C

10/8/2016
1.10bHowtodesignyourfirstprogramsLearnC++
1.10bHowtodesignyour
firstprograms
BYALEXO NSEPT EMBER5T H,2009| LAST MO DIF IEDBY
ALEXO NJ ULY30T H,2016
Nowthatyouvelearnedsomebasicsaboutprograms,lets
lookmorecloselyathowtodesignaprogram.Whenyousit
downtowriteaprogram,generallyyouhavesomesortof
problemthatyoudliketosolve,orsituationthatyoudlike
tosimulate.Newprogrammersoftenhavetroublefiguring
outhowtoconvertthatideaintoactualcode.Butitturns
out,youhavemanyoftheproblemsolvingskillsyouneed
already,acquiredfromeverydaylife.
Themostimportantthingtoremember(andhardestthingto
do)istodesignyourprogrambeforeyoustartcoding.Inmanyregards,programmingislikearchitecture.Whatwould
happenifyoutriedtobuildahousewithoutfollowinganarchitecturalplan?Oddsare,unlessyouwereverytalented,
youdendupwithahousethathadalotofproblems:wallsthatwerentstraight,aleakyroof,etcSimilarly,ifyoutry
toprogrambeforeyouhaveagoodgameplanmovingforward,youlllikelyfindthatyourcodehasalotofproblems,
andyoullhavetospendalotoftimefixingproblemsthatcouldhavebeenavoidedaltogetherwithalittlethinking
ahead.
Alittleupfrontplanningwillsaveyoubothtimeandfrustrationinthelongrun.
Step1:Definetheproblem
Thefirstthingyouneedtofigureoutiswhatproblemyourprogramisattemptingtosolve.Ideally,youshouldbeableto
statethisinasentenceortwo.Forexample:
Iwanttowriteaphonebookapplicationtohelpmekeeptrackofmyfriendsphonenumbers.
Iwanttowritearandomdungeongeneratorthatwillproduceinterestinglookingcaverns.
IwanttowriteaprogramthatwillreadinformationaboutstocksfromtheinternetandpredictwhichonesI
shouldbuy.
Althoughthisstepseemsobvious,itsalsohighlyimportant.Theworstthingyoucandoiswriteaprogramthatdoesnt
actuallydowhatyou(oryourboss)wanted!
Step2:Defineyourtools,targets,andbackupplan
Whenyouareanexperiencedprogrammer,therearemanyotherstepsthattypicallywouldtakeplaceatthispoint,
including:
Understandingwhoyourtargetusersareandwhattheywant.
Definingwhattargetarchitectureand/orOSyourprogramwillrunon.
Determiningwhatsetoftoolsyouwillbeusing.
Determiningwhetheryouwillwriteyourprogramaloneoraspartofateam.
Collectingrequirements(adocumentedlistofwhattheprogramneedstodo).
Definingyourtesting/feedback/releasestrategy.
Determininghowyouwillbackupyourcode.
However,asanewprogrammer,theanswerstothesequestionsaretypicallysimple:Youarewritingaprogramforyour
ownuse,alone,onyourownsystem,usinganIDEyoupurchasedordownloaded,andyourcodeisprobablynotused
byanybodybutyou.Thismakesthingseasy.
Thatsaid,ifyouaregoingtoworkonanythingofnontrivialcomplexity,youshouldhaveaplantobackupyourcode.
Itsnotenoughtojustziporcopythedirectorytoanotherlocationonyourmachine(thoughthisisbetterthannothing).
Ifyoursystemcrashes,youllloseeverything.Agoodbackupstrategyinvolvesgettingacopyofthecodeoffofyour
systemaltogether.Therearelotsofeasywaystodothis:Emailittoyourself,copyittoDropboxoranothercloud
http://www.learncpp.com/cpptutorial/110bhowtodesignyourfirstprograms/
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service,FTPittoanothermachine,copyittoanothermachineonyourlocalnetwork,oruseaversioncontrolsystem
residingonanothermachineorinthecloud(e.g.github).Versioncontrolsystemshavetheaddedadvantageofnotonly
beingabletorestoreyourfiles,butalsotorollthembacktoapreviousversion.
Step3:Breakhardproblemsdownintoeasyproblems
Inreallife,weoftenneedtoperformtasksthatareverycomplex.Tryingtofigureouthowtodothesetaskscanbe
verychallenging.Insuchcases,weoftenmakeuseofthetopdownmethodofproblemsolving.Thatis,insteadof
solvingasinglecomplextask,webreakthattaskintomultiplesubtasks,eachofwhichisindividuallyeasiertosolve.If
thosesubtasksarestilltoodifficulttosolve,theycanbebrokendownfurther.Bycontinuouslysplittingcomplextasks
intosimplerones,youcaneventuallygettoapointwhereeachindividualtaskismanageable,ifnottrivial.
Letstakealookatanexampleofthis.Letssaywewanttowriteareportoncarrots.Ourtaskhierarchycurrently
lookslikethis:
Writereportoncarrots
Writingareportoncarrotsisaprettybigtasktodoinonesitting,soletsbreakitintosubtasks:
Doresearchoncarrots
Writeoutline
Fillinoutlinewithdetailedinformationaboutcarrots
Addtableofcontents
Thatsmoremanageable,aswenowhavesubtasksthatwecanfocusonindividually.However,inthiscase,Do
researchoncarrotsissomewhatvague,sowecanbreakitdownfurther:
Doresearchoncarrots
Gotolibraryandgetbookoncarrots
Lookforinformationaboutcarrotsoninternet
Takenotesonrelevantsectionsfromreferencematerial
Writeoutline
Informationaboutgrowing
Informationaboutprocessing
Informationaboutnutrition
Fillinoutlinewithdetailedinformationaboutcarrots
Addtableofcontents
Nowwehaveahierarchyoftasks,noneofthemparticularlyhard.Bycompletingeachoftheserelativelymanageable
subitems,wecancompletethemoredifficultoveralltaskofwritingareportoncarrots.
Theotherwaytocreateahierarchyoftasksistodosofromthebottomup.Inthismethod,wellstartfromalistof
easytasks,andconstructthehierarchybygroupingthem.
Asanexample,manypeoplehavetogotoworkorschoolonweekdays,soletssaywewanttosolvetheproblemof
getfrombedtowork.Ifyouwereaskedwhattasksyoudidinthemorningtogetfrombedtowork,youmightcome
upwiththefollowinglist:
Pickoutclothes
Getdressed
Eatbreakfast
Drivetowork
Brushyourteeth
Getoutofbed
Preparebreakfast
Getinyourcar
Takeashower
Usingthebottomupmethod,wecanorganizetheseintoahierarchyofitemsbylookingforwaystogroupitemswith
similaritiestogether:
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Getfrombedtowork
Bedroomthings
Getoutofbed
Pickoutclothes
Getdressed
Bathroomthings
Takeashower
Brushyourteeth
Breakfastthings
Preparebreakfast
Eatbreakfast
Transportationthings
Getinyourcar
Drivetowork
Asitturnsout,thesetaskhierarchiesareextremelyusefulinprogramming,becauseonceyouhaveataskhierarchy,
youhaveessentiallydefinedthestructureofyouroverallprogram.Thetopleveltask(inthiscase,Writeareporton
carrotsorGetfrombedtowork)becomesmain()(becauseitisthemainproblemyouaretryingtosolve).The
subitemsbecomefunctionsintheprogram.
Ifitturnsoutthatoneoftheitems(functions)istoodifficulttoimplement,simplysplitthatitemintomultiplesub
items/subfunctions.Eventuallyyoushouldreachapointwhereeachfunctioninyourprogramistrivialtoimplement.
Step4:Figureoutthesequenceofevents
Nowthatyourprogramhasastructure,itstimetodeterminehowtolinkallthetaskstogether.Thefirststepisto
determinethesequenceofeventsthatwillbeperformed.Forexample,whenyougetupinthemorning,whatorderdo
youdotheabovetasks?Itmightlooklikethis:
Getoutofbed
Pickoutclothes
Takeashower
Getdressed
Preparebreakfast
Eatbreakfast
Brushyourteeth
Getinyourcar
Drivetowork
Ifwewerewritingacalculator,wemightdothingsinthisorder:
Getfirstnumberfromuser
Getmathematicaloperationfromuser
Getsecondnumberfromuser
Calculateresult
Printresult
Thislistessentiallydefineswhatwillgointoyourmain()function:
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int main()
{
getOutOfBed();
pickOutClothes();
takeAShower();
getDressed();
prepareBreakfast();
eatBreakfast();
brushTeeth();
getInCar();
driveToWork();
}
Orinthecaseofthecalculator:
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int main()
{
// Get first number from user
getUserInput();
// Get mathematical operation from user

