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Measurement Systems
by E. O. Doebelin And D. N. Manik1
Created by
KRITI SUNEJA
B.TECH
Electronics Engineering
LAXMI NIWAS MITTAL INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNO
College Teacher
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Book Description
Title: Measurement Systems
Author: E. O. Doebelin And D. N. Manik
Publisher: Tata McGraw - Hill Education
Edition: 5
Year: 2007
ISBN: 9780070616721
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
13
24
29
7 Flow measurement
38
8 TEMPRATURE MEASUREMENT
47
2.1
3.1
3.2
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Error in measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gaussian distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Combination of component errors in overall system
First order instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Step response of first order instrument . . . . . . .
Adequate frequency response conditions for first o
Resistance strain gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rosette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Strain gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capacitance pick ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Piezoelectric transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic velocity pick ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Piezoelectric transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic pick ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accelerometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Strain gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Load cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Load cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Load cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Piezoelectric transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Torque measurement on rotating shaft . . . . . . .
manometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
manometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
elastic transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
design of pressure transducers . . . . . . . . . . . .
pressure gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
high pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
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5
7
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11
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14
15
16
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19
20
22
22
24
25
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26
27
29
30
30
31
33
34
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
Mc Leod gage . . . . . . . .
Knudsen gage . . . . . . . . .
sound measurement . . . . .
sound measurement . . . . .
Flow measurement . . . . . .
Anemometers . . . . . . . . .
Gross volume flow rate . . . .
Gross volume flow rate . . . .
Gross volume flow rate . . . .
sonic nozzle . . . . . . . . . .
venturi . . . . . . . . . . . .
constant pressure drop . . . .
thermocouple . . . . . . . . .
thermocouple and thermopile
electrical resistance sensors .
thermistors . . . . . . . . . .
pyrometers . . . . . . . . . .
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35
35
36
36
38
39
39
41
42
43
44
45
47
48
49
50
51
Chapter 2
Generalized Configurations and
Functional Descriptions of
measuring instruments
// C h a p t e r 2 G e n e r a l i z e d C o n f i g u r a t i o n s and
Functional D e s c r i p t i o n s of measuring instruments
// C a p t i o n E r r o r i n measurement
// Ex 1 p a r t 2 // p a g e 22
disp ( t s =0.1 )
disp ( p s =2.5 )
disp ( dT=20 )
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 ts =0.1
9 ps =2.5
10
11
12
13
// ( e n t e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s i t i v i t y = : )
// ( e n t e r t h e p r e s s u r e s e n s i t i v i t y ( i n u n i t s
/MPa) = : )
dT =20
// ( e n t e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e d u r i n g
p r e s s u r e measurement = : )
P =120
// ( e n t e r t h e p r e s s u r e t o be m e a s u r e d ( i n
MPa) = : )
error =( ts * dT ) /( ps * P ) ;
printf ( t h e e r r o r i n measurement i s %fd p e r c e n t \n ,
6
error )
Chapter 3
Generalized Performance
Characteristics Of Instruments
// C h a p t e r 3 G e n e r a l i z e d P e r f o r m a n c e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
Of I n s t r u m e n t s
// C a p t i o n : G a u s s i a n D i s t r i b u t i o n
// Example 1
clc ;
close ;
disp ( me=7 )
disp ( s t d d e v =0.5 )
disp ( x = 6 )
disp ( y= 7 . 5 )
me =7 ;
stddev =0.5;
x = 6 // ( e n t e r t h e l o w e r l i m i t o f t h e r a n g e = : )
y = 7.5 // ( e n t e r t h e u p p e r l i m i t o f t h e r a n g e = : )
n = 200 // ( e n t e r t h e number o f s a m p l e s = : )
disp ( u s i n g
k =a b s ( ( xme ) / ( ( 2 0 . 5 ) s t d d e v ) ) ; )
k = abs (( x - me ) /((2^0.5) * stddev ) ) ;
printf ( V a l u e o f e t a 1 i s %1 . 2 f \n ,k )
22
23
24
25
26
function
table , f i n d the e r r o r f u n c t i o n corresponding to
t h e v a l u e o f k and p
//LET IT BE s
s = 0.95 // ( e n t e r t h e e r r o r f u n c t i o n c o r r e s p o n d i n g
to k value =: )
F ( x ) =(1/2) +(1/2* s ) ; // P r o b a b i l i t y o f h a v i n g l e n g t h s
l e s s than x
l = 0.68
// ( e n t e r t h e e r r o r f u n c t i o n
corresponding to p value =: )
F ( y ) =(1/2) +(1/2* l ) ; // P r o b a b i l i t y o f h a v i n g l e n g t h s
l e s s than y
27
28
printf ( p r o b a b i l i t y o f h a v i n g l e n g t h l e s s t h a n 6 cm
i s %1 . 3 f ,F ( x ) ) ;
29 printf ( p r o b a b i l i t y o f h a v i n g l e n g t h l e s s t h a n 6 7 . 5
cm i s %1 . 3 f ,F ( y ) ) ;
30
31 P ( x ) = abs ( F ( y ) -F ( x ) ) ;
32 printf ( Number o f s a m p l e s i n t h e g i v e n l e n g t h r a n g e=
)
33 m =( n * P ( x ) ) ;
