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Fr. Ueng
Journalismistheactivityofgathering,assessing,creating,
andpresentingnewsandinformation.Itisalsotheproduct
oftheseactivities.
Journalismcanbedistinguishedfromotheractivitiesand
productsbycertainidentifiablecharacteristicsand
practices.Theseelementsnotonlyseparatejournalism
fromotherformsofcommunication,theyarewhatmakeit
indispensabletodemocraticsocieties.Historyrevealsthat
themoredemocraticasociety,themorenewsand
informationittendstohave.
Theworld,andespeciallytheonlineworld,isawashin
communication.
Thevastmajorityofthiscommunication,however,isnot
newsandespeciallynotjournalism.Almost70percentof
emailtrafficisspam,accordingtowebsecuritycompany
Symantec.In2012,therewereanaverageof175million
tweetseachday.Butalmostall99%consistedof
pointlessbabble,accordingtoresearchersatCarnegie
MellonUniversity.
Whilejournalismoccupiesamuchsmallerspacethanthe
talk,entertainment,opinion,assertion,advertisingand
propagandathatdominatethemediauniverse,itis
neverthelessperceivedasbeingmorevaluablethanmostof
thestuffoutthere.
Thatvalueflowsfromitspurpose,toprovidepeoplewith
verifiedinformationtheycanusetomakebetterdecisions,
anditspractices,themostimportantofwhichisa
systematicprocessadisciplineofverificationthat
journalistsusetofindnotjustthefacts,butalsothetruth
aboutthefacts.
Thepurposeofjournalism,writeBillKovachandTom
RosenstielinTheElementsofJournalism,isnotdefined
bytechnology,norbyjournalistsorthetechniquesthey
employ.Rather,theprinciplesandpurposeofjournalism
aredefinedbysomethingmorebasic:thefunctionnews
playsinthelivesofpeople.
Newsisthatpartofcommunicationthatkeepsusinformed
ofthechangingevents,issues,andcharactersintheworld
outside.Thoughitmaybeinterestingorevenentertaining,
theforemostvalueofnewsisasautilitytoempowerthe
informed.
Thepurposeofjournalismisthustoprovidecitizenswith
theinformationtheyneedtomakethebestpossible
decisionsabouttheirlives,theircommunities,their
societies,andtheirgovernments.
There are three major divisions of journalism: written journalism,
oral journalism and visual journalism. News papers and
magazines fall under written journalism and are classified as
periodicals. Periodicals are publications released in regular
intervals: bi-monthly, monthly, weekly, etc.
A newspaper, compared to the magazine, prints more news and
has no special cover. Newspapers are printed in paper called
newsprint. News is printed all over the newspaper having the
hottest news in the front page.
A magazine, on the other hand, has a special cover and prints
less news but more human interest stories and features.
Magazines are printed in book paper and if ever a magazine
ElementsofJournalism
Journalismsfirstobligationistothetruth
Gooddecisionmakingdependsonpeoplehavingreliable,
accuratefactsputinameaningfulcontext.Journalismdoes
notpursuetruthinanabsoluteorphilosophicalsense,but
inacapacitythatismoredowntoearth.
Alltruthseventhelawsofsciencearesubjectto
revision,butweoperatebytheminthemeantimebecause
theyarenecessaryandtheywork,KovachandRosenstiel
writeinthebook.Journalism,theycontinue,thusseeksa
practicalandfunctionalformoftruth.Itisnotthetruthin
theabsoluteorphilosophicalorscientificsensebutrathera
pursuitofthetruthsbywhichwecanoperateonadayto
daybasis.
Thisjournalistictruthisaprocessthatbeginswiththe
professionaldisciplineofassemblingandverifyingfacts.
Thenjournaliststrytoconveyafairandreliableaccountof
theirmeaning,subjecttofurtherinvestigation.
Journalistsshouldbeastransparentaspossibleabout
sourcesandmethodssoaudiencescanmaketheirown
assessmentoftheinformation.Eveninaworldof
expandingvoices,gettingitrightisthefoundationupon
whicheverythingelseisbuiltcontext,interpretation,
comment,criticism,analysisanddebate.Thelargertruth,
overtime,emergesfromthisforum.
Ascitizensencounteranevergreaterflowofdata,they
havemoreneednotlessforsuppliersofinformation
dedicatedtofindingandverifyingthenewsandputtingitin
context.
Itsfirstloyaltyistocitizens
Thepublisherofjournalismwhetheramediacorporation
answeringtoadvertisersandshareholdersorabloggerwith
hisownpersonalbeliefsandprioritiesmustshowan
ultimateallegiancetocitizens.Theymuststrivetoputthe
publicinterestandthetruthabovetheirownself
interestorassumptions.
Acommitmenttocitizensisanimpliedcovenantwiththe
audienceandafoundationofthejournalisticbusiness
modeljournalismprovidedwithoutfearorfavoris
perceivedtobemorevaluablethancontentfromother
informationsources.
