KCES COET JALGAON

H.V.E.

Date :-

Experiment No. 1
Title of the Experiment :- Study of H.V. Testing kit

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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Title of
the
Experi
ment:ofTitle
Study
the
of H.V.
Experi
Testingment:
Kit
Study
of H.V.
Testing
Kit

KCES COET JALGAON

H.V.E.

KCES COET JALGAON

H.V.E.

Experiment No. 1

Date: -

Title :- Study of H.V. Testing kit.

Theory:- Insulator play very important role in the almost all electrical equipment, so it
becomes very essential to have knowledge of the insulating material their properties & their
testing method with the help of special equipment, dielectric strength of solid insulating
material , insulating varnishes, transformer oil, filing compound etc can be measured.
The apparatus is to be studied is 50Kv.A.C/ 70Kv.D.c.Testing kit by which series,
wires, and cables, insulating tapes, solid filling cloths & cloth tapes, laminated material,
mica film, fiber film can be tested.
The apparatus can also be used to carry
1.

Measurement of A.C. or D.C. voltage using sphere gap alternately

2.

Study of breakdown test of uniformly field

3.

Study of breakdown characteristics of non uniform field

This testing kit is design & fabricated to ensure highest quality & dependinlgility .All

the insulating tubes for support are made up epoxy fibre glass & painted with anticracking
point. This versatile & very useful H.V. testing kit mainly consist of
1.

H.V.Transformer (0- 50 W)

2.

Rectifier ( 70 Kv)

3.

Filter ( 70 Kv)

4. Resistance divider
5. Control panel

High Voltage transformer

It is step up oil cooled mobile transformer. It has primary winding on LV Sec. on
H.V. winding .The high voltage end of secondary is brought out through burning

Specification
I/p voltage

0-230v, 50Hz

O/P voltage

0-50 Kv, 50 Hz

Secondary current -

100 mA

Types of cooling

oil cooled.

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H.V.E.

H.V. rectifier
It is fabricated using high quality & high stability diodes. This diodes are
connected in series to withstand reqn voltage. The entire assembly is enclosed in epoxy
fibre glass tube & pointer
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Specification
Capacity -

70 KV , D.C.

PIV

175 KV, D.C.

Types of cooling -

Oil cooled

H.V. filter :It is R.C. filter, it has been manufactured by using H.V. capacitor & resistor
element connected in series. The entire assembly is enclosed in epoxy fibre glass tube
pointed with ant tracking point. The lower end of fibre is grounded.

Specifications: Type of filter _

R.C.

Capacitance

3300 pF

Cooling

Oil cooled

H.V. resistance divider: Resistance divider is mainly used to measure d.c.voltage with accuracy of 1%

FSD high quality high stability resistance are put in series & entire assembly is immersed in a
oil in epoxy fibre glass tube. It is mobile instrument of which this is effectively grounded.
Operation of kit :0 230 V variable voltage is supplied to the primary side of HV transformer to get 0-50
K.V. A.C. o/p. This o/p is then fed to rectifier which cansert it in 70 KV D.C. but the rectified
o/p. HV ripples & it obtain ripple free d.c. o/p. a suitably designed RC filter is used. The
filtered o/p. is then fed to bleeder for the measurement purpose by which d.c. o/p. can be read
on control panel in terms of K.V.
The control panel is suitably designed keeping all necessary & safety points in view.
The control panel has provision to read AC i/p, A.C. charging voltage, D.C. charging voltage &
timer.
Necessary interlock has been provided in autotransformer to avoid the sudden application
of high voltage to test specimen.
Emergency put button S/W has been then provided in control panel. This can be used at the
time of any emergency such as burning of rectifier divider.

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Operation Instruction:1.

Connect variable 0-230 V of control panel to primary of transformer.

2.

H.T. lead of transformer is connected to rectifier.

3.

H.V. terminal of resistance divider , battery known as bleeding resistor is connected

to test specimen the other end of specimen is connected to ground.

4.