34 disp ( m ) ;
// C a p t i o n : C o m b i n a t i o n o f component e r r o r s i n o v e r a l l
system a c c u r a c y c a l c u l a t i o n s
// e x a m p l e 2
// p a g e 62
clc ;
// C o n s i d e r an e x p e r i m e n t f o r m e a s u r i n g , by means o f
a dynamometer , t h e a v e r a g e power t r a n s m i t t e d by a
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11
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18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
rotating sheft
disp ( R=1202 )
disp ( F=45 )
disp ( L = 0 . 3 9 7 )
disp ( t =60 )
R =1202 // ( E n t e r t h e r e v o l u t i o n s o f s h a f t d u r i n g
time t =: )
F =45 // ( E n t e r t h e f o r c e a t end o f t o r q u e arm = : )
L =0.397 // ( E n t e r t h e l e n g t h o f t o r q u e arm = : )
t =60 // ( E n t e r t h e t i m e l e n g t h o f run = : )
W =(2* %pi * R * F * L ) / t ;
// Computing v a r i o u s p a r t i a l d e r v a t i v e s
dWF =(2* %pi * R * L ) / t ;
disp ( dWF )
//dWF r e p r e s e n t s dW/dF
dWR =(2* %pi * F * L ) / t ;
dWL =(2* %pi * F * R ) / t ;
dWt = -(2* %pi * R * F * L ) /( t ^2) ;
// L e t f , r , l and t r e p r e s e n t t h e u n c e r t a i n t i e s
disp ( f =0.18 )
disp ( r =1 )
disp ( l = 0 . 0 0 1 2 7 )
disp ( t =0.5 )
disp ( Ea=(dWF f ) +(dWR r ) +(dWL l )+a b s (dWt t ) ; )
f =0.18
// ( E n t e r t h e u n c e r t a i n t y i n f o r c e = : )
r =1 // ( E n t e r t h e u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e no o f
r e v o l u t i o n s =: )
l =0.00127
// ( E n t e r t h e u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e l e n g t h
=: )
t =0.5 // ( E n t e r t h e u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e t i m e l e n g t h
o f run = : )
Ea =( dWF * f ) +( dWR * r ) +( dWL * l ) + abs ( dWt * t ) ;
//
absolute error
printf ( The a b s o l u t e e r r o r i s )
disp ( Ea ) ;
//To f i n d t o t a l u n c e r t a i n t y
U =((( dWF * f ) ^2) +( dWR * r ) ^2+( dWL * l ) ^2+ abs ( dWt * t ) ^2) ^0.5
printf ( T o t a l u n c e r t a i n t y i s )
disp ( U )
10
// C h a p t e r 3 G e n e r a l i z e d P e r f o r m a n c e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
Of I n s t r u m e n t s
// C a p t i o n : F i r s t o r d e r i n s t r u m e n t
// Example 5
// Page no . 96
d =.004
// ( E n t e r t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e d i a m e t e r o f
the sphere in meters =: )
p =13600 // ( E n t e r t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e l i q u i d i n
g l a s s bulb =: )
c =150
// ( E n t e r t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t o f l i q u i d ( i n j /
kg d e g r e e c e n t i g r a d e ) = : )
U =40 // ( E n t e r t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t i n W/m
2 d e g r e e c e n t i g r a d e = : )
9
10 Vb =( %pi * d * d * d ) /6;
// Volume o f s p h e r e
11 Ab = %pi * d * d ;
// S u r f a c e a r e a o f s p h e r e
12 timconstant =( p * c * Vb *1000) /( U * Ab ) ;
// t i m e c o n s t a n t
13 disp ( timconstant )
f i r s t order systems
timeconstant ( tc )
=30 s
6
//
In water
tc
=5 s
11
//
I n a i r , p r o b e wet
tc
=20 s
8 // f o r t <0 ,T=25 d e g r e e C( i n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e )
9 //
0<t <7 , T=35 d e g r e e C( d r y p r o b e i n a i r )
10 //
7<t <15 , T=70 d e g r e e C( p r o b e i n w a t e r )
11 //
15< t <30 , T=35 d e g r e e C( wet p r o b e i n a i r )
12
13 // c a s e i T( a ) =25
14 T (7) =35+(25 -35) * %e ^( -(7/30) )
15 printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f f i r s t i n t e r v a l )
16 disp ( T (7) ) ;
17 // c a s e i i T( a )=T ( 7 )
18 T (15) =70+( T (7) -70) * %e ^( -((15 -7) /5) )
19 printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f s e c o n d i n t e r v a l )
20 disp ( T (15) ) ;
21 // c a s e i i i T( a )=T ( 1 5 )
22 T (30) =35+( T (15) -35) * %e ^( -((30 -15) /20) )
23 printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f t h i r d i n t e r v a l )
24 disp ( T (30) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Adequate frequency response conditions for first o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// C a p t i o n : Adequate f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e c o n d i t i o n s f o r
f i r s t order instruments
// Example 7
// Page 103
// To m e a s u r e q i g i v e n by
// q i=s i n 2 t +0.3 s i n 2 0 t
// t i m e c o n s t a n t =0.2 s
H =1/((0.16+1) ^0.5) ;
//H( jw )=qo / qiK
phi =(( atan ( -2*0.2) ) *180) / %pi ;
H2 =1/((16+1) ^0.5) ;
phi2 =(( atan ( -20*0.2) ) *180) / %pi ;
printf ( s i n u s o i d a l t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n a t 2 r a d / s e c i s
)
12
12
13
14
disp ( H ) ;
disp ( phi )
printf ( s i n u s o i d a l t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n a t 20 r a d / s e c i s
)
15 disp ( H2 )
16 disp ( phi2 )
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
printf ( qo /K can be w r i t t e n a s )
printf (
qo =0.93K s i n ( 2 t 2 1 . 8 ) + ( 0 . 2 4K) 0 . 3 s i n
( 2 0 t 76) )
// S u p p o s e we c o n s i d e r u s e o f an i n s t r u m e n t w i t h
t i m e c o n s t a n t =0.002 s
H =1/((1.6*(10) ^( -5) +1) ^0.5) ;
phi =(( atan ( -2*.002) ) *180) / %pi ;
H2 =1/((1.6*(10^ -3) +1) ^0.5) ;
phi2 =(( atan ( -20*0.002) ) *180) / %pi ;
printf ( s i n u s o i d a l t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n a t 2 r a d / s e c i s
)
disp ( H ) ;
disp ( phi )
printf ( s i n u s o i d a l t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n a t 20 r a d / s e c i s
)
disp ( H2 )
disp ( phi2 )
printf ( qo /K can be w r i t t e n a s )
printf (
qo=K s i n ( 2 t 0 . 2 3 )+K 0 . 3 s i n ( 2 0 t 2 . 3 ) )
printf ( C l e a r l y , t h i s i n s t r u m e n t m e a s u r e s t h e g i v e n
qi f a i t h f u l l y )
13
Chapter 4
Motion and Dimensional
Measurement
n t h e r o d due t o l o a d i n g = : )