Commitmenttocitizensalsomeansjournalismshouldseek
topresentarepresentativepictureofconstituentgroupsin
society.Ignoringcertaincitizenshastheeffectof
disenfranchisingthem.
Thetheoryunderlyingthemodernnewsindustryhasbeen
thebeliefthatcredibilitybuildsabroadandloyalaudience
andthateconomicsuccessfollowsinturn.Inthatregard,
thebusinesspeopleinanewsorganizationalsomust
nurturenotexploittheirallegiancetotheaudience
aheadofotherconsiderations.
Technologymaychangebuttrustwhenearnedand
nurturedwillendure.
Itsessenceisadisciplineofverification
Journalistsrelyonaprofessionaldisciplineforverifying
information.
Whilethereisnostandardizedcodeassuch,every
journalistusescertainmethodstoassessandtest
informationtogetitright.
Beingimpartialorneutralisnotacoreprincipalof
journalism.Becausethejournalistmustmakedecisions,he
orsheisnotandcannotbeobjective.Butjournalistic
methodsareobjective.
Whentheconceptofobjectivityoriginallyevolved,itdid
notimplythatjournalistswerefreeofbias.Itcalled,rather,
foraconsistentmethodoftestinginformationa
transparentapproachtoevidencepreciselysothat
personalandculturalbiaseswouldnotunderminethe
accuracyofthework.Themethodisobjective,notthe
journalist.
Seekingoutmultiplewitnesses,disclosingasmuchas
possibleaboutsources,oraskingvarioussidesfor
comment,allsignalsuchstandards.Thisdisciplineof
verificationiswhatseparatesjournalismfromotherforms
ofcommunicationsuchaspropaganda,advertising,fiction,
orentertainment.
Itspractitionersmustmaintainanindependence
fromthosetheycover
Independenceisacornerstoneofreliability.
Ononelevel,itmeansnotbecomingseducedbysources,
intimidatedbypower,orcompromisedbyselfinterest.On
adeeperlevelitspeakstoanindependenceofspiritandan
openmindednessandintellectualcuriositythathelpsthe
journalistseebeyondhisorherownclassoreconomic
status,race,ethnicity,religion,genderorego.
Journalisticindependence,writeKovachandRosenstiel,is
notneutrality.Whileeditorialistsandcommentatorsarenot
neutral,thesourceoftheircredibilityisstilltheiraccuracy,
intellectualfairnessandabilitytoinformnottheir
devotiontoacertaingrouporoutcome.Inour
independence,however,journalistsmustavoidstraying
intoarrogance,elitism,isolationornihilism.
Itmustserveasanindependentmonitorof
power
Journalismhasanunusualcapacitytoserveaswatchdog
overthosewhosepowerandpositionmostaffectcitizens.It
mayalsooffervoicetothevoiceless.Beinganindependent
monitorofpowermeanswatchingoverthepowerfulfew
insocietyonbehalfofthemanytoguardagainsttyranny,
KovachandRosenstielwrite.
Theearliestjournalistsfirmlyestablishedasa
coreprincipletheirresponsibilitytoexamine
unseencornersofsociety.
Thewatchdogroleisoftenmisunderstood,evenby
journalists,tomeanafflictthecomfortable.While
upsettingtheapplecartmaycertainlybearesultof
watchdogjournalism,theconceptasintroducedinthemid
1600swasfarlesscombative.Rather,itsoughttoredefine
theroleofthejournalistfromapassivestenographerto
moreacuriousobserverwhowouldsearchoutand
discoverthenews.
Thewatchdogrolealsomeansmorethansimply
monitoringgovernment.Theearliestjournalists,write
KovachandRosenstiel,firmlyestablishedasacore
principletheirresponsibilitytoexamineunseencornersof
society.Theworldtheychronicledcapturedthe
imaginationofalargelyuninformedsociety,creatingan
immediateandenthusiasticpopularfollowing.
Finally,thepurposeofthewatchdogextendsbeyond
simplymakingthemanagementandexecutionofpower
transparent,tomakingknownandunderstoodtheeffectsof
thatpower.Thisincludesreportingonsuccessesaswellas
failures.
Journalistshaveanobligationtoprotectthiswatchdog
freedombynotdemeaningitinfrivoloususeorexploiting
itforcommercialgain.
Itmustprovideaforumforpubliccriticismand
compromise
Thenewsmediaarecommoncarriersofpublicdiscussion,
andthisresponsibilityformsabasisforspecialprivileges
thatnewsandinformationprovidersreceivefrom
democraticsocieties.
Theseprivilegescaninvolvesubsidiesfordistributionor
researchanddevelopment(lowerpostalratesforprint,use
ofpublicspectrumbybroadcasters,developmentand
managementoftheInternet)tolawsprotectingcontentand
freespeech(copyright,libel,andshieldlaws).