L.V. of the bleeder connected to control panel with the help of BNC connected
using75 cable. This is used to read d.c. H.V. in the meter

5.

Connect 230V, 50Hz main supply to control panel.

6.

Control panel should be grounded properly

7.

Put the main ON of the control panel & then main ON H.T. OFF indicator will
glow.

8.

Bring the time to zero position for zero interlocking as result unit relay indicator will
glow.

9.

If timer is needed put it ON position other wise put it in By position.

10. Put H.T. ON, H.T. ON indicator will glow& H.T. OFF indicator will stop
glowing.
11. Increase little voltage & see D.C. charging voltameter & accordingly select polarity
using the polarity selector switch.
12. Increase variable voltage to be required level & immediately s/w ON the timer.
13. If the same sample fails within specified time then sample failed indicator will glow.
14. If specimen withstand voltage up to set time & then equipment trips. Then we
conclude specimen has passed insulating test of set voltage.
15. Memory push button is provided to read the A.C. break down voltage only.
16. Emergency push button is used only at the time of emergency.
Result:_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Remark:-

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Sign. of Subject Incharge

Grade

Date:-

Experiment No. 2
Title of the Experiment: - Double Frequency, Double
Voltage Calls Test Transformer

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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KCES COET JALGAON

H.V.E.

Title of the Experiment: - Double Frequency, Double Voltage

Calls Test Transformer

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

H.V.E.

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KCES COET JALGAON

Experiment No. 2

H.V.E.
Date:-

Aim: - Double frequency Double voltage calls test transformer

Theory :- In engineering & applied field h.v. required for several applications e.g. electron
ray unit required high d.c.voltage of order of 100 Kv or more high impulse voltage are
required for testing purpose to Simulate over voltage that occurs in power system due to
lighting or switching surges. The main concern of H.V. is for insulation of various
component in power system for the different types of voltage namely power frequency as
high frequency as high frequency switching of lighting impulse.
Voltage double Circuit:Both full wave & half wave rectifier circuit reproduce a d.c.voltage less than a.c.
mains voltage when higher d.c.voltage are needed a voltage doubler or cascade rectifier
double circuit are used the schematic diagram of voltage doubler circuit shown in fig.
In voltage doubler circuit condenser c is charged through rectifier R to a voltage
of transformer rises to the maximum. Duing ve half cycle point of other terminal of c rises
the volt through Rx to Vmax. Normally the d.c. o/p voltage on load will be less than V max
depending on the time constant. The ripple voltage of this circuit will be about 20% R 1&
h/r

0.2 where H& R are reactance & resistance of i/p transformer rectifier C 1 & C2

must also have same rating. If load current is large ripple also have same.
Cascade voltage double circuit is used when large o/p voltage is needed without
changing the i/p transformer voltage level. A typical voltage is shown in fig & its o/p & i/p
waveform are also shown rectifier R1 & R2 with transformer & condenser C1 & C2 produce
an o/p voltage on 2V in the same way as describe above. This circuit is duplicated &
connected in series are cascaded to obtain further voltage doubling 4V. An isolation
transformer to give an isolation transformer to give an isolation ground voltage distribution
along the rectifier string R 1, R2, R 3, & R 4 is made uniform by condensers C 1, C 2, C 3 &C4
of equal value & the arrangement may be extended to give 6V, 8V& so on repeating further
stage with the isolating transformer. In all voltage doubler circuit the filament transformer
have to be suitable design & installation as all cathode will not have same potential from
ground.
The arrangement becomes cambersome if more than the 4V is needed with the
cascaded steps

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Result:____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Que.1- Explain and compare the performance of half wave rectifier and voltage double
Circuit for generation of high d.c.voltage ?
Ans -

___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Que.2 - Explain the working of cascaded circuit with the diagram?
Ans -

___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Remark:-

Sign. of Subject In charge

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

Grade

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KCES COET JALGAON

H.V.E.

Date :-

Experiment No. 3
Title of the Experiment :- To Study Impulse Generator

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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KCES COET JALGAON

H.V.E.