getMathematicalOperation();
// Get second number from user

getUserInput();
// Calculate result
calculateResult();
// Print result
printResult();
}
Notethatifyouregoingtousethisoutlinemethodforconstructingyourprograms,itsagoodideatocommenteach
oftheseoutuntilyouactuallywritethem,andthenworkonthemoneatatime,testingeachasyougo.Thatwaythe
compilerwontcomplainaboutthemnotbeingdefined.
Step5:Figureoutthedatainputsandoutputsforeachtask
Onceyouhaveahierarchyandasequenceofevents,thenextthingtodoisfigureoutwhatinputdataeachtaskneeds
tooperate,andwhatdataitproducesasaresult(ifany).Ifyoualreadyhavetheinputdatafromapreviousstep,that
inputdatawillbecomeaparameter.Ifyouarecalculatingoutputforusebysomeotherfunction,thatoutputwill
generallybecomeareturnvalue.
Whenwearedone,weshouldhaveprototypesforeachfunction.Incaseyouveforgotten,afunctionprototypeisa
declarationofafunctionthatincludesthefunctionsname,parameters,andreturntype,butdoesnotimplementthe
function.
Letsdoacoupleexamples.getUserInput()isprettystraightforward.Weregoingtogetanumberfromtheuserand
returnitbacktothecaller.Thus,thefunctionprototypewouldlooklikethis:
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int getUserInput();
Inthecalculatorexample,thecalculateResult()functionwillneedtotake3piecesofinput:Twonumbersanda
mathematicaloperator.Weshouldalreadyhaveallthreeofthesebythetimewegettothepointwherethisfunctionis
called,sothesethreepiecesofdatawillbefunctionparameters.ThecalculateResult()functionwillcalculatetheresult
value,butitdoesnotdisplaytheresultitself.Consequently,weneedtoreturnthatresultasareturnvaluesothatother
functionscanuseit.
Giventhat,wecouldwritethefunctionprototypelikethis:
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int calculateResult(int input1, int op, int input2);
Step6:Writethetaskdetails
Inthisstep,foreachtask,youwillwriteitsactualimplementation.Ifyouhavebrokenthetasksdownintosmall
enoughpieces,eachtaskshouldbefairlysimpleandstraightforward.Ifagiventaskstillseemsoverlycomplex,
perhapsitneedstobebrokendownintosubtasksthatcanbemoreeasilyimplemented.
Forexample:
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int getMathematicalOperation()
{
std::cout << "Please enter which operator you want (1 = +, 2 = -, 3 = *, 4 = /): ";
int op;
std::cin >> op;
// What if the user enters an invalid character?