Theseprivileges,however,arenotpreordainedor
perpetual.Rather,theyareconferredbecauseoftheneed
foranabundantsupplyofinformation.Theyarepredicated
ontheassumptionthatjournalismbecauseofits
principlesandpracticeswillsupplyasteadystreamof
higherqualitycontentthatcitizensandgovernmentwilluse
tomakebetterdecisions.
Traditionally,thiscovenanthasbeenbetweennews
organizationsandgovernment.Thenewformsofdigital
media,however,placearesponsibilityoneveryonewho
publishescontentwhetherforprofitorforpersonal
satisfactioninthepublicdomain.
Therawmaterialcastintothemarketplaceofideassustains
civicdialogueandservessocietybestwhenitconsistsof
verifiedinformationratherthanjustprejudiceand
supposition.
Journalismshouldalsoattempttofairlyrepresentvaried
viewpointsandinterestsinsocietyandtoplacethemin
contextratherthanhighlightonlytheconflictingfringesof
debate.Accuracyandtruthfulnessalsorequirethatthe
publicdiscussionnotneglectpointsofcommongroundor
instanceswhereproblemsarenotjustidentifiedbutalso
solved.
Journalism,then,ismorethanprovidinganoutletfor
discussionoraddingonesvoicetotheconversation.
Journalismcarrieswithitaresponsibilitytoimprovethe
qualityofdebatebyprovidingverifiedinformationand
intellectualrigor.Aforumwithoutregardforfactsfailsto
informanddegradesratherthanimprovesthequalityand
effectivenessofcitizendecisionmaking.
Itmuststrivetokeepthesignificantinteresting
andrelevant
Journalismisstorytellingwithapurpose.Itshoulddomore
thangatheranaudienceorcataloguetheimportant.Itmust
balancewhatreadersknowtheywantwithwhatthey
cannotanticipatebutneed.
WritingcoachesRoyPeterClarkandChipScanlan
describeeffectivenewswritingastheintersectionofcivic
clarity,theinformationcitizensneedtofunction,and
literarygrace,whichisthereportersstorytellingskillset.
Inotherwords,partofthejournalistsresponsibilityis
providinginformationinsuchawaypeoplewillbeinclined
tolisten.Journalistsmustthusstrivetomakethesignificant
interestingandrelevant.
Qualityismeasuredbothbyhowmuchaworkengagesits
audienceandenlightensit.Thismeansjournalistsmust
continuallyaskwhatinformationhasthemostvalueto
citizensandinwhatformpeoplearemostlikelyto
assimilateit.Whilejournalismshouldreachbeyondsuch
topicsasgovernmentandpublicsafety,journalism
overwhelmedbytriviaandfalsesignificancetrivializes
civicdialogueandultimatelypublicpolicy.
Itmustkeepthenewscomprehensiveand
proportional
Journalismisourmoderncartography.Itcreatesamapfor
citizenstonavigatesociety.
Aswithanymap,itsvaluedependsonacompletenessand
proportionalityinwhichthesignificantisgivengreater
visibilitythanthetrivial.
Keepingnewsinproportionisacornerstoneof
truthfulness.Inflatingeventsforsensation,neglecting
others,stereotyping,orbeingdisproportionatelynegative
allmakealessreliablemap.Themostcomprehensivemaps
includeallaffectedcommunities,notjustthosewith
attractivedemographics.Themostcompletestoriestake
intoaccountdiversebackgroundsandperspectives.
Thoughproportionandcomprehensivenessaresubjective,
theirambiguitydoesnotlessontheirsignificance.
Itspractitionersmustbeallowedtoexercise
theirpersonalconscience
Doingjournalism,whetherasaprofessionalwritingfora
newsorganizationorasanonlinecontributorinthepublic
space,involvesonesmoralcompassanddemandsa
personalsenseofethicsandresponsibility.
Becausenewsisimportant,thosewhoprovidenewshave
aresponsibilitytovoicetheirpersonalconscienceoutloud
andallowotherstodosoaswell.Theymustbewillingto
questiontheirownworkandtodifferwiththeworkof
othersiffairnessandaccuracydemandtheydoso.
Newsorganizationsdowelltonurturethisindependenceby
encouragingindividualstospeaktheirminds.Conversation
anddebatestimulatetheintellectualdiversityofmindsand
voicesnecessarytounderstandandaccuratelycoveran
increasinglydiversesociety.Havingadiversenewsroom
doeslittleifthosedifferentvoicesarenotspokenorheard.
Itsalsoamatterofselfinterest.Employeesencouragedto
raisetheirhandsmaysavethebossfromhimselfor
protectthenewsorganizationsreputationbypointingout
errors,flaggingimportantomissions,questioning
misguidedassumptions,orevenrevealingwrongdoing.
