type of
tumor is usually seen in adolescents (around 15
years old). This tumor extends from the bone into
the surrounding tissue
Exostosis: (benign) bony

growth on surface of bone
(ex out; -ostosis- formation
of bone)
Osteomyelitis: inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

secondary to infection (osteo=bone; myelo=bone marrow; -itis=
inflammation)
Copyright 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

All rights reserved.
Rickets (rachitis): a disease of infancy and childhood when

bones are forming but fail to receive calcium and
phosphorus results in softening and weakening of the
bones (osteomalacia)
(rachis=spine; -itis=inflammation)
http://www.everythingmaths.co.za/science/lifesciences/grade-10/06-support-systems-in-animals/06-support-systems-in-animals-07.cnxmlplus
Osteoporosis: decrease in bone density (mass); thinning

and weakening of the bone
(osteo=bone; porosis=cavity formation)
http://scienceblogs.com/lifelines/2014/11/14/new-treatment-for-osteoporosis/
81
Talipes: congenital deformity of the foot twisted in any of

various positions; the infant cannot stand with the sole of
the foot flat on the floor (tali=talus; pes=foot)
http://nursingcrib.com/wp-content/uploads/club-foot.jpg
82
SPINE DISORDERS
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
83
Scoliosis - a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs

most often during the growth spurt just before puberty
(scolio=twisted,crooked; -osis= abnormal condition)
http://www.atozenchiropractic.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/scoliosis-300x224.jpg
84
Kyphosis loss of bone mass due to osteoporosis produces

posterior curvature of the spine in the thoracic region
(hunchback or humpback) (kypho= hump; -osis=abnormal
condition)
http://www.anaheimregionalmc.com/Clinical-Services/Spinal-Surgeries/Kyphosis.aspx
85
lordosis anterior curviture of the lumbar spine (swayback)

(lordo=bent backward)
http://stronglifts.com/wp-content/uploads/lordosis1.jpg
86
Arthritis - inflammation of joints:

Ankylosing spondylitis: chronic progressive stiffening of
joints, mostly spine (ankylo=fused, stiff, fixed; spondylo=vertebra)
http://www.doctortipster.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/as.jpg
87
Gouty arthritis (gout): inflammation and painfull swelling of

joints due to excessive uric acid in body
http://www.doctortipster.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/as.jpg
88
Bunion: swelling of medial aspect of joint between big toe

and first metatarsal bone
http://www.handsurgeonlondon.co.uk/images/dislocated-finger.jpg
89
Dislocation: displacement of bone from a joint
http://www.handsurgeonlondon.co.uk/images/dislocated-finger.jpg
90
Sprain: trauma to ligaments without rupture (injury involving

overstreching the muscle)
http://physioworks.com.au/injuries-conditions-1/sprained-ankle
91
Ganglion cyst: a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint

capsule or a tendon in the wrist (ganglio=ganglion, small, usually
hard bump; cyst=sac or bladder)
COPYRIGHT 2008, 2005 BY SAUNDERS, AN IMPRINT OF ELSEVIER INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Herniation of an intervertebral disk: abnormal protrusion of

the disk into the neural canal or against spinal nerves
(slipped disk)
COPYRIGHT 2008, 2005 BY SAUNDERS, AN IMPRINT OF ELSEVIER INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
FRACTURES
Simple fracture (closed)
Compound fracture (open)
94
FRACTURES
Impacted fracture one
fragment is driven firmly into
another; at the head of the
femur or head of the
humerus
95
FRACTURES
Colles fracture near the
wrist at distal end of the
radius
Compression fracture
bone collapses or is
compressed; occurs in
vertebrae
96
FRACTURES
Comminuted fracture bone
is splintered and crushed into
several pieces
Greenstick fracture bone is
partially broken; breaks on one
surface and bends on another,
often occurs in forearm
97
FRACTURES
Transverse fracture - the break is across a bone, at a right
angle to the long axis of the bone
Oblique fracture - a diagonal or slanted fracture

(not at a right angle to the axis of the bone)
Spiral fracture - type of fracture caused
by a twisting force - a spiral-shaped
fracture, like a staircase
98
MUSCLES
99
FUNCTIONS
- responsible
for movement
- internal movement
involves the contraction
and relaxation of
muscles that are a part
of viscera
- external movement is
accomplished by the
contraction and
relaxation of muscles
that are attached to the
bones
100
TYPES OF MUSCLES
There are 3 types of muscles in our body:
STRIATED MUSCLES
SMOOTH MUSCLES
CARDIAC MUSCLES
101
Striated muscles
-move all our bones as well as the face and eyes
- also called SKELETAL OR VOLUNTARY
- striated muscle fibers (cells) have pattern of
dark and light bands fibrils
- fibrous tissue that envelops muscles is called
fascia
- arranged in bundles (snop)
102
Smooth muscles
- move our internal organs (such as digestive tract, blood
vessels, and secretory ducts leading from glands)
- also called VISCERAL OR INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES
- smooth no dark and light fibrils in their cytoplasm
- we have no conscious control over them
- form sheets of fibres as they wrap around tubes and vessels
103
Cardiac muscle
- striated in appearance but like smooth muscle in its action
- cannot be consciously controlled
- found exclusively in the heart
104
105
Selected muscles
Achilles tendon, biceps femoris, deltoid,