// We'll ignore this possibility for now
return op;
}
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Step7:Connectthedatainputsandoutputs
Finally,thelaststepistoconnectuptheinputsandoutputsofeachtaskinwhateverwayisappropriate.Forexample,
youmightsendtheoutputofcalculateResult()intoaninputofprintResult(),soitcanprintthecalculatedanswer.This
willofteninvolvetheuseofintermediaryvariablestotemporarilystoretheresultsoitcanbepassedbetweenfunctions.
Forexample:
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// result is a temporary value used to transfer the output of calculateResult()

// into an input of printResult()
int result = calculateResult(input1, op, input2); // temporarily store the calculated resu
lt in result
printResult(result);
Thistendstobemuchmorereadablethanthealternativecondensedversionthatdoesntuseatemporaryvariable:
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printResult( calculateResult(input1, op, input2) );
Thisisoftenthehardeststepfornewprogrammerstogetthehangof.
Afullycompletedversionoftheabovecalculatorsamplefollows.Notethatitusesafewmoreconceptswehavent
coveredyet:
ifstatementsletyouexecutealineofcodeifagivenconditionistrue
the==operatorletsyoucomparetwoitemstoseeiftheyareequivalent
Youarenotexpectedtounderstandtheseatthistime(wellcovertheseinmoredetaillater).Focusmoreontheoverall
flowoftheprogram,andhowdatamovesbetweenthefunctions.
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// #include "stdafx.h" // uncomment if using visual studio

#include <iostream>
int getUserInput()
{
std::cout << "Please enter an integer: ";
int value;
std::cin >> value;
return value;
}
{
std::cout << "Please enter which operator you want (1 = +, 2 = -, 3 = *, 4 = /): ";
int op;
std::cin >> op;
// What if the user enters an invalid character?

// We'll ignore this possibility for now
return op;
}
int calculateResult(int x, int op, int y)

{
// note: we use the == operator to compare two values to see if they are equal
// we need to use if statements here because there's no direct way to convert op into
the appropriate operator
if (op == 1) // if user chose addition (#1)

return x + y; // execute this line
if (op == 2) // if user chose subtraction (#2)
return x - y; // execute this line
if (op == 3) // if user chose multiplication (#3)
return x * y; // execute this line
if (op == 4) // if user chose division (#4)
return x / y; // execute this line
return -1; // default "error" value in case user passed in an invalid op
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// note: This isn't a good way to handle errors, since -1 could be returned as a legi
timate value
}
void printResult(int result)

{
std::cout << "Your result is: " << result << std::endl;
}
int main()
{
int input1 = getUserInput();

int op = getMathematicalOperation();

// Calculate result and store in temporary variable (for readability/debug-ability)

int result = calculateResult(input1, op, input2 );
// Print result
}
Wordsofadvicewhenwritingprograms
Keepyourprogramssimpletostart.Oftennewprogrammershaveagrandvisionforallthethingstheywanttheir
programtodo.Iwanttowritearoleplayinggamewithgraphicsandsoundandrandommonstersanddungeons,witha
townyoucanvisittoselltheitemsthatyoufindinthedungeonIfyoutrytowritesomethingtoocomplextostart,you
willbecomeoverwhelmedanddiscouragedatyourlackofprogress.Instead,makeyourfirstgoalassimpleas
possible,somethingthatisdefinitelywithinyourreach.Forexample,Iwanttobeabletodisplaya2dfieldonthe
screen.
Addfeaturesovertime.Onceyouhaveyoursimpleprogramworkingandworkingwell,thenyoucanaddfeaturesto
it.Forexample,onceyoucandisplayyour2dfield,addacharacterwhocanwalkaround.Onceyoucanwalkaround,
addwallsthatcanimpedeyourprogress.Onceyouhavewalls,buildasimpletownoutofthem.Onceyouhavea
town,addmerchants.Byaddingeachfeatureincrementallyyourprogramwillgetprogressivelymorecomplexwithout
overwhelmingyouintheprocess.
Focusononeareaatatime.Donttrytocodeeverythingatonce,anddontdivideyourattentionacrossmultiple
tasks.Focusononetaskatatime,andseeitthroughtocompletionasmuchasispossible.Itismuchbettertohave
onefullyworkingtaskandfivethathaventbeenstartedyetthansixpartiallyworkingtasks.Ifyousplityourattention,
youaremorelikelytomakemistakesandforgetimportantdetails.
Testeachpieceofcodeasyougo.Newprogrammerswilloftenwritetheentireprograminonepass.Thenwhenthey
compileitforthefirsttime,thecompilerreportshundredsoferrors.Thiscannotonlybeintimidating,ifyourcode
doesntwork,itmaybehardtofigureoutwhy.Instead,writeapieceofcode,andthencompileandtestitimmediately.
Ifitdoesntwork,youllknowexactlywheretheproblemis,anditwillbeeasytofix.Onceyouaresurethatthecode
works,movetothenextpieceandrepeat.Itmaytakelongertofinishwritingyourcode,butwhenyouaredonethe
wholethingshouldwork,andyouwonthavetospendtwiceaslongtryingtofigureoutwhyitdoesnt.
Mostnewprogrammerswillshortcutmanyofthesestepsandsuggestions(becauseitseemslikealotofworkand/or
itsnotasmuchfunaswritingthecode).However,foranynontrivialproject,followingthesestepswilldefinitelysave
youalotoftimeinthelongrun.Alittleplanningupfrontsavesalotofdebuggingattheend.
Thegoodnewsisthatonceyoubecomecomfortablewithalloftheseconcepts,theywillstartcomingnaturallytoyou
withouteventhinkingaboutit.Eventuallyyouwillgettothepointwhereyoucanwriteentirefunctionswithoutanypre
planningatall.
1.11Debuggingyourprogram(steppingandbreakpoints)
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Index
1.10aHeaderguards
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PR IN TTH ISPOST
140commentsto1.10bHowtodesignyourfirstprograms
Milten
September6,2009at1:29pmReply
Verywelldone!
Btw:Thankyouverymuchforyourgreattutorial!
Freacky
September7,2009at9:30amReply
Ithinkyouexchangedthearrowswithnext/previoussteps.
Ithinkthisisaverygoodandnoobfriendlytutorialtoo,goodjob).
[Thanksforthenoteaboutthearrows.Fixed!Alex]
WilliamManson
Itriedtomakeaprogramthatdoessimpleoperations,butitdoesntseemtowork.
Thepieceinparticular:
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int CalculateResult(int nInput1, char chOperation, int nInput2)

