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Abstract
Pressure build-up data in low permeability reservoirs take too
long and are usually of poor quality. It is often not
economically feasible to shut in a well with a high production
rate for a buildup test. Sand producing wells are not good
candidates for long pressure drawdown tests. It is often
impracticable to maintain a constant rate long enough to
complete a drawdown test. In these cases, a multi-rate flow test
should be run instead of buildup or drawdown tests. Actually
a well-designed multi-rate flow test may minimize the
influence of wellbore storage on pressure data.
A new technique based on the pressure derivative concept is
presented for interpreting a multi-rate flow test. It is shown
here that a Cartesian plot of the pressure derivative data versus
a time group is a straight line from which the reservoir
permeability can be estimated. It is also shown that for the case
of two-rate test, Tiabs Direct Synthesis technique is
applicable for calculating permeability and skin
Pi Pwf (t )
qN
N q j q j 1
log t t j 1
= mm
qN
j =1
) + b
.......(1)
A Cartesian plot of
Pi Pwf (t )
qN
vs
) (
N q j q j 1
log t t j 1
qN
j =1
mm =
162.5 B
kh
..... (2)
and intercept
3.2275 + 0.86589 S
c r 2
t w
bm = m m log
A step by step procedure is presented for interpreting a multirate test using pressure and pressure derivative data. This new
technique is illustrated by several numerical examples.
...(3)
Theory
The slope,
1 Multi-Rate Test
1.1 Pressure-Function
A multi-rate test, may be characterized by a series of constant
flow rates, or uncontrolled variable rate. In fact, pressure
2
D. Tiab, I.N. Ispas, A. Mongi , A. Berkat
[53935]
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
Pi Pwf (t )
1.2 Pressure-Derivative
A derivative of Eq. 1 with respect to time yields
N (q j q j 1 )
d
[
Pi Pwf (t ) ]= [dp ] = mm
)
dt
dt
j =1 (t t
d
j 1
d
dt
[dp] vs.
. (4)
N q j q j 1
j =1 t t j 1
qN
'
) (
N q j q j 1
log t t j 1
qN
j =1
vs
which has two straight lines. Note that the slope of the second
line is greater than that of the first, possibly indicating the
presence of a fault, a lower permeability or pseudo-steady
state. The slope of the first straight line is m m1 = 0.198
psi/(stb/d cycle), and the intercept
bm =0.575 psi/(stb/d).
is
The formation permeability is computed from Eq. 2. Thus:
mm =
70.6 B
kh
k=
N q j q j 1
j =1 t t j 1
0.198(40)
...(5)
d
dt
[dp],
and
Step 2 Plot
d
dt
[dp]
vs.
N q j q j 1
j =1 t t j 1
= 15.6 md.
(162.6)(1.27)(0.6)
N q j q j 1
j =1 t t j 1
Vs
d
dt
[dp]
k=
70.6(1.27)(0.6)
0.0734( 40)
= 18.3 md.
Solution
PressureFunction Fig. 2 shows a Cartesian plot of
2.1 Pressure-Function
The three-rate test is a particular case of the multi-rate test and
can be evaluated as following:
Pi Pwf (t )
qN
= m3 X 3 + b3 .... (6)
where:
X 3 = q 2 log
q3
q2
dt1 + dt 2
q
t + dt1 + dt 2
+
+ 1 log 1
dt 2
q 21
dt1 + dt 2
log dt 2 + b3 ..........(7)
[53935]
Pi Pwf (t )
qN
m3 =
kh
vs X 3 is a straight
.. (8)
k=
(162.6)(1.27)(0.6)
0.198( 40)
and intercept
k
b3 = m3 log
c t rw 2
The slope,
qN
line of slope:
162.5 B
Pi Pwf (t )
m3 ,
= 15.5 md.
d
dt
[dp]
k=
70.6(1.27)(0.6)
0.0738( 40)
= 18.2 md.
3. Two-Rate Test
q
q
t1
d
[dp] = m3 q 2 3 1 1
dt
q 2 dt 2 q 2 [(dt1 + dt 2 )(t1 + dt1 + dt 2 )]
dt1
'
'
= m 3 X 3 ....(10)
dt 2 ( dt1 + dt 2 )
A plot of Plot of
d
dt
[dp] vs.
X 3 on a Cartesian graph is a
m3 =
70.6 B
kh
3.1 Pressure-Function
In this case, the pressure behavior caused by a variable rate is
given by:
q
Pwf = m 2 log 1 + 1 + 2 log dt + Pint =
dt q1
m 2 X 2 + Pint ...(11)
where the time corresponding to the first flow rate is
Np
..... (12)
t1 = 24
q1
q
Pwf vs log 1 + 1 + 2 log dt is a
dt q1
A plot of
Example 2 The same set of pressure-time data is used, only
this time the first three-flow rates and their corresponding
pressure-time data are considered.