Title of the Experiment: - To Study Impulse Generator

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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KCES COET JALGAON

Experiment No.:- 3

H.V.E.
Date :-

Aim:- To Study Impulse Generator

Theory :- An impulse generator is unidirectional voltage which without appreciable
oscillation rises rapidly to maximum value & falls more or less rapidly to zero. The
maximum value is called peak value of impulse & impulse voltage is specified by this
value .
If an impulse voltage develops without causing flashover or puncture occurs. Thus
causing a sudden collapse of impulse voltage. It is called a chopped impulse voltage.
Fig represent a exact equivalent circuit of a single stage impulse generator along
with typical load.
C 1is the capacitance of generator charge from a d.c. to a.c. suitable voltage which
causes discharge through sphere gap . The C 1 may consist of a single stage generator or
altern if C 1 is total capacitance of a gap of a capacitance in parallel then discharge in series
it is known as multistage generator.
L 1 is inductance of generator &load connecting the generator to discharge circuit &
is usually kept as small as possible. Two resistance from a potential divider which reduces
the o/p voltage but when R2 is on the generator side of R 1 this particular loss of O/P voltage
is absent.
The impulse capacitor C 1 is charged through a charring resistance to a d.c. voltage
Va & then discharge by flashing over the swing gap with a pulse of suitable value.
Result:____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Remark:-

Sign. of Subject Incharge

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

Grade

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KCES COET JALGAON

H.V.E.

Date :-

Experiment No. 4
Title of the Experiment :- Power Frequency Test On H.V.Cable

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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H.V.E.

Title of the Experiment: - Power Frequency Test On H.V. Cable

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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Experiment No.:- 4

H.V.E.
Date:-

Aim :- Power Frequency Test On H.V. Cable.

Theory :- The test is carried out is the field after installation of cable fig. shows circuit for
cable testing , current flow for only half wave of cycle. During this time capacitance formed by
cables core & length is charged to ground potential Vm if peak voltage of charged secondary
winding of h.v. During next half cycle potential of this cathode rises to Vm is in other directions
& therefore the reactor must be designed to withstand & voltage of Vm.
The charging & leakage current are then indicated by a milliammeter shown in fig for
testing up to 200 KV, 2 reactors are used. A voltage of 2 Vm is obtained between the cores & Vm
below earth area.
For testing 1 core cable a voltage doubler circuit is used for this. As shown in fig.
cables are used usually tested in field & test set for field duty alternator is used for supplying
the L.V. winding of h.v. testing transformer the voltage regulator is done by auto transformer
& line adjustment are done by chock coil connected in series with primary winding the voltage
is measured with an voltmeter. A sphere gap is also used as along side.
The testing circuit should be breakdown of apparatus. Therefore, care should be taken
to increase the voltage gradually & to discharge the cable length through high resistance after
the test the discharged connection should be maintained for considerably long period in order
to avoid dielectric absorption.
Equivalent of A.C. & D.C. test voltage:During the electric osmic effect moisture which may exist within the cable, dielectric tends
to move toward negatively charged electrode when the d.c. volt is applied. Although the
amount of such cause breakdown due to its connect near the negative electrode. If the applied
voltage is alternating no such movement of moisture remaining uniformly distributed
Breakdown may occurs when test cable support sunge this effect is more considerable with
A.C. than D.C.
For there reason it is obvious that there are other consideration beyond more
equivalence of potential gradient which must determined to what alternating voltage given
direct volt is the equivalent from point of view of insulation breakdown resistance consist of
inherent series resistance after includes additional lumped resistance inserted within the
generator for clamping purpose & for o/p within field control L 3R 3 are circuit element which
may be connected at generator terminal with field current control R 2 &R 4 control the duration
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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H.V.E.