{
return nInput1 chOperation nInput2;
}
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Thecompiler(code::blocks)givestheerror,error:expectedbeforechOperationanderror:expectedbefore
nInput2
Imtryingtomakethefunctionreturnanoperation,e.g.3+5or4/14or14%8,isthisnothowIwouldaccomplish
this?
Deyan
November13,2009at3:00pmReply
Thereturnfunctioncanonlyreturnonevalueatatime.Thusthecompilerisexpectingtosee
aafternInput1.
Ifyoureallymustreturnmorethanonevalue,youmaywanttotryusingglobalvariables.
GoodLuck.
Alex
February9,2015at4:10pmReply
chOperationisacharacter,notanoperator,andtheresnowaytodirectlyconvertonetothe
other.
YoullhavetouseifstatementstoconverteachvalueofchOperatorintotherespectiveoperator(if
chOperatoristhe+character,thendotheplusoperation)
tartan
January19,2010at11:15amReply
Thankyouverymuchforthistutorial.Seemstobethebestonlinecpptutorialsofar,andIfindthis
partandyourcommentsoncodingstyleofasgreatimportanceasexplanationofcommands,
functionsetc.
LawrenceG
February1,2010at10:34amReply
Fantasticguide,Ihavebeentryingtowritethiscarrotreportformonthsyoursimplebreakdownmade
itpossible.
Merv
April27,2016at2:53amReply
Hahametoo!Notjustthosepeskycarrotreports,gettingdressedandreadyforworkwasa
realchallengeforme,butnowIhavethisamazingtutorialathand.
User1
April8,2010at7:24pmReply
IrecentlydecidedtoteachmyselfC++becauseIwouldliketogetintogameprogrammingandwellI
amgladIfoundthiswonderfultutorial.Iunderstanditwilltaketimeandamwillingtodogivetime,but
ImcuriousifIwillbeabletomakea2DWorld(asstatedinthisarticle)soonseeingasIamonChapter2atthe
momentandamabitconfusedhowtoputgraphicstoprogram.
kurt
Puttinggraphicsintoaprogramusuallyusesseparatelibrariesthatincorporatec++toteach
thegraphicstoreact/acttooneanother.
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Itisalottounderstandifyouwanttomakegameswithc++,IamtakingaGameDesign+Development
courseandc++ismoreusedforlargerscalegamesthatrequireateamtoimplementit.
Ifyouwanttocreateindiegames(gamescreatedbyyou,yourself)youmaywanttostartcodingwith
anotherprogramlikeFlashAS3(ActionScript)orjava.
Thisisareallygoodtutorialonc++thoughfromalltheonline/bookinstructionsIhavecomeacross(which
isalot)andc++isreallyimportanttoknowonanycodingscale.Iwouldrecommendgooglinggraphics
programmingandseewhatcomesup.CheckoutDirectXorSDLwhicharec++graphicrelatedlibrariesand
thereareprobablymore,thosearetheonlytwoIknowaboutandsomewhatknowhowtouse.DirectXisa
veryLARGElibrarythoughandcanbekindofoverwhelming.OpenGLisanothergraphicsrelatedone,butI
amnotsureifituseswindowsprogramming(whichisstillc++thelibrariesarejustdifferent)
CorrectmeifIamwronganybody,opentoanycritiscm.
Thanksforthegreattutorial!
armian
May31,2010at1:33pmReply
Thankyoualotforthismagicaltutorial!!!
Ihaveaquestion:HowcanIcompilemyprogramifIhaventfinishedityet?
Whenicompiletoseeifihaveanyerrortillhere,myBloodshedDevC++saysthatihavetoomanymistakes!
Thanksalotagain!
Alex
Ideally,youshouldneverendupinthissituationifyouwriteonepieceatatime,andtestit,
youshouldneverhaveatonofcodethatwontcompile,ormorethanafewerrors.
Butifyoudoendupinthiscase,onethingthatcanbehelpfulistocommentoutasmuchcodeas
necessaryuntilyourprogramcompiles.Thenyoucanstartuncommentingthings(inanorderthatmakes
sense)andfixingerrorsalongtheway.
Johnny
Amazinglysimpleawesomeworkthanks!!YoudefinitelyusedKISS(keepitsimplestupid)LOL
Again,thanks!!
Eric
Imustsay,Iabsolutelyloveyourtutorials!
Itsextremelyeasytounderstand,andisfuntoo!
Ivebeendoingprogrammingforseveralyearsnow.
Sofar,Iknowthefollowing:HTML,CSS,JS,PHP,VB.Net&GML.
Iwantedtoexpandmycodingknowledge,andbeginwritingPCgamesinC++.
Sadly,Iwasntabletofindanygood,fulltutorials.
Thatis..UntilIfoundyours!
Yourtutorialsarethebestontheweb,andIthankyouforthat!
Thanks,
Eric
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Phil
October20,2010at11:14amReply
Hey!
Ihavereadthroughallthestuffbeforeitnow,andithinkthisisanidealmomenttosaythanksfor
theseamazingguides!Ijustwrotemyfirstprogramallmyself,(basicbutitmakesmelookclevertomyfriends)),
itbasicllyjustaddstonumberstogether,findmultiples,althoughididmanagetouseaIFthingy,(ilookedatthe
laterchapter).SoYEAH!Justshowshowwellyouhavewroteyourguides
Thankssooomuch
Imgonnabereadingallofthisnomatterwhatsowatchoutformoreofmyposts.
~Phil
Leo
Usuallyintutorialstheytalkaboutthelanguage,andnotaboutthiskindofstuff.Thisisawesome!
jlovejoy
Thisismysecondtimereadingthroughthischapterandoneparticularissuethatcaughtmyeyeis
thatinsection0.1,yousayWewillalsoavoidthetwinevilsandtheunexplainednewconcept,
whereanewconceptthatisintegraltotheexampleisintroducedwithoutanymentionofwhatitisorhowit
works
However,insection1.10a,youusethecommandcharwithouthavingeverintroducedit,oritsfunctionanywhere
inthetutorial.Iwasabletoeventuallypickuponwhatitdid,butstillveryconfusingforfirsttimeprogrammers.
Alex
Guiltyascharged.
Ifindmyselfinatoughpositionhere.Inordertoreallymakethepointofthislessonstick,itsnecessaryto
useanontrivialexample.ButIcouldntthinkofanontrivialexamplethatdidntuseatleastoneconceptI
haventintroducedyet.
Iveupdatedtheexampletoremovetheuseofchar,buttheuserofifandoperator==stillremain.Ive
addedalittlebitofadditionaldescriptionaroundthesetohopefullymakeiteasierforreaderstounderstand
whattheyaredoing.
Lakshya
June23,2011at12:08amReply
verynicetutorial
Maksism
August20,2011at10:40pmReply
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#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int GetNumber1()
{
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cout << "Please type in number ";