dp =0.3 // ( e n t e r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c h a n g e i n t h e
r e s i s t i v i t y o f s t r a i n gage =: )
v =0.3
// p o i s s o n s r a t i o
e = dL /100;
dp_p = dp /100
disp ( dR R=dp p+e (1+2 v ) )
14
=: )
u_sig = E * u_dr /( Rg * Sg ) *10^ -6;
printf ( S t r e s s u n c e r t a i n t y i s %1 . 1 f MPa\n , u_sig )
// To c a l c u l a t e s t r a i n u n c e r t a i n t y
u_e = u_dr /( Rg * Sg )
printf ( S t r a i n u n c e r t a i n t y i s %fd \n , u_e )
=: )
Ea = 147*10^ -6
// ( e n t e r t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r a i n
=: )
E =200*10^9
// g i v e n
v =0.3;
// p o i s s o n s r a t i o
// t o c a l c u l a t e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l s t r e s s
sig_h = E /(1 - v ^2) *( Eh + v * Ea ) *10^ -6;
printf ( C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l s t r e s s ( h o o p s s t r e s s ) i s %1
. 1 f MPa\n , sig_h ) ;
sig_a = E /(1 - v ^2) *( v * Eh + Ea ) *10^ -6;
printf ( A x i a l s t r e s s i s %1 . 2 f M Pa\n , sig_a ) ;
// To c a l c u l a t e r a t i o o f s t r e s s e
disp ( L e t t h e r a t i o be r e p r e s e n t e d by RR )
RR = sig_h / sig_a ;
printf ( R a t i o o f s t r e s s e s i s %fd \n , RR )
disp ( L e t t h e r a t i o o f s t r a i n s be r e p r e s e n t e d by SS
)
SS = Eh / Ea ;
15
19
printf ( THe r a t i o o f s t r a i n s i s %1 . 2 f , SS )
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
=: )
disp ( The i n p u t b r i d g e e x c i t a t i o n i s r e p r e s e n t e d by
Eex )
A =10
// ( e n t e r t h e a m p l i f i e r g a i n = : )
// The s h u n t r e s i s t a n c e h a s t o be v e r y l a r g e s i n c e
we i n t e n d t o m e a s u r e o n l y v e r y s m a l l c h a n g e i n
resistanc
eo =30*10^ -3
// ( e n t e r t h e u n b a l a n c e d b r i d g e
voltage =: )
dR = Rg /( Rg + Rs ) ;
r =1; // r a t i o o f r e s i s t a n c e s o f a d j a c e n t arms
Eex = eo *(1+ r ) ^2/( r * dR * A ) ;
printf ( The i n p u t e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e i s %fd V\n , Eex
)
p1 =2 *(1+ v ) // b r i d g e f a c t o r
Eo =.5
// ( e n t e r t h e v o l t m e t e r r e a d i n g when s h u n t
i s removed = : )
E_axial = Eo *(1+ r ) ^2/( r * Sg * p1 * Eex * A ) ;
printf ( A x i a l s t r a i n i s %fd \n , E_axial )
E_trans = E_axial * v ;
printf ( The t r a n s v e r s e s t r a i n i s %fd , E_trans )
16
cap acitor s =: )
// ( e n t e r t h e a r e a o f t h e t r a n s d u c e r
=: )
n =0.03 // ( e n t e r t h e non l i n e a r i t y = : )
w =.014 // ( e n t e r t h e s i d e o f t h e s q u a r e c a p a c i t o r
=: )
er =1
// g i v e n t h a t a i r i f f i l l e d
eo =8.85 ;
// t o c a l c u l a t e t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h i s t r a n s d u c e r ,
l e t i t be r e p r e s e n t e d by c
c = eo * er * A / h ^2;
printf ( s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t r a n s d u c e r i s %1 . 2 f pF/m
\n ,c )
// t o c a l c u l a t e t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s q u a r e moving
plate sensor cl
cl = eo * er * w / h ;
printf ( t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e s q u a r e moving p l a t e
s e n s o r i s %1 . 2 f pF/m , cl )
8 A =200*10^ -6
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crystal
=: )
A = %pi *((5*10^ -3) ^2) /4
// ( e n t e r t h e a r e a o f c r o s s
s e c t i o n of the c r y s t a l =: )
f =50 // ( e n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y o f s i n u s o i d a l l y
varying pressure =: )
eoer =15*10^ -9 // f o r t h e c r y s t a l
E =120 *10^9 // y o u n g s modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y
t =.003
// ( e n t e r t h e t h i c h n e s s o f t h e c r y s t a l = : )
Kq = g * eoer * A * E / t ;
printf ( Charge s e n s i t i v i t y i s %fd mC/m \n , Kq )
Ccr = eoer * A / t ;
Camp =2000*10^ -12;
Ccable =100*10^ -12;
C = Ccr + Camp + Ccable ;
Ramp =2000000
// ( e n t e r t h e i n p u t i m p e d a n c e o f t h e
amplifier )
Req = Ramp ;
tou = Req * C ;
// t i m e c o n s t a n t
// L e t t h e a m p l i t u d e r a t i o i s g i v e n by EOP
w =2* %pi * f ;
EOP = Kq * t * w * tou /( C * E * sqrt (1+( w * tou ) ^2) )
printf ( The a m p l i t u d e r a t i o i s %fd mV/V\n , EOP )
// l e t t h e p h a s e l a g be r e p r e s e n t e d by p h i
phi =360* atan (1/( w * tou ) ) /(2* %pi ) ;
printf ( The p h a s e l a g i s %fd deg , phi ) ;
6 disp ( f =25 )
7 disp ( M=0.15 )
8 disp ( xo =1.510 3 )
9 ty =0.6
// ( e n t e r t h e damping r a t i o
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of seismic
v i b r a t i o n pickup =: )
fn =10
// ( e n t e r t h e n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y = : )
f =25 // ( e n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y a t which t h e t a b l e i s
v i b r a t i n g = )
M =0.15 // ( e n t e r t h e s e i s m i c mass = : )
xo =1.5*10^ -3 // ( e n t e r t h e r e l a t i v e a m p l i t u d e o f
t h e mass = : )
r = f / fn ;
disp ( x i=xo / ( ( r 2 ) / s q r t ((1 r 2 ) 2+(2 t y r ) 2 ) ) ; )
xi = xo /(( r ^2) / sqrt ((1 - r ^2) ^2+(2* ty * r ) ^2) ) ;
error =( xi - xo ) / xo ;
printf ( e r r o r i n measurement i s %fd \n , error )
wn =2* %pi * fn ;
Ks = wn ^2* M ;
printf ( s p r i n g c o n s t a n t i s %fd N/m\n , Ks )
B = ty *(2* sqrt ( Ks * M ) ) ;
printf ( damping c o e f f i c i e n t o f p i c k u p i s %fdNs /m\n
,B )
19
// ( e n t e r t h e maximum v e l o c i t y w i t h
which t h e s u r f a c e i s v i b r a t i n g = : )
f =10 // ( e n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y = : )
r = f / fn ;
tou =0.2 // g i v e n
w =2* %pi * f ;
eo =( v * S * r ^2) / sqrt ((1 - r ^2) ^2+(2* tou * r ) ^2) ;
printf ( The peak v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 10 Hz
f r e q u e n c y i s %fd mV\n , eo )
phi1 =360* atan (2* tou * r /(1 - r ^2) ) /(2* %pi ) ;
