Arts and Traditions of Telangana - Indian Scriptures

06/10/2016
ARTSANDTRADITIONSOFTELANGANAIndianScriptures
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Arts
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VedicsocietyArtsARTSANDTRADITIONSOFTELANGANA
ARTSANDTRADITIONSOFTELANGANA
Contents
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Introduction
Arts
Sculptures
Museums
Crafts
Music
Dances
Festivals
Conclusion
Introduction
TelanganawascarvedoutoftheformerAndhraPradeshwithHyderabadasitscapital.ThenameTelanganaisderivedfromthewordTrilingameaningtheplaceofthree
lingasasaccordingtolegendsLordShivaslingamsarefoundonthreemountainsSrisailam,KaleshwaramandDraksharamawhichformtheboundariesofTelangana.Itis
mentionedintheMahabharataasTelingadeshaanditissaidthatthepeopleofthislandsidedwiththePandavasintheirbattleagainsttheKauravasintheKurukshetraWar.
ItisalsomentionedintheAitreyabrahmana,RamayanaandPuranas.
TheArt,CultureandTraditionsofTelanganaisafusionoftheTeluguandPersianculturedatingbacktotheNizamsandMughals.Hence,thereisaninfluenceofHinduismand
Islam. Since Buddhism was the dominant religion upto the 6 th century it was also the home of Mahayana Buddhism. This can be observed in the monuments of
NagarjunakondaandtheWorldUniversityattheSriParvatapresidedoverbyAcharyaNagarjuna.Inthe12 thcenturytheKakatiyasandtheChalukyasrevivedHinduismand
KrishnadevaRayaoftheVijayanagarEmpirerestructuredoldtemplesandbuiltnewones.
Art
NirmalArts
AmidstthehillsandforestsofAdilabadoneofthedistrictsofTelanganaisthesmalltownofNirmal.Ithasbeenconsidered
thelandofartandcrafts.ThebigcommunityofcraftsmeninNirmalarereferredtoasNakkash.Thistownisfamousforits
paintings known as Nirmal paintings. These paintings were greatly admired and patronised by the Mughal rulers in the
medieval period and it is said that Lady Hydri later on brought the craftsmen to Hyderabad to promote their growth and
development.Inthis,traditionalartscenesarepaintedfromtheHinduepicsRamayanaandMahabharata.Thepaintings
have been influenced by the Indian Schools of Art like Ajanta, Kangra and from Mughal miniatures. The colours used in
thesepaintingsespeciallythefamiliargoldcolourareproducedindigenouslyfromextractsofherbs,gum,vegetabledyeand
minerals.Thepaintings,whetherdepictingthegraceofadancerortherhythmofamusician,enrapturetheviewer.Itis
saidthatinthepasttheNizamofHyderabadonvisitingNirmalwasgivenagrandwelcomewiththeartisansdecoratingthevenueandseatoftheNizaminsuchawaythat
anintricatelydesignedbananabudsuspendedovertheNizamsseatunfurledandacascadeofgoldenpetalswereshoweredontheNizam.Thissooverwhelmedhimthathe
begantopatronisetheartisans.
DeccaniPaintings
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Deccani paintings are a style of miniature paintings which flourished among the Deccani Sultanates in peninsular India in the late 16 th century. It was a combination of
VijayanagarwallpaintingsandPersianinfluencewithelongatedfiguresandlandscapeswithfloralbackgrounds.Thecoloursusedwererichandluminouspredominantlyingold
andwhite.
Kalamkaripaintings
Thesepaintingsoriginatedfromthewordkalammeaningpenandkarimeaningwork.Colourfuldesignsareappliedonclothusingvegetabledyes.
ScenesfromHindumythologyaredepictedthoughPersiandesignsandmotifsareincludedduetotheinfluenceofMuslimrulers.Handcarvedblocks
areusedtodotheoutlinesandmainfeaturesandthepenisusedforfinerdetails.