int nX;
cin >> nX;
return nX;
}
char GetMathOperation()
{
cout << "Please enter + - * /";
char cOp;
cin >> cOp;
return cOp;
}
int GetNumber2()
{
cout << "Please type in number ";
int nY;
cin >> nY;
return nY;
}
int CalResults(int nX, char cOp, int nY)

{
if (cOp=='+')
return nX + nY;
if (cOp=='-')
return nX - nY;
if (cOp=='*')
return nX * nY;
if (cOp=='/')
return nX / nY;
return 0;
}
void PrintResults(int nResult)

{
cout << "The answer is " << nResult << endl;
}
int main()
{
int nX = GetNumber1();
char cOp = GetMathOperation();
int nY = GetNumber2();
int nResult = CalResults(nX, cOp, nY);
PrintResults(nResult);
cin.clear();
cin.ignore(255, '\n');
cin.get();
}
Finallygotit
Cleverlegs
Verynice,butrememberthatyoudontneedtwodifferentfunctionstogetnumbers.i.e
GetNumber1()andGetNumber2()canbereplacedwithGetNumber().Sincetheyredoingthe
exactsamething
GVeyron217
Needsomehelpwiththecalculatorcode.Iwroteitandcompiledit.Itworked,withsmallnumbers
andadding/subtracting.IuseditinmyotherprogrambutwhenIgotsomeonetotestittheyusedbig
numbers.Itworksbutgiveswronganswer.Andifitsareallybignumberthenitjustshowsthe3outputsatthe
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sametime,askingforoperator,newnumberandresult,inthesamerowandgivesresultas0.
Thisiswhathappens:
Pleaseenteranumber:586565730854226435643
Pleaseenteranoperator(+,,*,/):Pleaseenteranumber:Yourresultis:0
IcantworkoutwhereIwentwrong.
artxworks
July11,2012at1:30amReply
inthaslimitstryusingdouble
int=signed:2147483648to2147483647
unsigned:0to4294967295
double=+/1.7e+/308(~15digits)
Ollie999
Greattutorialsthanksandsomegoodadviceinthissection.
Iwouldjustliketopointoutthatitsnotonlynewprogrammerswhomakethemistakeofnotbotheringwithanypre
planningbeforetheystartcoding.Iveworkedinsoftwaredevelopmentformanyyearsandquiteahighproportionof
theexperienceddevelopersIworkwithrepeatedlymakethismistakeoneveryprojectandthenwonderwhythey
spendmostoftheirworkinglifedebuggingtheircode.Iwouldurgeanyonenewtoprogrammingtoheedtheadvice
hereandputsometimeintoplanningoutprogramsinsomedetailbeforeyoustartcoding.Thiswillavoidalotof
debuggingandIcanconfirmfromexperiencethatdebuggingbadlywrittencodeisprobablythemostmind
numbinglytediousactivityIveevercomeacross.
artxworks
SointhisexampleIcanactuallyasktheusertogiveme3numbersbyusingonly1intgetNumber()
function.thencallitwheneverIwantanewuserinputbychangingthevariable.
intuser1=getNumber()
etc
thenjusttweakthecorrespondingequationsinthecalculateandresultfunctions..thatsnice..wowIjust
startedyesterdayandImgettingreallyhookedonC++.well,yourwayofexplainingthingsisreallyeasyto
understand.thanksAlex.
DDrum
Ithinkthearrowstothelinkstonextorpreviouschapterareswitched.Idisplaysanarrowtotheleft
forthenextchapterandanarrowtotherightforthepreviouschapter.
Greattutorialbytheway.
Matthew
Hi,
everythingisgreat.Butattheveryendtheredirectionarrowsarewrong=P
Notthatit'ssoimportantbutit'sharmlesstofixit.
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Regards,
Matthew
Alex
Fixed!Thanksfortheheadsup.
Jay
Hey,Ijustwantedtosaythanksforthisawesometutorial,Ihopethatonceyoureachapointwhere
youaresatisfied.Thatyoupublishthisworkinbook.I'vereadmanybooksonC++,butnonehave
hadthislevelofclaritytothem.You'redoinggreatwork.
TwistedCode
"
Thatsamoremanageable,aswenowhavethreetasksthatwecanfocusonindividually.However,
inthiscase,Doresearchoncarrotsissomewhatvague,sowecanbreakitdownfurther:
"
idontthinkthisisformattedproperly
Sandro
Helpplez.Itsaisthatinmain,thatCalculateResultisnomatchingoperator.
Usingc++xCode
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#include <iostream>
int getValueFromUser()
{
cout << "Enter a value u wanna do sumthing with" << endl;

int a;
cin >> a;
return a;
}
int getOperator()
{
cout << " Enter wanted operator 1 = +, 2 = -, 3 = *, 4 = / :" << endl;
int a;
cin >> a;
return a;
}
int CalculateResult()
{
int nx;
int ny;
if (getOperator() == 1)
return nx + ny;