Title of the Experiment: - Power Frequency Test On H.V.Cable

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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H.V.E.

of wave however the R 4 also serves as point divider when CRO used to measure C 4 &C 2
represents the capacitance to earth of h.v. components & loads C 4 also includes cap of test
object & of any other load capacitor required for producing the required wave shape. Lu
represent the inductive of the test object & may also effect wave shape.
Virtually for practical reason, one terminal of impulse generator is sidely grounded the
polarity of o/p voltage can be changed by the changing the polarity of d.c. charging voltage.
For the evolution of various impulse circuit element the analysis using equivalent circuit of fig.
is quite complex. Two simplified but more practical forms of impulse generator circuit as
shown in fig. These two circuit are widely used & diffuse only in position of widely wave
control resistance R 2 when R 2 is on load side of R 11 the observation table showing ratio of d.c.
to a.c. test voltage quoted by various authorities as giving the equivalent breakdown test upon
table & dielectric for paper cable although a d.c. /a.c. ratio of 2.5 has been used ratio increases
with increase in the insulation thickness
A description ratio 1.5 for cable up to 33kv & ratio 2 for voltage above.
Result: ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Remark:-

Sign. of Subject Incharge

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

Grade

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KCES COET JALGAON

H.V.E.

Date :-

Experiment No. 5
Title of the Experiment :- To Study Flash Over Test On Insulator

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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KCES COET JALGAON

Experiment No. 5

H.V.E.

Date :-

Aim: - To Study Flash Over Test On Insulator.

Theory: - The 100% flash over voltage is defined as the voltage causes at each of its
application under specified condition when applied to test object.
To conduct flashover test impulse generator is required The impulse test consist of
a) Impulse withstand voltage test
b) Impulse flashover test
c) Pollution test
Impulse withstand voltage test :This test is done by applying the standard impulse voltage of specified value under the
dry condition with both +ve & -ve polarity of the waves. If 5 consecutive waves do not cause
flash over or puncture of insulator then it is seemed to have passed the test. If the two
application caused flash over, the object is seemed to be failed. If there is only one type of
failure, additional to 10 application of voltage wave are to be made. If the objects withstand the
subsequent application, it is said to be passed the test.
Impulse flashover test :The test is carried out in the same way of the above test usually the probability of the failure is
determined for 40 to 60% of failure value or 20 to 80 % of failure value since it is difficult to
adjust the test voltage to 50% of flash over voltage exactly, the arc value of upper & lower
limit is taken. The insulator surface should not be damaged by these test, but the slight marking
on its surface & chipping of cement is allowed.
Pollution Testing :Because of the problem of pollution of outdoor electrical insulator & consequent problem of
maintenance of system, pollution testing has gaining importance.
The normal type of pollution testing are
1.

Dust if organization, bird recreation files etc

2.

Industrial pollutions like smoke, petroleum, vapour dust

3.

Coastal pollution in which corrosive & hygroscopic salt are deposited on the insulator o/p

4.

Desert pollution in which sand, storms cause deposition of sand & dust layer

5.

Ice & fog deposition in high altitude area

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These pollution causes corrosion, non-uniform gradient along the insulator string &
surface. It also causes deterioration of material pollution causes partial discharge radio
interference. Hence pollution testing is important for HV system.
The popular test that is normally carried out is a salt fog test. In this test the maximum
normal withstand voltage is applied on insulator & then artificial salt fog is created around
the insulator by jet of salt water. If flash over occur within one hour the test is then repeated
for fog of lower salinity. The maximum salinity of which the insulator is withstand the test
without flash over is taken as a reference of fig..
Impulse voltage test :The two different voltage test are
a) Full wave withstand test
b) Chopped wave withstand & Switching Surge test .
Full wave withstand test :The bushings are tested for either polarity voltage as per specification fine consecutive
waves of standard shapes are applied. If two of them causes flash over is occurred only once
then is additional applications are used. The bushing is said to be passes the test if no flash over
is occurred.
Chopped wave withstand & S/wing Surge test :The Chopped wave withstand test is same times carried out for HV bushing (400 Kv &
above) Switching Surge flashover test is also include for h.v. bushing.
Result:____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Remark:-

Sign. of Subject Incharge

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

Grade

Page No.___

KCES COET JALGAON

H.V.E.