Havingasenseofethicsisperhapsmostimportantforthe
individualjournalistoronlinecontributor.
Increasingly,thosewhoproducethenewsworkin
isolation,whetherfromanewsroomcubicle,thesceneofa
story,ortheirhomeoffice.Theymayfiledirectlytothe
publicwithoutthesafetynetofediting,asecondsetof
eyes,orthecollaborationofothers.Whilecrowdsourcing
bytheaudiencemaycatchandcorrecterrorsor
misinformation,thereputationoftheauthorandthequality
ofpublicdialogueareneverthelessdamaged.
Citizens,too,haverightsandresponsibilities
whenitcomestothenews
Theaveragepersonnow,morethanever,workslikea
journalist.
Writingablogentry,commentingonasocialmediasite,
sendingatweet,orlikingapictureorpost,likely
involvesashorthandversionofthejournalisticprocess.
Onecomesacrossinformation,decideswhetherornotits
believable,assessesitsstrengthandweaknesses,
determinesifithasvaluetoothers,decideswhattoignore
andwhattopasson,choosesthebestwaytoshareit,and
thenhitsthesendbutton.
Thoughthisprocessmaytakeonlyafewmoments,its
essentiallywhatreportersdo.
Twothings,however,separatethisjournalisticlikeprocess
fromanendproductthatisjournalism.Thefirstis
motiveandintent.Thepurposeofjournalismistogive
peopletheinformationtheyneedtomakebetterdecisions
abouttheirlivesandsociety.Theseconddifferenceisthat
journalisminvolvestheconscious,systematicapplication
ofadisciplineofverificationtoproduceafunctional
truth,asopposedtosomethingthatismerelyinterestingor
informative.Yetwhiletheprocessiscritical,itstheend
productthestorybywhichjournalismisultimately
judged.
Today,whentheworldisawashininformationandnewsis
availableanytimeeverywhere,anewrelationshipisbeing
formedbetweenthesuppliersofjournalismandthepeople
whoconsumeit.
Thenewjournalistisnolongeragatekeeperwhodecides
whatthepublicshouldandshouldnotknow.The
individualisnowhisorherowncirculationmanagerand
editor.Toberelevant,journalistsmustnowverify
informationtheconsumeralreadyhasorislikelytofind
andthenhelpthemmakesenseofwhatitmeansandhow
theymightuseit.
Thus,writeKovachandRosenstiel,Thefirsttaskofthe
newjournalist/sensemakeristoverifywhatinformationis
reliableandthenorderitsopeoplecangraspitefficiently.
Apartofthisnewjournalisticresponsibilityistoprovide
citizenswiththetoolstheyneedtoextractknowledgefor
themselvesfromtheundifferentiatedfloodorrumor,
propaganda,gossip,fact,assertion,andallegationthe
communicationssystemnowproduces.
ImportantToolsofJournalism
Thepublicisexceptionallydiverse.Thoughpeoplemay
sharecertaincharacteristicsorbeliefs,theyhaveanuntold
varietyofconcernsandinterests.
Soanythingcanbenews.Butnoteverythingis
newsworthy.Journalismisaprocessinwhichareporter
usesverificationandstorytellingtomakeasubject
newsworthy.
Journalismasadisciplineofverification
Ajournalistsfirstjobistogetitright.Buthow?
Journalistsoftendescribetheessenceoftheirworkas
findingandpresentingthefactsandalsothetruthabout
thefacts.
Theyalsodescribeusingcertainmethodsawayof
workingwhichBillKovachandTomRosenstieldescribe
inTheElementsofJournalismasascientificlikeapproach
togettingthefactsandalsotherightfacts.
CalledtheDisciplineofVerification,itsintellectual
foundationrestsonthreecoreconceptstransparency,
humility,andoriginality.
Transparencymeansshowyourworksoreaderscandecide
forthemselveswhytheyshouldbelieveit.
Dontallowyouraudiencetobedeceivedbyactsof
omissiontellthemasmuchasyoucanaboutthestory
theyarereading.
Telltheaudiencewhatyouknowandwhatyoudont
know.Neverimplythatyouhavemoreknowledgethan
youactuallydo.
Telltheaudiencewhoyoursourcesare,howtheyareina
positiontoknowsomething,andwhattheirpotentialbiases
mightbe.
Transparencysignalsthejournalistsrespectforthe
audience.Itallowstheaudiencetojudgethevalidityofthe
information,theprocessbywhichitwassecuredandthe
motivesandbiasesofthejournalistprovidingit.
Thismakestransparencythebestprotectionagainsterrors
anddeceptionbysources.Ifthebestinformationa
journalisthascomesfromapotentiallybiasedsource,
namingthesourcewillrevealtotheaudiencethepossible
biasandmayinhibitthesourcefromattemptingto
deceiveyouaswell.
Thejournalistsjobistoprovideinformationinsuchaway
thatpeoplecanassessitandthenmakeuptheirownminds
whattothink.