printf ( p h a s e a n g l e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e 10 Hz
f r e q u e n c y i s %fd deg \n , phi1 )
f2 =20
// ( e n t e r t h e o t h e r f r e q u e n c y = : )
r = f2 / fn ;
eo =( v * S * r ^2) / sqrt ((1 - r ^2) ^2+(2* tou * r ) ^2) ;
printf ( The peak v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 20 Hz
f r e q u e n c y i s %fd mV\n , eo )
phi2 =360* atan (2* tou * r /(1 - r ^2) ) /(2* %pi ) ;
printf ( p h a s e a n g l e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e 20 Hz
f r e q u e n c y i s %fd deg \n , phi2 )
11 v =1.5*10^ -2
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8 Kq =100
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// t o c a l c u l a t e t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t r a n s d u c e r a l o n e
Ktrans = Kq / Ccr ;
printf ( t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t r a n s d u c e r a l o n e i s
%fd V/ m i c r o m\n , Ktrans )
Camp =75 // ( e n t e r t h e c a p a c i t a n c e o f a m p l i f i e r = : )
Ceq = Ccr + Cc + Camp
Ktot = Kq / Ceq ;
printf ( t o t a l s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t r a n s d u c e r i s %fdV/
m i c r o m\n , Ktot )
Ramp =2*10^6 // ( e n t e r t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e
a m p l i f i e r =: )
disp ( t o u=Ramp Ceq 10 12 )
tou = Ramp * Ceq *10^ -12;
e =5 // ( e n t e r t h e e r r o r i n p e r c e n t = : )
e1 =1 -( e /100) ;
// l e t t o u w1= l
l = sqrt ( e1 ^2/(1 - e1 ^2) ) ;
f1 = l /(2* %pi * tou ) ;
printf ( The l o w e s t f r e q u e n c y t h a t can be m e a s u r e d
w i t h 5 p e r c e n t a m p l i t u d e e r r o r by t h e e n t i r e
s y s t e m i s %fd Hz\n , f1 )
tou1 = l /(2* %pi *100)
disp ( Ceq1=t o u 1 1 0 1 2 /Ramp )
Ceq1 = tou1 *10^12/ Ramp
Creq = Ceq1 - Ceq ;
printf ( The c a p a c i t a n c e t h a t n e e d s t o be c o n n e c t e d
in p a r a l l e l to extend the range of 5 percent e r r o r
t o 100 hz i s %fd pF\n , Creq )
K_hf = Kq / Ceq1
printf ( h i g h f r e q u e n c y s e n s i t i v i t y i s %fd V/ m i c r o m\
n , K_hf )
//CHAPTER 4
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// C a p t i o n : S e i s m i c p i c k u p
// Example 1 0 / / Page 238
disp ( r 1 = 0 . 2 ; )
disp ( r 2 =0.6 )
disp ( t o u =0.05 )
r1 =0.2;
r2 =0.6 // g i v e n
tou =0.05;
// g i v e n
wn =1600 // ( e n t e r t h e n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y = : )
disp ( H1=1/ s q r t ((1 r 1 2 ) 2+(2 t o u r 1 ) 2 ) )
H1 =1/ sqrt ((1 - r1 ^2) ^2+(2* tou * r1 ) ^2) ;
H1_phase = - atan ((2* tou * r1 ) /(1 - r1 ^2) ) *360/(2* %pi ) ;
disp ( H 1 p h a s e=a t a n ( ( 2 t o u r 1 ) /(1 r 1 2 ) ) 3 6 0 / ( 2 %pi
) )
H2 =1/ sqrt ((1 - r2 ^2) ^2+(2* tou * r2 ) ^2) ;
H2_phase = - atan ((2* tou * r2 ) /(1 - r2 ^2) ) *360/(2* %pi ) ;
// I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e a m p l i t u d e o f r e l a t i v e
d i s p l a c e m e n t , t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n must be
m u l t i p l i e d by a m p l i t u d e o f t h e i n p u t s i g n a l and
t h e s t a t i c s e n s i t i v t y o f t h e p i c k u p ( 1 / wn 2 ) f o r
each frequency
// amp1=H1/wn 2 ;
// amp2=H2/wn 2 ;
tou2 =0.6; // g i v e n
H11 =1/ sqrt ((1 - r1 ^2) ^2+(2* tou2 * r1 ) ^2) ;
H11_phase = - atan ((2* tou2 * r1 ) /(1 - r1 ^2) ) *360/(2* %pi ) ;
H22 =1/ sqrt ((1 - r2 ^2) ^2+(2* tou2 * r2 ) ^2) ;
H22_phase = - atan ((2* tou2 * r2 ) /(1 - r2 ^2) ) *360/(2* %pi ) ;
// amp11=H11/wn 2 ;
// amp22=H22/wn 2 ;
printf ( t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n w i l l
be %fd and %fd w h i l e t h e p h a s e s w i l l s h i f t by %fd
and %fd f o r t o u = 0. 05 \ n ,H1 , H2 , H1_phase , H2_phase )
printf ( t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n w i l l
be %fd and %fd w h i l e t h e p h a s e s w i l l s h i f t by %fd
and %fd f o r t o u =0.6\ n ,H11 , H22 , H11_phase ,
H22_phase )
22
accelerometer =: )
// ( e n t e r t h e d a p i n g r a t i o o f t h e
accelerometer =: )
f =10000
// ( e n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y a t which t r a n s f e r
f u n c t i o n i s t o be c a l c u l a t e d = : )
r = f / fn ;
H_mag =1/ sqrt ((1 - r ^2) ^2+(2* tou * r ) ^2) ;
H_phase = atan ((2* tou * r ) /(1 - r ^2) ) *360/(2* %pi ) ;
printf ( The m a g n i t u d e i s %fd and p h a s e i s %fd deg \n
, H_mag , H_phase )
error =( H_mag -1) *100/1;
printf ( E r r o r a t %fd Hz i s %d p e r c e n t \n ,f , error )
8 tou =0.6
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Eex =240* Ia ;
strain =7*10^6/(200*10^9) ;
dR = strain * Sg * Rg ;
Eo = Eex * dR /(4* Rg ) ;
printf ( o u t p u t v o l t a g e i s %fd V\n , Eo )
k =1.38*10^ -23; // b o l t z m a n n c o n s t a n t
T =300
// room t e m p e r a t u r e
dF =100000 // bandwidth
E_noise = sqrt (4* k * Rg * T * dF )
printf ( rms n o i s e v o l t a g e i s %fd V\n , E_noise )
SN = Eo / E_noise ;
printf ( S i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o i s %fd \n , SN )
24
Chapter 5
Force Torque and Shaft power
measurement
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disp ( Sg =2; )
disp ( Rg =120; )
disp ( v =0.3 )
disp ( E= 2 1 0 1 0 9 ; )
Sg =2;
// S t r a i n g a g e f a c t o r
Rg =120;
// Gage r e s i s t a n c e
v =0.3
// p o i s s o n s r a t i o
E =210*10^9;
// f o r s t e e l
Pd =1
// ( e n t e r t h e power d i s s i p a t i o n c a p a c i t y = : )
// L o o k i n g f o r a s u i t a b l e v o l t a g e m e a s u r i n g s y s t e m
sig_f =700*10^6
// ( e n t e r t h e f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h = : )
P_max =10000
// ( e n t e r t h e maximum l o a d = : )
// For a l o a d c e l l o f s q u a r e c r o s s s e c t i o n d ,
d = sqrt ( P_max / sig_f ) ;
25
19 Ei = sqrt (4* Rg * Pd )
// i n p u t e x c i t a t i o n t o t h e b r i d g e
circuit
20 x =( Sg * sig_f *(1+ v ) ) /(2* E ) ;
21 dEo_max = x * Ei *10^3;
22 disp ( x=(Sg s i g f (1+ v ) ) / ( 2 E) )