Date :-

Experiment No. 6
Title of the Experiment: - Dry & Wet Flash Over
(Power Frequency Test)
On Insulators

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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Experiment No. 6

Date :-

Aim :- Dry & Wet Flash Over ( Power Frequency Test) on insulators.
Theory :1) Type tests

2) Routine tests

Type test are intended to provide check on design features & qualities. Routine test are
intended to check the qualities of individual test piece type are carried on sample when new
design is implemented where routine tests are carried out to test the reliability of individual test
objects
H.V. test include
1) Power frequency test
2) Impulse test
All insulators are required to subject both test.
Power frequency test :1) Dry & wet flashover test :- In this test A.C. voltage of power frequency is applied across
insulators & increased uniform rate of about 2 2.5 % of estimated test voltage to such a value
that a break down occurs along the surface of insulators, if the test is conducted under usual
condition called Dry flash over test.
In general wet tests are not intended to reproduce actual operating condition but only
when to provided orientation based on experiment that a satisfactory to sprays of water of
given conductivity by means of the nozzles. The spray are arranged in such a way that water
drops falls approximately at inclination of 45 0 at the vertical.
The test object is sprayed for at least one minute, before voltage application & it is
continued during application of voltage.
Character of spray are :Precipitate rates = 3 10 % ( mm / min) Direction.
Conductivity of water = 100 siemens 10%
Water temp ambient = 15%
The revised test procedure of precipitation of conductor is as follows
Vertical component = 1 to 1.5 mm/ min limits for individual measurement = 0.5 to 0.2
mm/min

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Temp of collected water = Ambient temp & Conducting of water collected = 100
Specification are being modified for application of 15(+ve) & 15 (ve) impulse test in
each sets are allowed to flashover. If more than fact flashover occurs in each then insulator is
deemed to be failed.
Result: ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
DISCUSSION QUESTION
Que.1- What is mean by Routine Test & Type test ?
Ans -

___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Que.2 - What is the procedure of Dry & Wet flashover test on insulator ?
Ans -

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Remark:-

Sign. of Subject Incharge

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

Grade

Page No.___

KCES COET JALGAON

H.V.E.

Date :-

Experiment No. 7
Title of the Experiment: - To Determine Insulation Breakdown
Strength of Liquid, Solid & Dielectric
Medium

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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H.V.E.

Title of the Experiment: - To Determine Insulation Breakdown

Strength of Liquid, Solid & Dielectric
Medium

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH TEST OF TRANSFORMER OIL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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KCES COET JALGAON

Experiment No. :- 7

H.V.E.
Date :-

Aim: - To Determine Insulation Breakdown Strength of Liquid, Solid & Gaseous Dielectric
Medium.
Theory :- Insulation breakdown strength of liquids
Here we are using transformer oil as a liquid. Transformer oil is used as insulating
medium for winding. The dielectric strength of transformer oil is carried out with testing kit
which consist of standard oil test cells which is approx (100 60) mm in area & nearly 85 mm
high. In this cells two types of polished brass sphere of 127 mm to 13 mm in diagram
horizontally fitted as shown. The gap spacing between electrode is 2.5 to 3 mm which can be
adjusted by arrangement to change with the help of calibrated gauge is 90. This test circuit
consist of 230 V supply connected to variac & o/p of which is given to step up transformer L.V.
& H.V. winding. From sec. is connected to LV which is calibrated towards HV directly & a C.
B. is provided to tripping at the supply will take place.
Working: First of all oil from transformer tank is to be taken out through drain cock test cells is
washed by fresh good oil. The test oil is then fitted in cell in such a way that its level will be 1
cm above sphere, for testing purpose of cold oil is used as dielectric medium
In case of high temp oil in test cap is kept stand still for a few minutes so that any
double present in it will disappear as they should be taken out to transfer the oil under the test
as its result by humidity absorb frame fig. The test cell is then covered by glass cap. Now
supply is on & increase the voltage by autotransformer till the oil between gap is B.D. & arc is
produced. If there are such impurities is like cotton, which join the gap between sphere, which
may cause early breakdown at this stage. The circuit breaker will not trip because value of
voltage should be ignore & value of voltage at which final breakdown occur to be noted.
Breakdown in solid dielectric medium: Solid insulating material almost used in electrical equipment be heater, 500 mw
generator or circuit breaker solid insulation forms an integral part of all electrical specially
when operated voltage are high solid insulation not only provided insulation to live part but it
then sometimes provide mechanical support to the equipment a suitable combination of solid,