CheriyalScrollPaintings
ThesepaintingsarestylisedversionsofNakashiartwhichisanartformpractisedinCheriyaldistrictofWarangalintheTelanganaregion.Theyare
usedforstorytellingandtheirthemesaredrawnfromfolkloreandmythologylikethePuranasandEpics.Theformatofthesepaintingsisnarrative
likeafilmroleoracomicstrip.TheyweretraditionallyusedbytheballadeerorstorytellingcommunityknownasKakiPadagollu.Theywentfrom
villagetovillagesingingandnarratingtheirballadswithmusicanddancedisplayingthesescrollsinaseriesofhorizontalorverticalpanelsonastage
erectedonfourpoleswithahorizontalbar.Thelengthofthescrolldependedonthelengthofthestoryandeachscrollcouldhaveabout50panels.
Thepaneldepictingthatparticularpartofthestorywouldbedisplayedasthebardwouldnarratethestory.Inmoderntimesinsteadofacontinuous
scrollsinglepicturesarepaintedaswalldecorations.ThemakingofthecanvasisanelaborateprocedurewithKhadicotton,ricestarch,whitemud,
boiledtamarindseedsandgumwater.Theartiststhensketchtheoutlineonthecanvaswithabrushmadeofastickwithsquirrelshair.Theyare
paintedinvividhueswiththeredcolourpredominantlyinthebackground.
Sculptures
Sculpturesmadeofstone,marbleorwoodaremadeintheTelanganaregionintovariousanimalandbirdforms.Sculpturesofdeitiesinvariousformsinintricateandaesthetic
stylesarecraftedbytheartisans.ExamplesoffinesculpturescanbeseenintheRamappatempleinWarangal,thethousandpillartemplebuiltbytheKakatiyasinthetownof
HanamakondainTelanganaandtheAlampurtemplesinMahbubnagar.
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CulturalSitesMuseums
Telanganahasmanymuseumswhichhaveprizedcollectionsofdifferentcivilisationsdepictingthecultureofthevariouskingdomsofthestate.Theyare
SalarJungMuseum
ItisoneofthethreeNationalmuseumsofIndiaandislocatedinthecityofHyderabadinTelangana.Theartobjectswerecollectedbythree
generations of the Salar Jung family with the major portion of the collection acquired by Salar Jung III (Nawab Mir Yousuf Ali Khan) who
devotedhisentirelifetocollectingrareandpreciousartobjects.ItwasoriginallystoredinhisancestralpalaceDewanDeodi.Thereafterhis
heirs decided to form a museum to store the various artefacts, books and manuscripts in 1968. The collection comprises antiques and art
objectsnotonlyfromIndiabutalsofromWestern,MiddleEastandFarEastcountries.Itisatreasurehouseofartfromdifferentcultureslike
Roman,Greek,Hindu,JainBuddhist,IslamicandChristiancultureandaculturalcentreforresearchprojects,exhibitsaswellasaneducational
centre.Theseincludepaintings,sculptures,metalware,carvings,ceramics,ivory,lacquerware,porcelain,metalware,glassetcandahuge
libraryofbooks,journalsandmanuscripts.
APstateMuseumorHyderabadMuseum
ItislocatedatHyderabadspublicgardenandisthestatesoldestmuseum.Ithasmanygalleriescontainingbronzeandstonesculptures,paintings,textiles,manuscripts,arts
andantiquitiesrepresentingVijayanagaraandChalukyanperiodincludingBuddhistartefacts.
NizamMuseumorCityMuseum
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Thismuseumwhichissituatedinthepalace(PuraniHaveli)ofthelastNizamofHyderabadAsafJahVII(OsmanAliKhanBahadur)containstreasureswhichincludeartefacts
ofswords,daggersstuddedwithpreciousstones,figurines,Neolithicpottery,coinsofSatavahanaperiodetc.
NationalHistoryMuseum
ThismuseumislocatedinsidetheNehruZoologicalParkinHyderabadandcontainsmanyartefactsandstuffeddummiesofextinctanimalsandbirds.
Crafts
BidriCraft
ThiscraftformissaidtohaveoriginatedinIrancenturiesagoandbroughtdownbymigrants.Ithasbeennourishedandmaintainedbyfuturegenerationsofpractitionersand
issaidtohavederiveditsnamefromthetownBidaroftheerstwhileprincelyHyderabadstatenowcurrentlypartofKarnataka.Itistheuniqueartofsilverengravedonmetal.