23 printf ( a v o l t m e t e r w i t h a maximum r a n g e o f %1 . 2 f mV
24
i s s u i t a b l e f o r measurement , dEo_max )
disp ( Round i t o f f t o g e t t h e s u i t a b l e r a n g e
voltmeter )
26
22 S =(6* Sg * l ) /( E * b * h ^2) ;
23 printf ( S e n s i t i v i t y o f
t h i s load c e l l
p e r u n i t e x c i t a t i o n ,S ) ;
i s %1 . 2 f nV/N/
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18 F =R -((2* %pi * f ) ^2*( m + mc ) * Xi ) ;
19 printf ( A c t u a l f o r c e t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e p l a t e
i s %fd
N ,F )
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e l a s t i c i t y =: )
D =0.05
// ( e n t e r t h e s h a f t d i a m e t e r = : )
dR =0.1
// g i v e n
// we have t o f i n d t h e l o a d t o r q u e
y =2* dR /( Rg * Sg ) ;
tou_xy = y * G ;
j = %pi * D ^4;
T = tou_xy *2* j /( D *32) ;
printf ( The l o a d t o r q u e i s % f d Nm ,T )
29
Chapter 6
Pressure and sound
measurement
10
11
12
13
14
3 = : )
pho_liquid =1200 // ( E n t e r t h e d e n s i t y o f l i q u i d i n
manometer = : )
h =1
// ( E n t e r t h e h e i g h t by which l i q u i d
d e c r e a s e s i n s m a l l e r a r e a arm when e x p o s e d t o t h e
n o m i n a l p r e s s u r e o f p2 = : )
// L e t t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e i s r e p r e s e n t e d by P=
p1p2
disp ( The p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e i s g i v e n by : )
disp ( P=h ( 1 + ( ( D2/D1 ) 2 ) g ( p h o l i q u i d p h o a i r ) ) )
P = h *(1+(( D2 / D1 ) ^2) * g *( pho_liquid - pho_air ) ) *10^ -3;
printf ( So t h e p r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e i s g i v e n by %1 . 2 f
30
kPa \n ,P )
//CHAPTER 6
PRESSURE AND SOUND MEASUREMENT
// C a p t i o n : MANOMETERS
// Example 2 // Page 329
pho_l =900
disp ( p h o l =900 ) // ( E n t e r t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e
f l u i d =: )
Pa = 500000
disp ( Pa= 5 0 0 0 0 0 ) // ( E n t e r t h e a i r p r e s s u r e = : )
t =298
disp ( t =298 )
// ( A i r i s a t what t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n
deg c e n t ) = : )
R =287;
disp ( R=287; )
g =9.81;
T = t +273;
disp ( p h o a=Pa / (RT) ; )
pho_a = Pa /( R * T ) ;
printf ( The d e n s i t y o f a i r i s %fd kg /m3 \n , pho_a )
h =.2
// ( E n t e r t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e h e i g h t o f
t h e f l u i d i n t h e manometer = : )
disp ( P r e s d i f f =(g h ) ( p h o l p h o a ) )
Pres_diff =( g * h ) *( pho_l - pho_a ) *10^ -3
printf ( The d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e i s %1 . 2 f kPa \n ,
Pres_diff )
//CHAPTER 6
PRESSURE AND SOUND MEASUREMENT
// C a p t i o n : E l a s t i c T r a n s d u c e r s
31
s e n s i t i v i t y o f LVDT
=: )
6 // P r o p e r t i e s o f diaphragm
7 E =200*10^9
// ( E n t e r t h e v a l u e o f modulus o f
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e l a s t i c i t y =: )
disp ( E=200109 )
v =0.3 // ( E n t e r t h e P o i s s o n s r a t i o = : )
disp ( v =0.3 )
d =0.2
// ( E n t e r t h e d i a m e t e r o f diaphragm = : )
disp ( d =0.2 )
R = d *(1/2) ;
P_max =2*10^6 // ( What i s t h e maximum p r e s s u r e ? )
disp ( P max =2106 )
p =7800
// ( What i s t h e d e n s i t y o f s t e e l ? )
disp ( T h i c k n e s s i s g i v e n by : )
disp ( t =(3 P maxR4(1 v 4 ) / ( 4 E) ) ( 1 / 4 ) ; )
t =(3* P_max * R ^4*(1 - v ^4) /(4* E ) ) ^(1/4)
T = t *1000;
printf ( T h i c k n e s s i s %1 . 1 f mm\n ,T )
//To c a l c u l a t e t h e l o w e s t p r e s s u r e i n kPa which may
be s e n s e d by t h i s i n s t r u m e n t , r e s o l u t i o n and t h e
n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f t h e diaphragm
y =.001
// ( E n t e r t h e l ) e a s t v a l u e o f measurement
=: )
p_min =( y *16* E * t ^3) /(3* R ^4*(1 - v ^2) * Sa )
printf ( So t h e minimum p r e s s u r e and r e s o l u t i o n i s %d
Pa \n , p_min )
f =(10.21/ R ^2) *(( E * t ^2) /(12*(1 - v ^2) * p ) ) ^(1/2)
printf ( The n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f diaphragm i s %fd Hz
,f )
32
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//CHAPTER 6
PRESSURE AND SOUND MEASUREMENT
// C a p t i o n : D e s i g n o f P r e s s u r e T r a n s d u c e r s
// Example 4 // Page 338
p_max =10*10^6
// ( E n t e r t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e
transducer =: )
D =.05
// ( E n t e r t h e d i a m e t e r o f diaphragm = : )
R = D /2;
v =0.3;
// p o i s s o n s r a t i o
E =200*10^9;
// We know t h a t
// y=3pR4(1 v 2 ) /16 t 3E
// i f y<t / 4 , t h e non l i n e a r i t y i s r e s t r i c t e d t o 0 . 3%
// So t i s g i v e n by
t =(3* p_max * R ^4*(1 - v ^2) /(4* E ) ) ^(1/4)
disp ( t )
printf ( t h i c k n e s s comes o u t t o be %fd m\n ,t ) ;
Sr_max =(3* p_max * R ^2) /(4* t ^2)
printf ( So t h e max r a d i a l s t r e s s i s %fd Pa\n , Sr_max
)
printf ( The g i v e n f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h i s 500MPa\n )
if Sr_max > 500*10^6 then
disp ( The diaphragm must be r e d e s i g n e d ) ;
t1 =((3* p_max * R ^2) /(4*500*10^6) ) ^(1/2) ;
printf ( The r e q u i r e d t h i c k n e s s i s %fd m\n , t1 )
else
disp ( The d e s i g n i s OK ) ;
end
// L e t t h e v o l t a g e r a t i o be r e p r e s e n t e d by E r r
Err =(820* p_max * R ^2*(1 - v ^2) ) /( E *( t1 ^2) )
printf ( The v o l t a g e r a t i o i s %fd \n , Err )
// For maximum power d i s s i p a t i o n
PT =1
RT =120
Ei =2*( PT * RT ) ^(1/2) ;
disp ( L e t t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e t r a n s d u c e r be
r e p r e s e n t e d by s s )
35 ss =(820* R ^2*(1 - v ^2) * Ei ) /( E * t1 ^2)
33
36
37
38
39
printf ( s e n s i t i v i t y i s %fd \n , ss )
// P a r t c
S_LVDT =( ss *16* t ^3* E ) /(3* R ^4*(1 - v ^2) * Ei )
printf ( SENSITIVITY OF LVDT I S %fd \n , S_LVDT )
//CHAPTER 6
PRESSURE AND SOUND MEASUREMENT