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liquid & gases insulator are used. The process responsible for breakdown of gaseous dielectric
are governed by rapid growth of current due to emission of electrons.
When breakdown occurs, the gaseous region partly & dielectric strength. The
breakdown of solid dielectric not only depend on magnitude of voltage applied but also it is in
of time for which voltage applied but also it in time for the voltage is applied roughly product
of breakdown voltage & time required for breakdown constant.
So electric strength of solid material is affected by ambient temp., humidity, duration,
of test impurities, whether d.c. or a.c. or impulse voltage are being used applied to this
electrodes etc. are being used applied to this electrodes etc.
1. Intrinsic breakdown
2. Electromechanical breakdown
3. Thermal breakdown
4. Electromagnetic breakdown
5. Breakdown due to tripping & tracking.
Mechanism of Breakdown of gases :At normal temp & pressure, the gases are excellent insulators. The conductors is order
of

10 10A/m 2. This current conduction result from ionization of are by cosmic radiation &

radiation substance present in atmosphere and earth. At higher field charged particle may gain
sufficient energy between collection to cause ionization on impacts with neutral molecule.
Ionization of electron impact under the strong elastic field is the most important process
leading to breakdown gases. The ionization by radiation or photons involve the interaction of
radiation with matter photo ionization occurs when amount of leading energy absorbed by an
atom or molecule exceeds its ionization energy is represented as A+ where A represents a
neutral atom or molecule in gas & h.v. photon energy. It is secondary ionization & important in
streamer breakdown & in some corona discharge. If photon enter ionization energy rising
energy atom to a higher level which is called photo excitation. Let A be a atom to be ionized
and B+ be a meta stable when B m coiled with A, ionization may takes place according to
reaction.
A + Bm

A+ + B + e

Ionization by metastable interaction come to operation by other excitation and it has been
shown that these relations are then responsible for long time lags observed in same gases.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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Conclusion:____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

DISCUSSION QUESTION
Que.1- How is the Electric stresses / Electric field intensity controlled ?
Ans ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Que.2 - Explain Intrinsic breakdown & Electromechanical of solid insulating material ?
Ans -___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Remark:-

Sign. of Subject Incharge

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

Grade

Page No.___

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H.V.E.

Date :-

Experiment No. 8
Title of the Experiment: - To Study Corona Discharge

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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Title of the Experiment :-

H.V.E.
To Study Corona Discharge

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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Experiment No :- 8

Date :-

Aim :- To Study Corona Discharge

Theory :- If the electrical field is uniform and field is increasing gradually just when
measurable ionization began lead to complete breakdown of gap. However in non-uniform
field before spark of medium takes place. There are many functure in form of the visual &
audible discharge. This discharge is called Corona discharge.
In fact corona is defined as self sustained electrical discharge in which field intensity
ionized is localized by only over a portion of distance between electrode. The phenomenon is
particular important in H.V.E. where most of field uncounted are non-uniform field corona is
responsible for power loss & interference of power line with communication line as corona
frequency lies between 20 Hz to 20 KHz. This also leads to deteriorates of insulation by
combined action of discharge bombarding surface and action of corona discharge. When
voltage higher than critical voltage is applied between parallel polished wire. The glow is quite
even after position wire. The glow is of short time radish beads of 3 form along wire while
around surface wire there is bluish white glow. If conductors are examined through a
stratosphere. Stratoscope so that one wire. It is noticed that the reddish beds are formed. When
the conductance is positive. The A.C. corona viewed through stratoscope. As corona
phenomenon is initiated, a hissing noise is heard & ozone gas is formed which can be detected
by charac colour.
When applied voltage become equal to critical descriptive voltage corona is start but it
is not visible because charged ions in air must receive some finite energy to cause further
ionization by collision for a radial field. It must reach a gradient voltage at surface of
conductance to cause a gradient zero a finite distance away from surface of the conductor. The
discharge between ground & positive is called energy distance. According to peak distance is
equal to two parallel conduction & for co-axial conductors from this it is clear that the voltage
is no constant as Vgo is add.
The electric field intensity for two parallel wires is given by
E = 30