Itinvolvesfourstagesofmanufacturingnamelycasting,engraving,inlayingandoxidising.BlackcoloursforsurfaceornamentationareusedforBidriartwhichdoesnotfade
easilyandisaccompaniedbysilverandgoldcoatings.Analloyofzincandcoppercalledgunmetalisusedforthisart.Flowervases,jewelleryboxes,keychainsandother
artefactsaremadewhichisverypopularallovertheworld.
DokraMetalCraft
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ThismetalcraftcouldbeseencenturiesearlierintheartefactsofMohenjoDaro.Itisabellmetalcraftwhichcombinesskillsofmetallurgywithwaxtechniqueandthoughit
originatedinWestBengal,ChhatisgarhandJharkhandittravelledtoOrissaandAndhraPradeshmainlyinthedistrictofAdilabad.Dokraisanancienttechniqueofcasting
whereinwaxthreadsarewrappedaroundaninnercoreofclaymodel.Moltenbrassorbronzeispouredintoanopeningwhichhasbeencoveredwithanotherlayerofclay.Itis
averylabourintensiveworkandeachpiececraftedisdifferentfromtheother.SimpleartformsandtraditionaldesignsaremadeliketribalGods,figurines,caskets,bowlsetc
anditsaestheticbeautyisingreatdemandinIndiaandabroad.
Nirmaltoysandhandicrafts
InitiallytheNirmalartisansrestrictedthemselvestoartform.Butlaterlocaltalentwasexploitedanddecorativeandutilityarticlesbeganto
bemanufactured.NirmaltoysarecarvedoutofPunikiwoodorPunikiChekkawhichisflexibleandlightandcanbecutintovariousshapes
andsizes.ThevariouspartsofthetoysarethencoatedwithChintaLeppamwhichisaspeciallypreparedgluepreparedfromboiledtamarind
seedsandsawdustandcoatedwithwhiteclaywhichsmoothensanydepressionsorridgespresentinthetoys.Theartefactsandwallplaques
aremadeofteakwoodwhichiswellfinishedonlathebeforepaintingthepreconceiveddesign.ThenDucopaintinthedesiredbackground
colourissprayedontheplaqueandfinallytheartisanpaintsthedesign.Thequalityandbeautyofthefinishedproductsisbreathtaking.In
moderntimesexperimentationwithvarioushuesandshadeswithoutmovingawayfromtraditionhasbeenevolved.Avarietyofaesthetic
householdandofficefurnitureanddecorativefurnishingstooaremadebythecraftsmen.
BanjaraNeedleCraft
ThisneedlecraftispractisedbytheBanjarasortribalsofTelangana.Itismadeupofneedleworkwithgeometricpatternsofsquares,diamonds
andtriangles.Colourfulanddifferenttypesofstitcheswithmirrorwork,beadsandshellsaremadeonrichandbrightlycolouredclothes.Theseare
differentfromtheembroideryanddesignworkofthetribalsofGujaratandKutchregion.Thesebeautifuldesignsandintricatepatternsareused
inclothes,bags,bedspreadsandbringanexoticlooktothedecorofaplace.
BronzeCastings
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The bronze castings of Telangana are world famous and detailed information can be obtained from the Shilpa Shastras which is a text from the Gupta period on the
methodologyofcastingimagesinmetal.TheVishnusamhitaanappendixtotheVishnuPuranareferstowaxmodellingformakingmetalobjects.TheancientSanskrittext
ManasaraShilpahasachapterentitledLostwaxMethodorMaduchhisthaVidhanamgivingdetailsofcastingidolsinwax.TheAbhilasitarthaChintamaniorManasollasawritten
byKingBhulokamallaSomeshvaraoftheChalukyadynastygivesdetaileddescriptionoflostwaxandcastingmethods.SrikumarasSilparatnacontainsinstructionsonthe
hollowcastingprocedure.Studyingallthesedetailedproceduresthecraftsmenmaketheidolswithaccuratemeasurementsanddescriptionsofthedeityinproperproportion
bringingoutthesalientfeaturesandcharacteristics.Severalcoatingsofclayonafinishedwaxmodelareusedtocreatethemouldwhichthenimpartsintricatecurvestothe
castimage.