// C a p t i o n : P r e s s u r e Gage
// Example 5 // Page 347
p_max =10*10^6
// ( E n t e r t h e maximum d i f f e r e n t i a l
pressure )
fn =20000 // ( E n t e r t h e f r e q u e n c y )
E =200*10^9;
// modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y
v =0.3;
// p o i s s o n s r a t i o
p =7800
// d e n s i t y o f s t e e l
disp ( L e t t /R be r e p r e s e n t e d by TR )
TR =((3* p_max *(1 - v ^2) ) /(4* E ) ) ^(1/4)
// we know R2/ t = r 2 t = 1 0 . 2 1 ( Et 2/12(1 v 2 ) p ) 0 . 5 /R
2
u s i n g i t , we have
r2t =(10.21* sqrt ( E /(12*(1 - v ^2) * p ) ) ) / fn
R = TR * r2t ;
printf ( v a l u e o f R i s %fd m\n , R )
t = R * TR ;
printf ( v a l u e o f t i s %fd m \n ,t )
eo =8.85*10^ -12
er =1.0006;
d =.001
// ( E n t e r t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s
of capacitor =: )
22 S = -( eo * er * %pi * R ^2) / d ^2;
23 // v a r i a t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r d i s t a n c e w i t h r e s p e c t t o
p r e s s u r e i s g i v e n by
24 q =(3* R ^4*(1 - v ^2) ) /(16* E * t ^3)
34
// t o t a l s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r i s
g i v e n by
26 sensitivity = S * q *10^18;
27 printf ( So t h e t o t a l s e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e p r e s s u r e
t r a n s d u c e r i s g i v e n by %1 . 2 f pF/MPa\n ,
sensitivity )
25
=: )
disp ( R1=100 )
b =25*10^ -12; // s t a n d a r d f o r mangnin
disp ( b =2510 12; )
disp ( u =0.5 )
u =0.5
// ( e n t e r t h e u n c e r t a i n t y i n m e a s u r i n g
p r e s s u r e f o r gage =: )
// t o c a l c u l a t e maximum u n c e r t a i n t y i n d i f f e r e n t i a l
pressure
udp = u *(10 -0.1) *10^6/100;
uR = R1 * b * udp ;
printf ( So t h e maximum u n c e r t a i n t y i n m e a s u r i n g
r e s i s t a n c e i s %fd ohm \n , uR )
// t o c a l c u l a t e t h e o u t p u t b r i d g e v o l t a g e f o r 10 MPa
Ei =5
// ( e n t e r t h e i n p u t v o l t a g e = : )
disp ( p1 = 0 . 1 1 0 6 )
disp ( R2=R1(1+ b p1 ) )
disp ( p2 =10106 )
p1 =0.1*10^6
// ( e n t e r t h e p r e s s u r e a t which
b r i d g e i s assumed t o be b a l a n c e d = : )
R2 = R1 *(1+ b * p1 )
p2 =10*10^6
// ( e n t e r t h e p r e s s u r e a t which o u t p u t
35
22
23
24
25
26
v o l t a g e i s t o be c a l c u l a t e d = : )
R3 = R1 *(1+ b * p2 ) ;
dR = R3 - R2 ;
r =1;
Eo =( r * dR * Ei ) /((1+ r ) ^2* R2 )
printf ( The o u t p u t b r i d g e v o l t a g e i s %fd v o l t \n , Eo
)
gage =: )
d =1.5*10^ -3
// ( e n t e r t h e d i a m e t e r o f c a p i l l a r y
=: )
a = %pi * d ^2/4;
p =40*10^ -6
// ( e n t e r t h e p r e s s u r e f o r which t h e
g a g e r e a d i n g i s t o be n o t e d = : )
// y=(p a r e a c a p+s q r t ( ( p a r e a c a p ) 24p a r e a c a p Vb
) ) /(2 area cap ) ;
l=p*a;
12
13
14 y =( sqrt ( l ^2+(4* l * Vb ) ) -l ) /(2* a )
15 printf ( The g a g e r e a d i n g comes o u t t o be %fd mof Hg\
n ,y )
1 //CHAPTER 6
PRESSURE AND SOUND MEASUREMENT
2 // C a p t i o n : Knudsen Gage
3 // Example 8 // Page 363
4 disp ( Td=40 )
5 disp ( Tv=300 )
6 disp ( p=2106 )
7 Td =40
// ( e n t e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e = : )
8 Tv =300 // ( e n t e r t h e g a s t e m p e r a t u r e a t which t h e
9
10
11
12
13
f o r c e h a s t o be c a l c u l a t e d = : )
p =2*10^ -6
// ( e n t e r t h e p r e s s u r e ( i n m o f Hg ) = : )
pa = p *13600*9.81;
k =4*10^ -4;
// k n u d s e n c o n s t a n t
F =( pa * Td ) /( k * Tv ) ;
printf ( So t h e
r e q u i r e d f o r c e i s %1 . 1 f N ,F )
d e c i b l e s =: )
disp ( pa =2010 6; )
disp ( p=s q r t ( 1 0 ( Lp / 1 0 ) pa 2 ) ; )
pa =20*10^ -6;
// rms p r e s s u r e t h r e s h o l d o f h e a r i n g
p = sqrt (10^( Lp /10) * pa ^2) ;
printf ( r o o t mean s q u a r e sound p r e s s u r e i s %1 . 3 fPa \n
,p )
//CHAPTER 6
2 // C a p t i o n : Sound Measurement
3 // Example 1 0 / / Page 370
4 Lp1 =75
// ( e n t e r t h e sound l e v e l
5 Lp2 =77
// ( e n t e r t h e sound l e v e l
6
7
8
9
10
11
f i r s t machine = : )
s e c o n d machine
=: )
Lp3 =79
// ( e n t e r t h e sound l e v e l t h i r d machine = : )
disp ( S i n c e t h e n o i s e l e v e l s a r e i n c o h e r e n t , t h e
t o t a l sound p r e s s u r e i s t h e sum o f t h e mean
s q u a r e v a l u e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l sound p r e s s u r e s )
disp ( L p t o t a l =10 l o g 1 0 ( 1 0 ( Lp1 / 1 0 ) +10( Lp2 / 1 0 ) +10(
Lp3 / 1 0 ) ) )
Lp_total =10* log10 (10^( Lp1 /10) +10^( Lp2 /10) +10^( Lp3
/10) ) ;
printf ( The t o t a l sound p r e s s u r e i s %ddB , Lp_total )
// d e c i b l e s a r e n o r m a l l y r o u n d e d o f f t o t h e n e a r e s t
integers
38
Chapter 7
Flow measurement
pitot
tube =: )
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e a i r p r e s s u r e i n
p i t o t tube =: )
v =10
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e v e l o c i t y o f a i r i n p i t o t
tube =: )
R =287;
disp ( D e n s i t y i s g i v e n by : )
disp ( pho1=p1 / (R t ) ; )
pho1 = p1 /( R * t ) ;
// dynamic p r e s s u r e
Pd = pho1 * v ^2/2;
// we know t h a t v=s q r t ( 2 Pd/ pho )
// dv /dP=1/2(2/ pho Pd ) 0 . 5
// L e t t h e e r r o r o r u n c e r t a i n t y i n v e l o c i t y i s
r e p r e s e n t e d by Wv and i n p r e s s u r e by Wp
Wp =1
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e
measurement o f dynamic p r e s s u r e = : )
5 p1 =0.1*10^6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
39
17 disp ( U n c e r t a i n t y i n v e l o c i t y i s g i v e n by )
18 disp ( Wv= ( 1 / 2 ) ( 2 / ( pho1 Pd ) ) 0 . 5 Wp; )
19 Wv =(1/2) *(2/( pho1 * Pd ) ) ^0.5* Wp ;
20 per_unc = Wv *100/10;
21 printf ( So t h e p e r c e n t a g e u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
which w a t e r i s f l o w i n g = : )
40
l i n e in
5 dt =0.01
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e d i a m e t e r o f v e n t u r i = : )