PressureFunction Fig. 4 shows a Cartesian plot of
m2 =
162.6q1 B
kh
and intercept,
.... (13)
Pint , where:
4
D. Tiab, I.N. Ispas, A. Mongi , A. Berkat
[53935]
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
3.2275 + 0.86589S
2
c t rw
Pint = Pi + m 2 log
FE = 1
p s
..... (20)
P Pwf (dt = 0)
.(14)
Pinson
showed
that
for
t1 >> dt
then
t1
1 q2
= m2
Pwf
= m2 X . (21)
dt q1 t1 + dt
A Cartesian plot of
162.6 q 2 q1 B
... (16)
m2 =
kh
slope:
m2 =
70.6q1 B
kh
and intercept
m2 q 2
k
log
Pint = Pi +
q 2 q1 c r 2
t w
q
0.86589S + 2 log dt ...(17)
q1
Pint .
q2
P (dt = 0) P1hr ... (18)
P = Pint
q1 q 2 wf
The slope,
Pwf ( dt = 0) P1hr
q1
''
q1 q 2
m
2
s = 1.1513
k
+ 3.23 ...(19)
log
c r 2
t w
. (22)
3.2275 +
k=
162.6( q 2 q1 ) B
...(23)
h(t * p)r
(p )r
(t * p)r
s = 0.5
+ 7.43 ....(24)
c r 2
t w
ln
kt r
[53935]
yields:
PressureDerivative
(tp ' ) =
70.6(q 2 q1) B
kh
.... (25)
Cartesian
plot
of
Pwf vs.
t1
1 q2
, Fig. 7, yields a slope m2 = 155.34 psia,
dt q1 t1 + dt
and from Eq. 22 the reservoir permeability is:
k=
(70.6)(220)(1.24)(0.6)
(155.34)(40)
= 3.62 md.
p and
B = 1.24 RB/STB
= 0.76 cp
=9%
ct = 24 x 10-6 psi-1
Pwf ( t = 0 ) = 2925 psia
Np = 50985 STB
h = 26 ft
rw = 3 in
k=
70.6 (q 2 q1 )B
h t * p
'
= 3.58 md
Determine the formation permeability
Solution
PressureFunction Fig. 6 is a Cartesian plot of
Pwf vs. X 2
(see Eq. 11), where the time corresponding to the first flowrate, was calculated from Eq. 12 and is t1 = 5562 hrs. From
this graph the slope is
( 162.6)(220)(1.24)(0.76)
(357.16)(26)
The value of
Pwf at t = 1 hr
= 3.63 md
straight line in Fig. 6, where Pwf = 3075 psia. Thus the skin
factor is estimated from Eq. 19:
2925 3075
s1 = 1.153
220
(3.6)106
= 3.6
+
3
.
23
(0.09)(0.76)(24)(.252 )
log
= 250 psi at
250
(3.63)10 6
+ 7.43 =
s1 = 0.5
ln
(0.09)(0.76)(24)(.25 2 )
54.65
-3.83
k=
(t )r
(p )r
psi
6
D. Tiab, I.N. Ispas, A. Mongi , A. Berkat
[53935]
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
At
q2
s=
q
143
(-3.6) =- 732.9 psi , and from Eq. 18:
220
(0.87)(360)
P * = 4398
143
220 143
Thus,
1127.5
= 1.64
FE1 = 1 +
4676.6 2925
FE 2 = 1 +
732.9
4676.6 2925
Subscripts
i = Initial conditions or intersection
j = Rate counter
= 1.42
Conclusions:
1. The pressure derivative is applicable for all three types of
well tests, multi-rate, three-rate, and two-rate.
2. Tiabs Direct Synthesis is applicable for the two-rate test.
3. Pinsons and Tiabs Direct Synthesis methods should be
used only when the time corresponding to the first flowing
period, t1 , is sufficiently large (i.e. t >> t ). This is
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Nomenclature:
Pi = Initial reservoir pressure, psia
ct
= Reservoir porosity, fraction
= Reservoir oil viscosity, cp
s = Skin factor
rw = Wellbore radius
dt1 = Time from the first change of rate, hrs
dt 2 =Time from the second change of rate, hrs
8.
9.