LacquerWare
Lacissaidtohavebeenfirstmentionedin1590ADinAaineAkbariwrittenbyAbulFazl.Lacisagummydepositobtainedfrominsectswhich
aretinyandredincolourandwhichthriveoncertainspeciesoftrees.Thiscraftinvolvesapplyinglacqueronwoodindifferentcolourswhichis
doneonalatheorturnedtoysandcanbemachineorhandoperated.AlightspeciesofwoodcalledAnkudukarraisgenerallyusedandthe
lacstickispressedagainstthewoodenwaretobelacquered.Designsarepaintedontoysandfiguresusingabrush.Thelacisappliedinadry
state.Thelacissoftenedwiththehelpoftheheatevolvedfromthefrictionduringtherevolvingofthewoodenwareandenablesthecolourto
stick.
Themostpopularformoflacquerwarearethelacbanglesstuddedwithmirrors,beadsandstonesinattractivecoloursanddesigns.Besidesthismanydecorativeitemslike
bowls,vases,containersetcaremade.
Music
TelanganahasamusictraditionofCarnaticmusicandfolkmusic.Thedifferentformsoffolkmusicare
Oggukatha
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ItisatraditionalfolksingingartcarriedoutbysomecommunitieswhosingsongsintheformofballadsinpraiseoftheirtribalGodsandonLordShivamovingfromoneplace
toanother.TheynarrateanddramatisethestoriesoftheGods.
SaradaKala
InthisthestorytellersorballadeersnarratestoriesinsongformusingtheSaradastringedinstruments.
Dances
PeriniShivathandavam
PeriniShivathandavamisadancewhichoriginatedintheKakatiyadynastywhichruledfornearlytwocenturiesandestablishedtheirkingdom
in Warangal. It was performed in front of the idol of Lord Shiva before the soldiers set out to fight in the battle. It is called the Dance of
Warriors and is usually performed only by males. Evidence of this dance form can be seen in the sculptures of the Ramappa temple in
WarangalinthesanctumsanctorumorGarbhaGruhaofthemaintemple.Thisdanceisperformedvigorouslytothebeatsofdrumsasthe
dancers feel the power of Shiva entering their body as they invoke him in a deep abstract way and is considered highly invigorating and
intoxicating.ThisdanceformwasonthevergeofextinctionafterthedeclineoftheKakatiyaEmpirebuthasbeenrevivedinrecenttimes.
GobbiDance
ItisperformedduringtheSankranthifestivalandderivesitsnamefromGobbilluorballsofcowdungwhichareplacedinthemiddleofrangolidesignsmadeinfrontof
houses.Thesearethenworshippedalongwithrituals,kumkum,turmericandflowers.IntheeveningyounggirlssinganddancearoundtheGobbilluinacircularmanner
similartotheGarbhadanceofGujarat.
BurraKatha
ThisisaformofstorytellingusingamusicalinstrumentcalledBurra.ThisartevolvedfromadancecalledTandanaKathawhichwasapopularmeansofentertainmentforthe
ruralmasses.ABurraKathagroupconsistsofthreeartistesthemainartistbeinginthecentredressedwithalongflowingdresscalledangaraksha,acolourfulturbanwitha
crestfeather,atightpyjamaordhoti,acolourfulwaistbandandmusicalbellsonhisankles.HeholdsaBurra(akindofTambura)inhishandandsingstheballadswhile
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playingtheinstrument.HeiscalledthestorytellerorKathakuduandhisstoriesarebasedonmythologyorhistory.Healsowearsa
metalringcalledAndeluinhisrighthandandholdsanotherringinhislefthandandbeatsmusicwiththem.Heisaccompaniedbytwo
otherartistesoneoneithersidecalledVantaluwhoaresimilarlydressedandplaytheinstrumentscalledBarraluorBudigaluordhaki
whichareeartherndrumsoftwoheads.OneofthemiscalledtheRajkiyawhoenlivensthesessionwithhissatiricalpoliticalandsocial
commentary and the other is the Hasyam clown for comic relief. The ballad compositions contain a variety of songs in content and
formindifferentmeters.