6 B =0.5;
// g i v e n
7 // The d i s c h a r g e c o e f f i c i e n t s r e m a i n s i n t h e f l a t
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
p o r t i o n o f t h e c u r v e f o r r e y n o l d s numbers 1 0 4 t o
1 0 6 Cd=0.95
u =8.6*10^ -4
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e v i s c o s i t y = : )
Cd =0.95;
Rn_min =10^4;
disp ( Minimum f l o w r a t e i s g i v e n by : )
disp ( mdot min=%pi dp u Rn min /4 )
mdot_min = %pi * dp * u * Rn_min /4
g =9.81;
printf ( Minimum f l o w r a t e a t 25 deg c e n t i s %1 . 3 f kg
/ s \n , mdot_min )
pf =1000
// d e n s i t y o f w a t e r
At =78.53*10^ -6
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e t h r o a t a r e a = : )
pm =13.6
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e d e n s i t y o f manometer
f l u i d =: )
// h i s t h e h e i g h t o f m e r c u r y column due t o f l o w
disp ( To c a l c u l a t e t h e m e r c u r y r e a d i n g c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o minimum f l o w , u s i n g )
disp ( h min =(( mdot min s q r t (1B 4 ) ) / ( ( s q r t ( 2 g (pm
p f / p f ) ) p f AtCd ) ) ) 2 ; )
h_min =(( mdot_min * sqrt (1 - B ^4) ) /(( sqrt (2* g *( pm - pf / pf ) )
* pf * At * Cd ) ) ) ^2;
// i n mm
H_min = h_min *1000
printf ( So t h e p r e s s u r e r e a d i n g o b s e r v e d f o r t h e
g i v e n f l o w r a t r e i s %1 . 1 f mm o f Hg\n , H_min )
h_max =.25
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e v a l u e o f h maximum
=: )
m_max =( pf * At * Cd * sqrt (2* g *( pm - pf / pf ) ) * sqrt ( h_max ) ) /
sqrt (1 - B ^4) ;
printf ( The maximum f l o w r a t e i s %1 . 1 f kg / s \n , m_max
)
41
11
12 pf =995.8
13 h =0.2
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e h e i g h t o f m e r c u r y column
due t o f l o w ( i n m) = : )
q = pf * At * Cd ;
w =(1 - B ^4) ^(1/2) ;
e = sqrt (2* g *(( pm / pf ) -1) ) ;
mdot_25 = q * e * sqrt ( h ) / w
disp ( Mass f l o w i s g i v e n by : )
disp ( mdot=p f AtCd(1/(1 B 4 ) ( 1 / 2 ) ) s q r t ( 2 g ( ( pm/
p f ) 1) s q r t h ) )
printf ( So t h e mass f l o w a t 25 deg c e n t
i s %fd kg /
s \n , mdot_25 )
21
22
23
24 pf =999.8
// ( e n t e r i n g d e n s i t y o f w a t e r a t 25 deg
cent =: )
25 h =0.2
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e h e i g h t o f m e r c u r y column
due t o f l o w ( i n m) = : )
26 q = pf * At * Cd ;
42
mdot )
32 error1 = abs ((( mdot_25 - mdot ) / mdot_25 ) *100) ;
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
printf ( Change i n t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r i n t r o d u c e s
i n s i g n i f i c a n t e r r o r i n mass f l o w measurement i . e .
%1 . 2 f%% \n , error1 )
pf =988.8
// ( e n t e r i n g d e n s i t y o f w a t e r a t 25 deg
cent =: )
h =0.2
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e h e i g h t o f m e r c u r y column
due t o f l o w ( i n m) = : )
q = pf * At * Cd ;
w =(1 - B ^4) ^(1/2) ;
e = sqrt (2* g *(( pm / pf ) -1) ) ;
mdot = q * e * sqrt ( h ) / w
// e r r o r i s mdot ( 2 5 deg c e n t )mdot ( t deg c e n t )
printf ( The mass f l o w a t 50 deg c e n t i s %fd kg / s \n
, mdot )
error2 = abs ((( mdot_25 - mdot ) / mdot_25 ) *100) ;
printf ( T h e r e f o r e , c h a n g e i n t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r
i n t r o d u c e s i n s i g n i f i c a n t e r r o r i n mass f l o w
measurement i . e . %1 . 2 f%% \n , error2 )
//CHAPTER 7
Flow Measurement
43
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
// C a p t i o n : G r o s s volume f l o w r a t e ( v e n t u r i )
// Example 5// Page 440
dt =.1
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e t h r o a t d i a m e t e r = : )
dp =.2
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e u p s t r e a m d i a m e t e r = : )
Cd =0.95;
g =9.81
B =0.5;
At = %pi * dt ^2/4;
pf =780
// ( e n t e r i n g d e n s i t y o f o i l i n t h e
p i p e l i n e =: )
pm =1000
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e d e n s i t y o f manometer
f l u i d =: )
w =(1 - B ^4) ^(1/2) ;
e = sqrt (2* g *(( pm / pf ) -1) ) ;
S_ideal = At * e / w ;
printf ( The i d e a l volume f l o w r a t e s e n s i t i v i t y i s %1
. 4 f (m3/ s /h 0 . 5 ) \n , S_ideal )
// p a r t b
disp ( A c t u a l volume r a t e s e n s i t i v i t y i s g i v e n by : )
disp ( S a c t u a l= S i d e a l /Cd )
S_actual = S_ideal / Cd ;
printf ( The a c t u a l volume r a t e s e n s i t i v i t y i s %1 . 4 f
\n , S_actual )
h =.3
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e manometer r e a d i n g o f w a t e r
height =: )
disp ( A c t u a l volume f l o w r a t e i s g i v e n by : )
disp ( Q a c t u a l=S a c t u a l s q r t ( h ) )
Q_actual = S_actual * sqrt ( h ) ;
printf ( The a c t u a l volume f l o w r a t e i s %1 . 3 f m3/ s \n
, Q_actual )
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
v e n t u r i i s t o be u s e d = : )
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r f o r
t h e same = : )
m_max =1
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e maximum f l o w r a t e = : )
m_min =0.3
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e minimum f l o w r a t e = : )
Re_min =10^5
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e t h r o a t s r e y n o l d
number = : )
R =287;
// f o r a i r
pho1 = p1 /( R * t1 ) ;
b =0.5;
5 t1 =298
6
7
8
9
10
11
o f a i r when
45
12 mu =1.8462*10^ -5
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
// ( e n t e r t h e a b s o l u t e v i s c o s i t y
=: )
D_max =(4* m_max ) /( %pi * Re_min * mu ) ;
D_min =(4* m_min ) /( %pi * Re_min * mu ) ;
printf ( So t h e t h r o a t d i a m e t e r s f o r maximum and
minimum f l o w s s o t h e r e y n o l d s number d o e s n o t
e x c e e d 1 0 5 a r e %1 . 4 f m and %1 . 4 f m r e s p e c t i v e l y \
n , D_max , D_min )
// To c a l c u l a t e t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e