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return nx - ny;
return nx * ny;
return nx / ny;
return -1;
}
int main()
{
int firstValue = getValueFromUser();
int operatorV = getOperator();
int secondValue = getValueFromUser();
int nResult = CalculateResult(firstValue, operatorV, secondValue);
cout << "Answer is: " << nResult << endl;
return 0;
Alex
Online26,youhave:
1
int CalculateResult()
Notethatthisfunctiontakesnoparameters.
Online57,youhave:
1
int nResult = CalculateResult(firstValue, operatorV, secondValue);
Notethatyouretryingtopass3parameterstothisfunction.
Consequently,theresamismatchbetweenthefunctiondefinitionandthefunctioncall.
YourfunctioncalltoCalculateResult()iscorrect.YourdefinitionofCalculateResult()needssomework.
ScottMatejka
HiAlex,
ImreallyhavingtroublewiththeuserfriendlinessoftheIDEs.Imcurrentlytryingtousevisualstudio.AndIgeta
FatalErrorC1083for#include"stdafx.h".
ImopeninganewemptyprojectinC++.
DoIneedtodownloadthatdirectoryfromsomewhere?
WhatamIdoingwrong?
Alex
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10/8/2016
ErrorC1083meansthefilecantbefound.
Isuspectyourmain.cpphasalinethatlookslikethis:
1
#include <stdafx.h>
Butstdafx.hhasntbeenincludedaspartofyourproject.
Twosuggestions:
1)MakesureyourprojectisaWin32consoleapplicationinsteadofanemptyproject
2)Youcancreatestdafx.hifitdoesntexistandaddittoyourproject.Thefilecanbeempty,solongasitexists.
ScottMatejka
Ithinkvisualstudioistooadvanced.Thefunctionsandeventabsarequiteintimidating.
Asawin32consoleapplicationitloadsawalloftextthatisGreektomesofar.Icantgetagriponwhere
toinsertanythinganditspossibleinteractionswiththestufftheyalreadyhaveup.
IsthereanIDEfornewbies/idiots?
Tito
IamusingEclipseIDEandfinditsimpleenough.
David
IuseCode::Blocksandyeah,itsveryeasytouse.
Alex
PersonallyIfoundVisualStudioeasiertousethanEclipseorCode::Blocks.Itdoeshave
alotofcomplexity,butyoulllearntoignoremostofit,asitsnotrelevant.VisualStudio
hasafantasticintegrateddebuggeraswell.
SinceyourefindingVisualStudiocomplicated,youcouldtryCode::BlocksorEclipse,butIsuspect
youwontfindthemtoomuchdifferent.
obwan02
July19,2015at9:59pmReply
onmyvisualstudioituses
#include"stdafx.h"
inteadof<stdafx.h>maybethatmightmakeadifference
David
OkaysoImadeaprogrammthatissuposedtoconvertusdtoeurosoreurostousd.ButIcantgetit
towork.Despitingmyinput,italwaysconvertsdollarstoeuros.Whatdidgowrong?
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#include<iostream>
#include<string>
usingnamespacestd
intgetEur()
{
intx
cout<<"Enterammountofeurostoconvert"
cin>>x
returnx//xistheeuros(ifwanted)theusertypedin.
}
intgetUsd()
{
inty
cout<<"Enterammountofdollarstoconvert"
cin>>y
returny//yisthedollars(ifwanted)theusertypedin.
}
intconvertEU()
{
inta=getEur()//attempttogeteuros
return(a*1.08735)//conversiontodollars
}
intconvertUE()
{
intb=getUsd()//attempttogetdollars
return(b*0.91966)//conversiontoeuros
}
intchoose()
{
cout<<"Typethecurrencyyourvalueuses.(usd/eur)"
stringinput
cin>>input//readtheuserscurrrentcurrency.
intx=1
inty=2
if(input=="usd"){//returnxifitaredollars
returnx
}
elseif(input=="eur")//returnyifitareeuros
returny
}
intmain()
{
inta=choose()
if(a=1){//convertusdtoeurosifchoosesreturningwas1
cout<<"Theenteredvalueequals:"<<convertUE()<<"euros"<<endl
}
elseif(a=2){//converteurostousdifchoosesreturningwas2
cout<<"Theenteredvalueequals:"<<convertEU()<<"usd"<<endl
}
}
IdidntknowwhotoaskorwheretoputitandIhopeyoucanhelpmelol.
Jeremy
OKsoIfoundanothertypoin"Step2"theresaperiodmissingafterthebulletedsentence:
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Defining your testing/feedback/release strategy
Alex
Fixed.Thanksfortheheadsup.
Odgarig
Great.
JoeriVandenAbeele
Hello.Canyouexplainthispleace?HowdoestheprogramlinksthenInput1andthenInput2tothe
nXandnY?YoutellhimtoreturnnXnOperatorandnY,tothemain.
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// Calculate result and store in temporary variable (for readability/debug-ability)