Thisisthesameprinciplethatgovernsthescientific
method.Bygivingtheaudiencethebackgroundonhow
youarrivedatacertainconclusion,youallowthemto
replicatetheprocessforthemselves.
Humilitymeanskeepanopenmind.
Journalistsneedtokeepanopenmindnotonlyabout
whattheyhearbutalsoabouttheirownabilityto
understandwhatitmeans.Exercisehumility.Dont
assume.Avoidarroganceaboutyourknowledge.
Assumption,asaveteranbureauchiefonceputit,isthe
motherofallscrewups.
Journalistsneedtorecognizetheirownfallibilityandthe
limitationsoftheirknowledge.Theyshouldbeconscious
offalseomniscienceandavoidjustwritingaroundit.
Theyshouldacknowledgetothemselveswhattheyare
unsureof,oronlythinktheyunderstandandthencheckit
out.Thismakestheirjudgmentmorepreciseandtheir
reportingmoreincisive.
JackFuller,theauthor,novelist,editor,andnewspaper
executive,hassuggestedthatjournalistsneedtoshow
modestyintheirjudgmentaboutwhattheyknowand
howtheyknowit.
GregoryFavre,alongtimeeditorinSacramentoand
Chicago,sayshisruleissimple.DONOTPRINTONE
IOTABEYONDWHATYOUKNOW.
First,youhavetobehonestaboutwhatyouknow,versus
whatyouassumeyouknow,orthinkyouknow.Akeyway
toavoidmisrepresentingeventsisadisciplinedhonesty
aboutthelimitsofonesknowledgeandthepowerofones
perception.
Originalitymeansdoyourownwork.
Informationcanbeviewedasahierarchy.Atthetopisthe
workyouhavedoneyourself,reportingyoucandirectly
vouchfor.
Journalistssaythetimestheymostoftengotsomething
wrongwaswhentheytooksomethingfromsomebodyor
someplaceelseandfailedtocheckitthemselves
HierarchyofAccuracy
Somefacts,quotes,assertionsandcoloraremorereliable
thanothers.
Thestuffthatcomesfromaneyewitnessisbetterthanthat
whichissecondhand.
Thestuffthatyouknowforyourselfisbetterthanthestuff
someoneelsesupposedlycheckedout
AccordingtoMikeOreskeswhenhewasWashington
bureauchiefofTheNewYorkTimes,Bewareoftheidea
thatyouhavetopostastorybecauseitsoutthere
floatingaround.
Inasense,Oreskesissuggestingahierarchyof
verification.Atthetopofthatisthestuffyouhaveverified
yourselffromsourceswithdirectknowledgeand
theyarebetterthansourceswhodonothavedirect
knowledge.
HereisanexampleofDavidProtess,presidentofthe
ChicagoInnocenceProject,ofhismethodofverification
usingthehierarchyofaccuracyofinformation.
Youcancategorizetheinformationyoupossessinaseries
ofconcentriccircles.
Theinnermostcircleistheinformationyouknowfirst
hand.Yourestandingonthecornerandseeadumptruck
runastoplightandcrashintoabus.
Thenextcircleistheinformationyouhavesecondhand.
Yourehavingcoffeeatanoutdoorcafeandsomeoneruns
uptogethelp,sayingshejustsawatruckhitabus.
Theoutermostcircleistheinformationthatsthirdhand.
Youreinthenewsroomandgetacallfromsomeoneatthe
cafe,relayingnewsthattheyheardatruckhashitabus.
Mostoftheinformationjournalistsdealwithliesinthe
secondorthirdcircles.Butmostfactsarefoundthatwithin
thefirstinnermostcircle,usuallyfromaparticipant,an
eyewitnessorfromphysicalevidence.
Thisdoesnotmeantheclosestperspectiveisthemost
truthfuloreventhemostaccurate.Eyewitnessdescriptions
ofcrimesuspects,forexample,areoftenunreliable.Nor
doesembeddingajournalistwithaplatoonnecessarily
provideatruepictureofalargerwar.
Butfailingtofindandverifybasicfactsisequally
problematic.Badfactsproduceinaccurateassumptions.In
thehierarchyofinformation,astorythatrestsoninaccurate
assumptionswilleventuallycollapse.
Sowitheachconcentriccircleofinformationyoumove
outward,yourguardneedstobeeverhigherfor
verification.
Basically,itcomesdowntoahierarchyofinformation.In
termsoffacts,thestuffthatisclosesttoaneyewitness
accountisbetterthanthatwhichissecondhand.
Storytelling
Atitsmostbasiclevel,newsisafunctionofdistribution
newsorganizations(ormembersofthepublic)create
storiestopassonapieceofinformationtoreaders,viewers,
orlisteners.
Agoodstory,however,doesmorethaninformoramplify.
Itaddsvaluetothetopic.