0.1 +

0.30
r .F

8 Kv/Kw

For coaxial wire

E = 30

0.1 + 0.308
r .

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Title of the Experiment: - To Study Corona Discharge

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Title of the Experiment: - To Study Corona Discharge

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With plant plane gap in air where ve polarity voltage is applied to point & voltage
exceeds ON set value current flows is very regular pulses known as Trichel pulses.
The ON set voltage is independent of gap length & is numerically equal to ON set of
streamers under +ve voltage & is seen of radial of radius of cathode in gap length & pr. A
decrease in pr. decreases frequency of pulse. It should be noted that breakdown voltage with
ve polarity is higher than with ve polarity except of low pr. Therefore with a.c. power
frequency voltage the breakdown of non-uniform field gap invariably take place during the +ve
& -ve point place.
When the spacing is small breakdown for two polarities nearly coincide & no corona
stabilizers region is created. As the spacing is increased + Ve charge display the distance high
corona breakdown up to a pr. of about bar followed by sudden drop in breakdown strength
under ve polarity corona stabilizer region extends to much higher pressure
From corona inception & breakdown voltage of the sphere place arrangement.
1.
2.

For small spacing field is uniform is breakdown voltage depends on gap spacing.
In zone II where spacing is relatively large character field is non-uniform & breakdown
voltage depends on both sphere diameter & the spacing

3.

For still larger the field is non-uniform & breakdown is parallel by corona & controlled
array by spacing

The corona inception voltage mainly depends on sphere diagram.

Effects of Corona
The effects of corona are as follows :1.

Violet glow is observe around the conductor

2.

Hissing sound is produced

3.
4.

It produces ozone, which can be then detected by its odour.

The glow is max. over rough & dirty surface of conductor.

Horn Gap :The equipment known is horn gap equipment mainly consist of two horn gap shape
H.V. electrode. A H.V. transformer with grounded centre tap to the H.V. output of transformer.
For the safety of Operator the horns which at H.V. are covered with transparent cover.
A suitable push button is provided in the from panel of equipment. The equipment starts
operating as seen as we press button the i/p supply is 230 V A.C.
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Specification of Transformer
I/p Voltage -230 V. A.C.
O/p Voltage 10 KV
O/p Current 10MA
Operating duty Continuous
Operation :i) Switch ON the 230 V.A.C. Supply to the equipment
ii) Press the button provided on front panel to see corona formation
The equipment continuous to operate as long as we press push button we see the
spark starts from button to horn, where the gap is min but sufficient to cause breakdown
due to application of 20 K.V. Now the gas goes on increasing & hence the spark also moves
up & length of spark also increases & spark vanishes at the end of horn. This spark is
nothing but corona formation.

How Corona occurs ?