gastrocnemius, gluteus maximus, masseter,
occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, pectoralis
major, sternocleidomastoid, temporalis,
trapezius
106
107
Selected muscles
108
Ligaments
- connect two bones
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=ligaments&view=detailv2&&id=5206F600ED9F8722C946A0C0CA51D66740840B82&selectedIndex=7&ccid =MD5KThw4&simid=608012471903
060117&thid=OIP.M303e4a4e1c38911f76d0ef43d58cdcf9H0&ajaxhist=0
109
Tendons
- connect muscles to bones
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=tendons&view=detailv2&&id=77D4F9D4E17236D0A37A07AF3380244187826345&selectedIndex=4&ccid=uZ
SOU21m&simid=608003774588454349&thid=OIP.Mb9948e536d66941a3286e721a95adda1o0&ajaxhist=0
110
ACTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

A. movement away from the midline
B. turning the palm down
C. turning the palm up
ABDUCTION
PRONATION
SUPINATION
D. straightening out a limb or joint
EXTENSION
E. bending the sole of the foot downward PLANTAR FLEXION
F. circular movement around an axis ROTATION

G. bending a limb
FLEXION
H. movement toward the midline ADDUCTION
L. backward (upward) bending of the foot DORSIFLEXION
111
112
113
Pathological conditions of the

muscular system
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
- autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by
weakness of the voluntary muscle groups
(http://www.pivotalphysio.com/?p=2425)
114
POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA
-inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness
primarily around the neck, shoulders, upper arms and hips
-MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
-group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive
weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres
115
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
BONES
Combining Form
Meaning
calc/o
calcium
calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
hump, bent
lord/o
bent backward
lumb/o
loins, lower back
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
BONES
Combining Form
Meaning
myel/o
bone marrow
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
twisted, crooked
spondyl/o
vertebra
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
Combining Form
Meaning
cost/o
ribs
crani/o
cranium (skull)
humer/o
humerus
ili/o
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
malleol/o
malleolus
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
JOINTS
Combining Form
Meaning
ankyl/o
fused, stiff
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
chondr/o
cartilage
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-blast
embryonic cell
-clast
to break
-malacia
softening
-physis
growth
-porosis
pore, passage
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
MUSCLES
Combining Form
Meaning
fasci/o
fascia
fibr/o
fibrous
my/o
muscle
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
PREFIXES
Prefix
Meaning
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
dorsi-
back
poly-
many, much

5) Musculoskeletal System

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5) Musculoskeletal System

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MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

bones, muscles, and joints

places at which bones come together

- other parts storage areas for

OSTEOCLASTS (-clast = break) - large cells that reabsorb, or

Bones can be of several different types:

picture source: http://www.footvitals.com/bones/sesamoiditis.html

ANATOMIC DIVISION OF A LONG BONE

ANATOMIC DIVISION OF A LONG BONE

ANATOMIC DIVISION OF A LONG BONE

ANATOMIC DIVISION OF A LONG BONE

medullary cavity - at the shaft of the long bones, contains yellow

trabeculae a series of separated bony fibers where mineral matter

spaces in cancellous bone - red bone marrow

ANATOMIC DIVISION OF A LONG BONE

4. tubercle small, rounded process for attachment of tendons and

6. tuberosity rounded elevation for attachment of muscles or

to another and serve as passageways for blood vessels and

5. sinus - hollow cavity within a bone

- at birth - gaps of unossified tissue in the skull - soft spots,

2. PARIETAL BONES - the roof and upper part of the

5. ZYGOMATIC BONES - two bones, one on each side of the

VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE VERTEBRA:

VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

ARM AND HAND

LEG AND FOOT

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

ARM AND HAND

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

CLAVICLE collar bone

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

1) FEMUR - thigh bone, acetabulum socket where the

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

BONES OF THE THORAX, PELVIS,

e.g. suture joints, such as those between

Partially movable joints

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

- reduce friction between moving parts

Types of synovial joints

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

Copyright 2011 by F. A. Davis Company.

This x-ray shows a malignant bone tumor

Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma): malignant tumor

Exostosis: (benign) bony

Osteomyelitis: inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

Copyright 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Rickets (rachitis): a disease of infancy and childhood when