TheElementsofJournalism,infact,describesjournalism
asstorytellingwithapurpose.
Creatingagoodstorymeansfindingandverifying
importantorinterestinginformationandthenpresentingit
inawaythatengagestheaudience.Goodstoriesarepartof
whatmakejournalismdifferent,andmorevaluable,than
othercontentinthemediauniverse.
Researchprovestwothingsaboutgoodstories:
Treatmenttrumpstopic.Howastoryistoldismore
importanttotheaudiencethanitstopic,whatitis
about.Thebeststoryisawelltoldtaleaboutsomethingthe
readerfeelsisrelevantorsignificant.
Thebeststoriesaremorecompleteandmore
comprehensive.Theycontainmoreverifiedinformation
frommoresourceswithmoreviewpointsand
expertise.Theyexhibitmoreenterprise,morereportorial
effort.
Herearesomeelementsofagoodstory:
Goodstoriesareimportantandinteresting
1. Unfreezetime.Peopleareactive,theyaredoingthings
haveyourstoriesshowthat.
2. Developcharacter.Toomuchjournalismfailsto
developcharacter.Thepeoplearecardboard,names
andfacesfitintoajournalistictemplate:the
investigatingofficer,theprotester,theconservative
Republican,theliberalDemocrat.Often,justalittle
morereportingcanprovidethekindsofdetailsthat
avoidstereotypesandprovideaninteresting
dimensiontothepeoplewhoinhabityourstories.
3. Telltheaudiencewhatitmeans.Thisismorethan
justdecodingthelatestzoningissuesorthetuition
increases.Tellyouraudiencewhytheworldworksthe
wayitdoes,whyacertaintrendishappening,whyan
eventisorisnttakingplace.Dontshyawayfrom
beinganauthenticatorthatprovidesclarity.
4. Proverelevancy.Readersviewthenewsthroughthe
lensoftheirlivesandfilterthecontentbasedontheir
interestsandconcerns.Thoughjournalistsmaythink,
infactmayknow,thatsomethingisnews,declaring
itsodoesntmakeittruetothenewsconsumer.
Relevancyshouldnotbeassumed.Weneedtoprove
it.
5. Experimentwithstorytelling.Thisismorethanjust
droppingthejournalistsfavoritecrutch,theinverted
pyramidandtellingstories.Thisisaboutthinkingof
storiesdifferently.Maybeagraphicormapisenough
totellthestory.Maybeaphotowilldothetrick.
Maybethecharactersthemselvescanwrite,orspeak,
intheirownwords.
6. UsetheWeb.UsetheWebtoenhancethepowerof
storytellingandmakethestorymorepersonaland
interactive.Videoandaudiomakethereaderan
eyewitness.Comments,forums,andother
crowdsourcingfeedbackallowcitizenstointeractwith
thenews.Mapshelpreadersseewhereanevent
occurredandalsotheirproximitytoit.Anda
calculatorallowsuserstotranslatebig,abstract,
numberstohisorherverypersonalsituation.
EngagingStoriesnotBoring
Onewaytoviewaboringstoryisasanissueofexcess.
Toolong,toorambling,toointotheweeds.
Theproblemwiththisapproachiswhatitimplies,that
merelycuttingdownandtighteningupatalewillfixit.
Often,however,thecentralweaknessofboringstoriesis
notlengthbuttheabsenceofelementscommontogood
storytelling.
Thismayreflectthereportersreluctancetomake
consciousdecisionsaboutthemostimportantelementsin
thestorythecentralpoint,centralevidence,central
characters,andthecentralplace.
Goodstoriesprovetheirrelevancetotheaudience
Peoplecaremostaboutthingsthataffectthem.
Ononelevel,therelevanceofastorycanbeafunctionof
geography.Thereaderismoreinterestedinhislocal
weatherforecastthanthenationaloutlook.
Adifferentkindofproximityinvolvesemotionsor
interests.Thereadermayidentifywitharangeoflife
experiences,fromtheemotionalshockoflosingajobor
worryingaboutasickchildtomundanetaskslikethe
weeklytriptothegrocerystoreorfillingthecarwithgas.
Readersalsoidentifywiththeirownspecialinterests,
whetherahobbyorsportoranimportantpocketbookissue
liketaxes,interestrates,schoolquality,crimeandsafety,
healthcare,oreconomicdevelopment.
Goodstoriesdontjustassumerelevancy;theyproveit.
Theymakethecasethat,youshouldtakethetimetoread
thisstorybecauseitspotentiallyimportanttoyou
personallyortoyourcommunity.Oftenthisisdoneby
illustrationorcomparison.
Theanecdote,however,helpsbridgethatgapbyoffering
moredetailspecificfacts,opinions,orexperiencesthe
readercancomparetohisownknowledgeandbeliefs.