Dandariadance
ThisdanceisgenerallyperformedbytheGondsofthehillyregionofNorthernHyderabadwithDandasorsticks.Themaledancerswearcolourfulcostumesandstriketheir
sticksdancingtotheaccompanimentoftrumpetsanddrumswithmusiciansleadingtheprocession.Theygofromvillagetovillageandeventhehostssometimesaccompany
themintheirdance.AccordingtotheGondlegend,DandariawasanancientGondherowhowasthecreatorofthisdanceandhewasoriginallyadescendantofthePandavas
thustheGondsbelievetheytooaredescendantsofthePandavasandjoyouslycelebratethisdance.
DhamalDance
This dance is in mime form and performed by the Siddhis of Hyderabad region. The Siddhis are said to be originally from Africa and
AbyssiniawhowerebroughtintoAndhraasslavesinthe12 thcenturytoperformguarddutiesinthepalacesbytheHinduKings.The
ruling classes used them as sailors, soldiers and guards. It is in the form of martial art using shields and swords and they perform
variousstepsandisaceremonialdanceperformedduringmarriagestotheaccompanimentofvariousmusicalinstruments.Theirexotic
danceswithspecialwarlikemovementsandexoticcolourfulcostumesreflecttheflavouroftheirlandoforigin.
MathuriDance
ThisisaspecialdanceperformedbytheMadhuritribeofAdilabadduringtherainyseasonofthemonthofShravan.Unlikeinmostof
the dance forms which are performed predominantly by men including roles of women, this dance is performed by both men and
women with men in the outer semi circle and women in the inner circle. The men strike small sticks while women clap to the
accompanimentofsecularanddevotionalsongs.ThesetribesweresaidtohavebeenoriginallyfromMathuraandhencetheirdanceis
saidtobearresemblancetotheRasLeeladancesofUttarPradesh.
BhamakalpamandGollakalapam
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ThesearefamousfolkartformsoftraditionaldramawrittenbySidhendraYogiinthe7 thcentury.Kalapamisaoneactfolkplayinasimpletraditionaldancedramaform.A
Sutradhargivesthemainrunningcommentaryofthesequenceandeachcharacternarrateshisstorywithanothercharactermakingcommentsoraskingquestions.The
mainemphasisisSatthvikabhinayawithBhaktiorShringarRasa.ThisdanceformwithemphasisonmoralvalueswasinitiatedbySidhendraYogitodifferentiateitfromthe
dances performed by the nautch girls of those times. He trained young boys from the Brahmin community with complex expressions and elaborate gestures as in the
KuchipudidanceformwithphilosophicalstoriesformingthemainthemewhereinasimplemilkmaidexplainstoaneruditeBrahminconceptsofDharmaandthephilosophy
behindthevariousincarnationsofGodonearth.
Festivals
Besidesthecommonfestivalscelebratedthroughouttheyeartherearemanyfestivalssignificanttotheregion.Theyare
Bathukamma
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ThisfestivaliscelebratedbythewomenofTelanganaduringMahalayaAmavasyaorBhadrapadaAmavasyainthemonthofSeptemberOctoberduringNavratriforaperiod
ofninedaysandisnowdeclaredtheStateFestivalofTelengana.ThefirstdayisonMahalayaAmavasyaandthelastdayculminatesonAshwayujaAshtamiorDurgashtami
twodaysbeforeDussehra.ThisdayiscalledPeddaBathukammaorSaddulaBathukamma.BathukammaorDivineMotherGauriLifeGiverissaidtobethepatronGoddess
forwomen.Womendressupintraditionalfinery,cleantheircourtyard,usecowdungasbaseanddecorateitwithvariousdesignsofRangoliusingriceflour.Forthefirstfive
daysfivesmallconeshapedlumpswithcowdungarearrangedinthecourtyard.Menhelpingatheringvariouskindsofflowersincludingrareandwildflowersfoundinthe
variousplainsoftheregion.Theseflowersaredecoratedandscentedandstackedinaconicalmoundwithalotusorpumpkinfloweronthetopalongwithasymbolicmound
ofturmericdepictingGoddessGauri.Intheeveningwomenformacirclearounditclappingandsingingfolksongsslowlyrevolvingaroundinsmallsteps.Thesongsinvokethe
blessingsofthevariousGoddessesforthehappiness,goodhealthandprosperityoftheirfamilies.