int nResult = CalculateResult(nInput1, nOperator, nInput2
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int CalculateResult(int nX, int nOperator, int nY)

{
// note: we use the == operator to compare two values to see if they are equal
// we need to use if statements here because there's no direct way to convert chOpe
ration into the appropriate operator
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if (nOperator
return nX
if (nOperator
return nX
if (nOperator
return nX
if (nOperator
return nX
return -1; //
}
== 1)
+ nY;
== 2)
- nY;
== 3)
* nY;
== 4)
/ nY;
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
if user
execute
if user
execute
if user
execute
if user
execute
chose addition (#1)

this line
chose subtraction (#2)
this line
chose multiplication (#3)
this line
chose division (#4)
this line
default "error" value in case user passed in an invalid chOperation
Alex
June9,2015at4:59pmReply
WhenCalculateResult()iscalled,thevalueofnInput1iscopiedintoparameternX,thevalueof
nOperatoriscopiedintoparameternOperator,andthevalueofnInput2iscopiedintoparameter
nY.
Thefunctioncodedetermineswhichvalueisreturnedtothecaller.Thisreturnvalueisthenassignedto
variablenResult.
JoeriVandenAbeele
ThxAlex!
crelm
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10/8/2016
Hi.Iwasjustwonderingiftherewasanywaytocreateanerrormessageforthecalculator,asfrom
whatIcanunderstanditwillonlyreturn1ifyouinputanumbergreaterthan4.
Alex
Inthisprogram,notreally.Theproblemhereisthat1couldbeanerrorvalueoralegitimate
value,andtheresnowaytotellthedifference.
Therearemanywaystofixthisproblem.OneoftheeasiestwouldbetowriteavalidateOperator()function
thatreturnstrueifoperatorisvalidandfalseotherwise.Thenyoucoulddosomethinglikethis:
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// There are better ways to write this function but I haven't introduced those co
ncepts yet
int validateOperator(int op)
{
if (op == 1)
return 1;
if (op == 2)
return 1;
if (op == 3)
return 1;
if (op == 4)
return 1;
return 0;
}
// if our operator is valid