Usingdataisanotherwaytoproverelevancy.An
alternativeistousetwostatisticsfromtheCensus.
Areportercanalsousemaps,calculators,andother
softwaretoestablishrelevance.
Finally,forastorythatisobviouslyrelevant,datacanserve
asanexclamationpoint.
Goodstorieshavestrongcentralcharacters
Humansarethemostinterestingcreaturesonearth.
Readers,inturn,aremostinterestedinotherpeople.Its
whytheheadshotanimageofapersonsfacehas
beenandremainsthemostpopulargenreofnews
photograph.
Oneapproachtodevelopingastrongcentralcharacteristo
thinkaboutwhatkindsofinformationcanmakeahead
shotacharacterinastorycomealive.
Wheninterviewingsomeone,givethemtheopportunityto
revealsomethingaboutthemselvesandtheircharacter:
Askwhattheyaredoing.Thenaskwhytheyaredoingit.
Askwhattheyarefeeling.Thenaskwhytheyfeelthatway.
Askwhattheythink.Thenaskwhytheybelievewhatthey
do.
Quotesaremerewords.Goodstories,however,capturethe
meaningbehindthewords.Thatsmorelikelytooccurif
thereaderknowsnotjustwhosspeakingbutsomething
aboutthepersonsbackgroundandcharacter.
Goodstoriesusedetail
Storiesbuiltonimportantorinterestingthemessupported
bysmallbutrevealingdetailaremorecompletebecause
theygivethereadermoretograbonto.
Usingdetailinastoryissimilartopresentingotherfacts.A
goodstoryisbuiltnotjustonfacts,butontherightfacts,
informationthatshedslightonthetruthaboutthefacts.
Goodstoriesreflectgoodchoicesor,asformernews
directorandPoynterfacultymemberScottLibinsays,
selectionratherthancompression.
Goodstoriesconnecttodeeperthemes
Thebeststoriesreachusonsomeelementallevel.
Lookforthestoryofwhythingshappenthewaytheydo
andthenlookforawaytotellthatstory.
Thinkingvisuallyaboutaniconicimageorabriefpicture
inthemindcanalsohelp.
Itsnotalwayseasytofindaniconicimagethatrepresents
thecoreofastory.Butthinkingvisually,imaginingan
imagethatmaybeordinarybutrepresentative,canhelpthe
journalistdecidewhattheessenceofthestoryis.
Theiconicimagecanalsohelpthejournalistfindideasfor
stories.Weseetheseimagesallthetimeinourdailylives
butoftendontaskourselveswhattheymightmean.
Constructioncranespunctuatingtheskyline,commutersat
abusstopallreadingtheirmobiledevices,piecesofre
treadtrucktireslitteringthesideofabusyhighway.What
questionsmighttheseimagesraise?
Thinkingvisuallyiswhatphotographersdoallthetime.
Thinkinglikeaphotographercanhelpjournalistsfocuson
thecoreofastoryastheynavigatetheirwaythroughthe
fogofdetailcollectedinthereportingprocess.
Goodstoriesexploretensions
Tensionmakeslife,andthenews,interesting.
Sometimesthetensionisbetweencharacters,forexample
twocandidatesvyingforapublicoffice.Ortensionsmay
ariseoverdifferentpointsofviewaboutanissueorevent.
Acentralcharactertryingtodecidewhattothinkordo
aboutsomethingisanexampleofaninternaltension.
Journaliststryingtocovertensionoftenfindthemselves
reportingontheextremes.
RichardHarwood,theresatension.Theresatensionin
schoolsbetweenexcellenceandopportunity.Theresa
tensionincommunitiesbetweenfurthergrowthtoincrease
thetaxbaseandprotectingthequalityoflife.Notthat
theyremutuallyexclusive.Buttheresatensionthere.And
weoftenpitchitasoneortheotherbutmostpeoplewant
toreachsomebalance.
Thechallengeforjournalists,saysHarwood,isto
understandtheessenceofastoryinordertochoosethe
mostappropriateframe.
Goodstoriescaptureemotions
Emotioncommandsattentionandcreatesarelevancyof
sharedfeelingsbetweenacharacterandthereader.
Yetthebalancebetweenemotionandnewsisdelicateand,
accordingtoprofessorandheadoftheDepartmentof
CommunicationattheUniversityofIllinoisatChicagoZizi
Papacharissi,journalistshavealwaysstruggledtomanage
theirownemotionsinthenameofobjectivityorfinding
appropriatewaystointegratesentimentintoastory.
Themostmasterfuljournalists,intheirmostmemorable
reporting,attainthisperfectbalancebetweenemotionand
information,colorandnews,theaffectiveandthe
cognitive.Bycontrast,theformofnewsreportingleast
memorableisfrequentlycharacterizedbyexcessive
emotion,andthemisinformationthatexcessproduces.