At = %pi * D_max ^2/4;
C =1;
// d i s c h a r g e c o e f f i c i e n t
M =1.0328;
// V e l o c i t y a p p r o a c h c o e f f i c i e n t
Y =.9912;
// E x p a n s i o n f a c t o r
dP_max =( m_max ) ^2/( Y ^2* M ^2* C ^2* At ^2*2* pho1 ) ;
printf ( The d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e f o r maximum f l o w
r a t e i s %1 . 5 f Pa\n , dP_max )
dP_min =( m_min ) ^2/( Y ^2* M ^2* C ^2* At ^2*2* pho1 ) *1000;
printf ( The d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e f o r minimum f l o w
r a t e i s %1 . 2 f mPa\n , dP_min )
13 disp ( Tube t a p e r i s g i v e n by : )
14 disp ( a=(Qd 2 ) / ( %pi D y j ( 1 / 2 ) ) )
15 a =( Qd *2) /( %pi * D * y * j ^(1/2) ) ;
16 printf ( t u b e t a p e r i s %1 . 4 f m/m( t a p e r ) \n ,a )
47
Chapter 8
TEMPRATURE
MEASUREMENT
) =: )
e1 = 5
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e emf ( i n mv) a t
temperature t1 =: )
t2 =445
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e s e c o n d t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n deg
c e n t )= : )
e2 =25
// ( e n t e r i n g t h e emf ( i n mv) a t t e m p e r a t u r e
t2 =: )
// TO CALCULATE CONSTANTS a AND b
// e 1=a ( t 1 )+b ( t 1 2 ) ;
// e 2=a ( t 2 )+b ( t 2 2 ) ;
A =[ t1 t1 ^2; t2 t2 ^2];
8
9
10
11
12
13 B =[ e1 0 ; e2 0]
14 Y = lsq (A , B ) ;
// c o mp u t e s t h e minimum norm l e a s t
s q u a r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e e q u a t i o n AY=B ,
48
15
16
17
disp ( Y )
49
//CHAPTER 8
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
// C a p t i o n : ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE SENSORS
// Example 3 // Page 517
s =0.2
// ( e n t e r t h e s e n s i t i v i t y = : )
d =0.4*10^ -3
A = %pi *( d ^2) /4;
// R=pho l /A
R =100
pho =0.8*10^ -3;
l =( R * A ) / pho ;
printf ( Length c o r r e s p o n d i n g
and d i a m e t e r 0 . 4mm i s %fd
d =2*10^ -3
A = %pi *( d ^2) /4;
R =100
pho =0.8*10^ -3;
l =( R * A ) / pho ;
printf ( Length c o r r e s p o n d i n g
and d i a m e t e r 2mm i s %1 . 2 f
// The a b o v e l e n g t h s o f w i r e
50
t o r e s i s t a n c e 100 ohm
m\n ,l )
t o r e s i s t a n c e 100 ohm
m\n ,l )
indicate that t h e i r
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
d i a m e t e r s s h o u l d be v e r y s m a l l s o r e a s o n a b l e
l e n g t h s can be u s e d i n p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s .
// L e t r e s i s t a n c e a t 50 deg c e n t be R1 and a t 100 deg
c e n t be R2
t = -50
// ( E n t e r t h e t e m p e r t u r e a t which
r e s i s t a n c e h a s t o be c a l c u l a t e d = : )
R1 = R + s *( t -20) ;
printf ( R e s i s t a n c e a t t e m p e r a t u r e %d i s %f ohm \n ,t
, R1 )
t2 =100
// ( E n t e r t h e t e m p e r t u r e a t which
r e s i s t a n c e h a s t o be c a l c u l a t e d = : )
R2 = R + s *( t2 -20) ;
printf ( R e s i s t a n c e a t t e m p e r a t u r e %d i s %f ohm\n ,
t2 , R2 )
r e s i s t a n c e i n ohm = : )
B =3450
// ( E n t e r i n g t h e v a l ) ue o f c o n s t a n t
=: )
Rt =2500
// ( E n t e r i n g t h e r e s i s t a n c e a t which
t e m p e r a t u r e h a s t o be c a l c u l a t e d = : )
T =1/((1/ To ) +(1/ B ) * log ( Rt / Ro ) ) ;
disp ( T e m p e r a t u r e i s g i v e n by : )
disp ( T= 1 / ( ( 1 / To ) +(1/B) l o g ( Rt /Ro ) ) ; )
printf ( The t e m p e r a t u r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o r e s i s t a n c e
o f %d ohm i s %1 . 3 f K \n ,Rt , T )
Wrt =5
// ( E n t e r i n g t h e e r r o r i n Rt r e s i s t a n c e
measurement = : )
Wro =2
// ( E n t e r i n g t h e e r r o r i n Ro t e m p e r a t u r e
51
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
measurement = : )
// L e t dT/ dRt be r e p r e s e n t e d by DRt and dT/dRo by
DRo
DRt = - T ^2/( B * Rt ) ;
DRo = - T ^2/( B * Ro ) ;
disp ( E r r o r i n t e m p e r a t u r e measurement i s g i v e n by :
)
disp ( Wt=s q r t ( ( DRtWrt ) 2+(DRoWro ) 2 ) ; )
Wt = sqrt (( DRt * Wrt ) ^2+( DRo * Wro ) ^2) ;
printf ( E r r o r i n t h e r e q u i r e d t e m p e r a t u r e
measurement i s %1 . 4 f K \n , Wt )
printf ( So t h e r e q u i r e d t e m p e r a t u r e i s %d+ %1 . 4 f K \
n ,T , Wt )
//CHAPTER 8
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
// C a p t i o n : PYROMETERS
// Example 5// Page 545
// ( i ) O p t i c a l P y r o m e t e r
// Ta (K) i s t h e a c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e and Ti (K) i s t h e
indicated temperature
TI =1200
// ( E n t e r t h e i n d i c a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e i n
degree centigrade =: )
Ti = TI +273
disp ( Ti=TI +273 )
lamda =0.7*10^ -6
// ( E n t e r i n g t h e w a v e l e n g t h ( i n
m e t e r s ) a t which i n t e n s i t i e s a r e compared )
epsilon =0.6
// ( E n t e r i n g t h e e m i s s i v i t y o f
t h e body )
C2 =0.014387
// ( E n t e r i n g t h e v a l u e o f c o n s t a n t )
disp ( A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e i s g i v e n by : )
disp ( Ta=( Ti C2 ) / ( C2lamda Ti l o g ( e p s i l o n ) ) ; )
Ta =( Ti * C2 ) /( C2 - lamda * Ti * log ( epsilon ) ) ;
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16 ta = Ta -273;
17 printf ( A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e body i s %d \n , ta )
18 // ( i i ) For r a d i a t i o n p y r o m e t e r
19 T =( epsilon * Ta ^4) ^(1/4) ;
20 ti =T -273;
21 printf ( I n d i c a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s o f
22
23
24
25
26
t h e t o t a l r a d i a t i o n p y r o m e t e r i s %d d e g r e e c e n t \
n , ti )
//To c a l c u l a t e e r r o r
Error1 = Ta - Ti ;
printf ( E r r o r u s i n g O p t i c a l P y r o m e t e r i s %d K \n ,
Error1 )
Error2 = Ta - T ;
printf ( E r r o r u s i n g R a d i a t i o n P y r o m e t e r i s %d K \n ,
Error2 )
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