As we apply the H.V. to horn gap the spark over or breakdown occurs at point of
minimum gas the upper layer of air will get ionized and its density & resistance will
decrease. So the spark will move up progressively as the phenomenon goes on repeating
until corona reaches to peak value (pt.) of horns.
Conclusion:
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Remark:-

Sign. of Subject Incharge

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

Grade

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Date :-

Experiment No. 9
Title of the Experiment: - To Study Calibration of Sphere Gap

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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Title of the Experiment: - To Study Calibration of Sphere Gap

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

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Experiment No :- 9

Date :-

Aim :- To Study Calibration of Sphere Gap

Theory :- A uniform spark gap will always have spark over voltage with known tolerance
under constant atmosphere condition. Hence spark gap can be used to measurement of peak
value voltage if the gap distance is known. A spark over voltage of 30 KV (peak) at 1 cm
spacing normally sphere gaps are used for voltage measurement.
Sphere gap breakdown is independent of voltage waveform & hence it is highly
suitable for all type of waveform from d.c. to impulse voltage. These gaps are used for ratio
frequency a.c. voltage & also the peak measurement.
Sphere Gap Measurement :Sphere gap can be arranged either vertically with lower sphere grounded or horizontally
with both sphere connected to source voltage or one is grounded. Two sphere are used as
identical in size a shape voltage to be measured is applied between two sphere and distance or
spacing between them gives a measure of spark voltage. A series resistance is usually
connected between source & sphere gap to limit the breakdown current & to suppress
unwanted oscillation in source voltage when breakdown value of R se may vary from 100 to
1000 KHz in case of impulse voltage.
In case of a.c. peak value & d.c. voltage measurement applied voltage is then uniformly
increased until spark over occurs in the gap. Generally, mean of fire break down is taken when
they agree to within 3%. In case of impulse voltage to obtain 50% flashover voltage two
voltage limits differing not by wire then 2% are set such that application of lower limit either 2
or 4 flash over takes mean of these two limits is taken as 50%.
For flashover voltage in any case a preliminary spark over voltage measurement is to be
made before actual measurement are made
Sphere Gap Construction & Assembly:To construct a sphere gap two metal sphere of suitable diameter with their shank
operating gear & insulator support are mainly required sphere are made up of copper, brass or
aluminum standard diameter for Sphere are 2,5,6,10,12.5,23,50,75,100,150 & 200 sphere are
so design & fabricated that their surface are uniform & smooth. Radius of Curvature

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measurement with spacometer of various point over an enclosed by cycle should not vary 20 %
of normal value.
Surface of sphere should be free from dust grease or any other Coating. The surface
should be maintained clean but need not be polished of excessive pitting occurs due to repeated
flashover they should be smoothed. Distance of shanks used should be as per table H.V.
Conductor should be arranged such that it does not affect field configuration series resistance
connection should be outside the shanks of distance 2D from H.V. sphere.
Irradiation of sphere gap is needed when measurement of voltage less than 30 KV are
made with a sphere gap of 10 cm diameter or less Irradiation may be obtained from guard tube
mercury vapour temp. of 40A rating.
Factors affecting spark over voltage of sphere gap are as follows :i) Nearly earthed object
ii) Atmospheric condition, humidity
iii) Polarity & time of voltage waveform.
The Equipment :The 62.5 mm sphere gap assembly is of horizontal &mobile. The main frame strand structure is
made using epoxy fibre glass tube. There tubes are painted using the anticracking points to any
voltage. Tracking on the tubes due to dust &moisture on one side (green) of apparatus hand
wheel has been provided for easy operation of equipment. The moving system of the hand
wheel has built in meter side with help of which the sphere gap can be adjusted within 1 mm
other side (Red) of the stand contain lead screw with nuts. The lead screw is used to adjusted
zero reading between sphere wheel end (green) is grounded to the base. In this apparatus,
sphere are made up of 2mm thick 99.9% pure copper sheet & they are so polished that meet
standard application. A water resistance in supplied along with equipment & it is fixed on fixed
sphere side (Red).
Method of Use :The high voltage to be measured is applied to upper sphere through water resistor the
purpose of water resistor is to limit the break down current & to suppress unwanted oscillation
of source voltage.

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Result :____________________________________________________________________________
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DISCUSSION QUESTION
Que.1- How the sphere gap looks like ?
Ans -

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Que.2 - How the measurement of sphere gap is taken ?
Ans -

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Remark:-

Sign. of Subject Incharge

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

Grade

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