Whendescribingemotion,lessisusuallybest.Hyperbole
doesnotwork.Donttellthereaderhowtofeelor,except
inrareinstances,howyoufeel.Ashocking
developmentsays,ineffect,thatsomethingshould
surpriseordismay.Maybeitwill,butthatsuptothe
reader,notthereporter,todecide.
Ratherthantellthereaderhowtofeelorusethereporters
feelingsasaproxyforwhattheaudiencethinks,agood
storyoffersdetailthereadercanusetomakehisorherown
judgmentsand,perhaps,forgeanemotionalconnection
withacharacter.
Goodstoriesprovidecontext
Whatbackgroundwouldanewcomerwhoisaffectedby
thestoryneedtoknowsothattheymightcareaboutit?
Anothervirtueofaskingwhatdoesmyaudienceneedto
know?isthatitcancreatenewentrypointsintostories
suchasasking,whatbackgroundwouldanewcomerwhois
affected,orhasastakeinthestory,needtoknowsothat
theymightcareaboutit?
Andthejournalistneedstofigureouthowtoprovidea
contextoutsideofentertainmentthatworks.
Listen,thereisahungerforgoodinformationoutthere.
TheBestandtheBrightestwasahugebestseller,muchto
thesurpriseoftheauthorandtheeditorwhopublishedit,
becauseittookallthosepeoplewhohadflashedonthe
televisionscreenallthosetimes,andfinallysaid,Thisis
whotheyare.Andthisishowtheyaffectyou.Andthisis
whattheymeantoyou.
Goodstoriessurprisethereader
Surpriseinanewsstorycantakeacoupleofforms,
informationyoudidntknoworsomethingyoudidnt
expect.
Flippingthroughanewspaperandseeinganitemyouhad
noideayoudwanttoreadisanexampleofserendipity,a
happycoincidence.
Goodstoriesempowerthereader
Thepurposeofjournalismistogivepeopletheinformation
theyneedtomakebetterdecisions.Inotherwords,
journalismissupposedtoempower.
Thisdefinitionimpliesthatwhilejournalistscertainly
inform,thereisanassumptionthereaderwillsooneror
laterusetheinformationtomakeadecisionorengagein
somekindofactivity.
Empoweringthereaderthusinvolvesanticipatinghowthe
informationmightbeusedandwhatquestionsthereader
mighthaveabouttheissueorevent.
Sometypes/genres/formsofJournalism
Drone Journalism
Form of Journalism that uses drones to produce and process
information by policing, surveillance and aerial photography.
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone,
as an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), or by several other names,
is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. The flight of UAVs may
operate with various degrees of autonomy: either under remote
control by a human operator, or fully or intermittently autonomously,
by onboard computers.[1]
Gonzo journalism is a style of journalism that is written without
claims of objectivity, often including the reporter as part of the story
via a first-person narrative. The word "gonzo" is believed to have
been first used in 1970 to describe an article by Hunter S. Thompson,
who later popularized the style. It is an energetic first-person
participatory writing style in which the author is a protagonist, and it
draws its power from a combination of social critique and self-satire. [1]
It has since been applied to other subjective artistic endeavors.
Gonzo journalism involves an approach to accuracy that concerns the
reporting of personal experiences and emotions, in contrast to
traditional journalism, which favors a detached style and relies on
facts or quotations that can be verified by third parties. Gonzo
journalism disregards the strictly-edited product favored by
newspaper media and strives for a more personal approach; the
personality of a piece is as important as the event the piece is on.
Use of sarcasm, humor, exaggeration, and profanity is common.
Timeliness
The images have meaning in the context of a recently published
record of events.
Objectivity
The situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate
representation of the events they depict in both content and tone.
Narrative
The images combine with other news elements to make facts
relatable to the viewer or reader on a cultural level.
Like a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter, but he or she must often
make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, often
while exposed to significant obstacles (e.g., physical danger, weather,
crowds, physical access).
Sensor journalism[1] refers to the use of sensors to generate or
collect data, then analyzing, visualizing, or using the data to support
journalistic inquiry. This is related to but distinct from data journalism.
Whereas data journalism relies on using historical or existing data,
sensor journalism involves the creation of data with sensor tools. This
also includes drone journalism.
Tabloid journalism is a style of journalism that emphasizes
sensational crime stories, gossip columns about celebrities and
sports stars, junk food news and astrology. Although it is associated
with tabloid-size newspapers, not all newspapers associated with
tabloid journalism are tabloid size, and not all tabloid-size
newspapers engage in tabloid journalism.
Tabloid journalism often concerns itself with the private lives of
celebrities, including their sexual practices and drug use. In many
cases, celebrities have successfully sued for libel, demonstrating that
tabloid stories have defamed them
Convergence Journalism
An emerging form of journalism, which combines different forms of
journalism, such as print, photographic and video, into one piece or
group of pieces. Convergence journalism can be found in the likes of
CNN and many other news sites.