'
[53935]
1.4
[Pi-Pwf]/qn, psi/stb/d
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
N
j =1
0.8
(q j q
qN
j 1
1.2
1.4
log (t t j 1 )
1.6
1.8
8
D. Tiab, I.N. Ispas, A. Mongi , A. Berkat
[53935]
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
140
120
dp', psia
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
500
1000
1
qN
1500
2000
(q q )
(t t )
j =1
j 1
j 1
m 3 = 0 . 1 9 8 ps i / ( s tb / d cycle )
0.6
[Pi-Pwf ]/qN, psi/stb/d
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.2
0.6
(qj 0.4qj 1 )
(
log
t
t
j 1 )
q
j =1
N
3 (q q )
j j 1
log(t t j 1 )
qN
j =1
0.8
[53935]
140
m3 = 0.0738 psi /( stb / d cycle )
120
dp', psia
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
q 1
q1t1
dt1
q2 3
3240
3220
3200
Pwf, psia
3180
3160
3140
3120
3100
3080
3060
3040
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
t1
q
+ 1 + 2 log dt
log
dt
q1
3.7
3.8
10
D. Tiab, I.N. Ispas, A. Mongi , A. Berkat
[53935]
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
25
m2 = 155 .34 psi /( stb / d cycle )
15
10
5
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
1
dt
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
q2
t1
t 1 + dt
q1
1 0 0 0 .0 0
dp
Pwf', psia/hrs
20
1 0 0 .0 0
t* dp' = 5 4 .6 ps i -h rs
1 0 .0 0
1 .0 0
1 .0 0
1 0 .0 0
ti m e , t, h rs
1 0 0 .0 0
[53935]
t
hrs
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Pwf
p '
tp '
psia
psia/hrs psia
psia
3075.00
150.00
3082.00
13.00
19.50
157.00
3088.00
18.00
36.00
163.00
3100.00
22.00
55.00
175.00
3110.00
18.33
55.00
185.00
3125.00
14.00
56.00
200.00
3138.00
11.50
57.50
213.00
3148.00
8.50
51.00
223.00
3155.00
7.00
49.00
230.00
3162.00
7.00
56.00
237.00
3169.00
6.50
58.50
244.00
3175.00
5.73
57.33
250.00
3197.00
3.70
55.50
272.00
3212.00
2.80
56.00
287.00
3225.00
300.00
t + dt q 2
log dt
X = log 1
+
dt
q1
and
X' =
1
dt
X'
3.75
3.68
3.64
3.61
3.58
3.53
3.50
3.47
3.45
3.43
3.41
3.40
3.33
3.29
3.26
0.354366
0.236184
0.177093
0.141638
0.118002
0.088457
0.070729
0.058911
0.05047
0.044139
0.039214
0.035275
0.023457
0.017548
0.014003
q2
t1
q1 t1 + dt
11
12
D. Tiab, I.N. Ispas, A. Mongi , A. Berkat
[53935]
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
8.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
13.00
N
hrs
1.00
1.50
1.89
2.40
3.00
3.45
3.98
4.50
4.80
5.50
6.05
6.55
7.00
7.20
7.50
8.95
9.60
10.00
12.00
14.40
15.00
18.00
19.20
20.00
21.60
24.00
28.80
30.00
33.60
36.00
36.20
48.00
[ P] =
j =1
qN
1
qN
stb/d
1580.00
1580.00
1580.00
1580.00
1490.00
1490.00
1490.00
1490.00
1490.00
1440.00
1440.00
1440.00
1440.00
1440.00
1370.00
1370.00
1370.00
1300.00
1300.00
1260.00
1190.00
1190.00
1190.00
1160.00
1160.00
1137.00
1106.00
1080.00
1080.00
1000.00
983.00
983.00
Pwf
Pi Pwf
j =1
qN
q j q j 1
j =1
t j t j 1
[P]
j =1
psi
psi
psi/stb/d
2023.00
883.00
0.56
1968.00
938.00
0.59
1941.00
965.00
0.61
0.00
0.18
0.28
1892.00
1882.00
1873.00
1867.00
1014.00
1024.00
1033.00
1039.00
0.68
0.69
0.69
0.70
0.52
0.57
0.62
0.67
1853.00
1843.00
1834.00
1830.00
1053.00
1063.00
1072.00
1076.00
0.73
0.74
0.74
0.75
0.79
0.82
0.85
0.87
1827.00 1079.00
1821.00 1085.00
0.79
0.79
0.97
1.01
1815.00 1091.00
1797.00 1109.00
0.84
0.85
1.12
1.15
1775.00 1131.00
1771.00 1135.00
0.95
0.95
1.34
1.36
1772.00 1134.00
0.98
1.42
1756.00 1150.00
1.01
1.49
1751.00 1155.00
1.07
1.61
1756.00 1150.00
1743.00 1163.00
1.17
1.18
1.79
1.80
(q j q j 1 )log(t j t j 1 )
N
Pi Pwf
dp '
t dp '
psi
psi-hr
1580.00 124.12 124.12
1053.33 75.06 112.59
835.98 55.97 105.79
658.33
376.67 30.71
92.14
372.26 25.53
88.08
340.00 21.10
83.99
308.00 17.90
80.54
292.00
186.00 13.65
75.05
196.00 11.99
72.51
191.00 10.75
70.44
183.00
9.82
68.72
178.00
59.00
8.93
66.97
110.00
7.00
62.62
112.00
63.00
6.00
59.98
71.00
4.65
55.81
56.00
59.00
3.40
50.99
37.00
2.63
47.30
40.00
3.00
2.26
45.26
28.00
23.00
1.75
41.90
22.00
0.00
1.27
38.06
18.00
13.00
95.00
0.97
35.06