Boddemma
This festival commences nine days prior to Bathukamma festival and concludes on Mahalaya Amavasya. It is a festival for unmarried girls. The courtyard is cleaned and
decoratedwithturmeric,flowersandRangoli.AnimageofBoddemmaispreparedinsevenlayerswithearthintheshapeofaGopura.Intheeveningallunmarriedgirlssing
anddancearounditprayingtotheGoddessforanearlyandsuccessfulmarriage.
Bonalu
ThisfestivaliscelebratedtopraytoGoddessMahakaliandbeganduringtheperiodoftheNizams.Itissaidthatduringtheoutbreakof
plagueinthe18 thcenturyinHyderabad,peopleprayedthattheywouldinstalanidolofMahakaliifthediseasewasdestroyedandhence
thisfestivaliscelebrated.AnotherversionstatesthattheGoddessreturnstoherparentalhomeinthemonthofAshadiandtheoccasion
iswelcomedandcelebratedasBonalu.WomenandunmarriedgirlsdressupintraditionalfinerydancingwithBonam(balancingpots)to
therhythmicbeatsofdrums.DevoteesofferaThotteluorasmallcolourfulpaperstructuresupportedbysticksasamarkofrespect.The
brother of the Goddess represented by Pothuraju is a man anointed with turmeric and vermilion draped in a red dhoti with bells in his
ankles who dances to resounding drums and leads the female dancers to the temple. Streets are decorated with neem leaves and the
Goddessisofferedcookedricewithmilkandsugarinbrassorearthernpotsdecoratedwithneemleaves,turmericandvermillion.
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Sadar
The people belonging to the Gola caste or the Yadav community celebrate this festival on the second day after Diwali and it is also known as the Dunnapothula
PandugaortheBuffalofestival.Buffaloesaredecoratedinfestivecolours,turmericwithbellsaroundtheirnecksandaretakenaroundthestreets.Competitionsare
heldandawardsarepresentedtotheownersofthebuffaloes.
SamakkaSaralamma
ThisfestivalisheldonceeverytwoyearsinthemonthofFebruaryandiscelebratedforfourdaysattractingalargenumberofpilgrimstoWarangal.Samakka
andSaralammaarethemotheranddaughterduoreveredastribalGoddesses.Accordingtolegendstheyfoughtagainsttheunjustandunfairrulersofthe
kingdomandareworshippedandreveredtothisday.AllthetribalpopulationgathertogetherandofferprayersandThulabaram(offeringobjectsequalto
bodyweight)generallyofjaggerytotheGoddesses.TheythentakeadipintheJampannaVaguwhereJampannawassaidtobethesonofSamakkaandhe
diedsacrificinghislifeforthesakeofthetribalpeopleinhisbattleagainsttheKakatiyarulers.
BhimannaorAyak
ThisfestivaliscelebratedbytheKolamtribesofAdilabadandfallsintheKolammonthofSatti.Itlastsforthreedays.BhimannaorAyakistheprincipaldeityof
theKolamtribe.Heisrepresentedbyacarvedmaceofwoodcrownedwithpeacockfeathers,apotwithabeltofbellsorankletsandsmalldollsmadeofmud,
whicharestoredinathatchedshed.OnaholyThursdaytheserelicsarethenbroughttotheheartofthevillage.Thedeityisthenbathedatahillstreamand
broughttotheenclosureandanimalorfowlsacrificeiscarriedoutandofferedtothedeity.Themeatisthencookedandofferedtoeveryone.
Yedupayala
ThisannualfestivalisheldinMedakontheholyMahashivaratridayinasacredplacewheretheseventributariesoftheManjiraRiverjoinandflowtogether.
Conclusion
Telanganahasarichcultureandtraditionandtheartefactsandcraftsmadebytheartisansareingreatdemandthroughouttheworld.Theirhistoricaldesignsonclothand
theirfolkandtraditionalartsarewellknownandhavebeenpasseddowntogenerationsofartisansandweavers.
References
PublishedOn:06012015
(Others):
1.wikipedia.com
2.books.google.co.in
3.telanganatourism.gov.in
4.lepakshihandicrafts.gov.in
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5.mancherialcity.com
6.nirmalcity.com
7.aponline.gov.in
8.Indianheritage.org
9.folkdances.tripod.com
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Arts and Traditions of Telangana - Indian Scriptures

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06/10/2016

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