if (validateOperator(op) == 1)
{
// Calculate result and store in temporary variable (for readability/debug-ab
ility)
int result = calculateResult(input1, op, input2);
// Print result
}
else
// print an error
std::cout << "operator was invalid";
Todd
Anotherquickgrammaticalfix(userTwistedCodealludedtothis):
"Thatsamoremanageable.However,inthiscase,Doresearchoncarrotsissomewhatvague"
shouldbe
"Thatsmoremanageable.However,inthiscase,Doresearchoncarrotsissomewhatvague"
(removeabeforemoreandendquotesaftercarrotsnotvague)
Thanksforhearingfeedback!
Todd
Sorryforbeingapaininthebutt,butheresanothergrammaticalerror:
"Thiswillofteninvolvetheuseofintermediaryvariablestotemporarystoretheresult"
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shouldbe
"Thiswillofteninvolvetheuseofintermediaryvariablestotemporarilystoretheresult"
(changetemporarytotemporarily)
Inthefuture,Illbesuretoconsolidatemyresponsesintoonecomment.
Alex
Fixed,thanksfortheheadsup.
cpplx
inmain()2variablesarenamedinput1andinput2.
incalculateResult()theyarenamedxandy.
isitmethatdonotunderstandoryoumadeanoversight?
if(op==1)
arethe()apartofthec++syntax?iveusedpythonbeforeandseemsoddtome
alsoIwonderwhatif=isusedinsteadof==,butImighttestthatmyselfsomeday.probablyitwillresultinanerror
sincetheoperatorsdodifferentthings.
Alex
Itsokayforfunctionparameterstohavedifferentnamesthanthevariablesbeingpassedin.In
theexampleabove,xwillbeassignedthevaluefrominput1,andywillbeassignedthevalue
frominput2.
Withifstatements,theparenthesisarepartofthesyntax.
Ifyouuse=insteadof==,youlldoanassignmentinsteadofacomparison.
Youssefabdelrahman
Hello,whenicompiletheprogramitgivesme"fatalerrorLNK1120:1unresolvedexternals"and"error
LNK2019:unresolvedexternalsymbol_mainreferencedinfunction___tmainCRTStartup".Can
anyonepleasetellmehowtosolvethiserror?
Alex
Itsoundslikeyoudonthaveafunctionnamedmaininyourprogram.Ifyouhaveafunction
named_tmainoranythinglikethat,replaceitwithintmain().
Rand
Iwaswonderingiftherewasanywaytomakethisanymoreefficient?Orsmaller?
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#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout << "Please enter 1 for Add, 2 for Subtract, 3 for Divide, 4 for Multiply.
";
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int x;
std::cin >> x;
int q;
int w;
if (x == 1) {
std::cout << "Please enter a number: ";
std::cin >> q;
std::cout << "Please enter a second number: ";
std::cin >> w;
std::cout << "The sum is: ";
std::cout << q + w << std::endl;
return 0;
}
else if (x == 2) {
std::cin >> q;
std::cin >> w;
std::cout << "The diference is: ";
std::cout << q - w << std::endl;
return 0;
}
else if (x == 3) {
std::cin >> q;
std::cin >> w;
std::cout << "The quotient is: ";
std::cout << q / w << std::endl;
return 0;
}
else if (x == 4) {
std::cin >> q;
std::cin >> w;
std::cout << "The product is: ";
std::cout << q * w << std::endl;
return 0;
}
else {
std::cout << "You did not enter a valid response. Goodbye." << std::endl;
return 0;
}
}
Alex
Yes,anywhereyouhaveredundancy,theresprobablyawaytogetridofit.Idmove:
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std::cin >> q;
std::cin >> w;
Beforetheif/elsestatements.
BobZ
Hi,Alex:
Iamstuckthistimeonyour"Step6:Writethetaskdetails"
Inyourexample,itseemstomethatwearereturning1regardless.Howarewelimitingthattoonlywhentheuser
entersaninvalidcharacter?
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+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Myideaforaprogramistomakeacountdowntimer.Icouldreallyuseit!Probablytoodifficultjustnowwithmy
present(lackof)skillset.
Thanksagainforyourhelp.
Alex
Yup,thatwasamistakeonmypart.Iupdatedtheexampleinstep6tobeconsistentwith
whatwasinstep7.
Justice
HeyAlex,VisualStudioisgivingmeaLink2019erroraboutunresolvedexternalerrors,butifIchange
voidprintResult()tointprintResult()itcompileswithnoerrors.
Isthisabadwaytodoit,oristhisfine?
Alex
printResult()doesntreturnanything,soitshouldhaveareturntypeofvoid.Doyouhave
printResult()declaredmorethanonceinyourprogram?
Ashley
HeyAlex,
IhadthesamegetUserInput(),getMathematicalOperation(),andcalculateResult()functionsasyou,butinthemain
function,insteadofassigningeachvariabletheresultfromeachfunctionandthencallingthecalculateResult()
functionusingthosevariablesasarguments,Ididthis:
cout<<calculateResult(getUserInput(),getMathematicalOperation(),getUserInput())<<endl
butthismesseduptheanswersforsubtractionanddivision.Itflippedtheanswersoinsteadof10020=80,itgave
me80andinsteadof32/16=2,itgaveme0.ThenItriedwhatyoudidandthatworkedfine.Idontunderstandwhy
callingthefunctionsasargumentsdoesntwork.Ithoughtthevaluesreturnedfromthefunctionswouldserveas
argumentsforthecalculateResult()functionwhichwouldcopyoverintothecalculateResult()functionsparameters
inorder.
Alex
Itsoundslikeyourepresumingthefunctionargumentswillbeevaluatedfromlefttoright,butit
turnsoutthatC++doesntspecifywhetherfunctionargumentshouldbeevaluatedlefttoright
orrighttoleft.Yoursappeartobegoingrighttoleft.
Consequently,thefirstnumbertheuserentersisbecomingthethirdparameter,notthefirst.Andthesecond
numberisbecomingthefirstparameter,notthethird.Soinsteadof10020,youregetting20100.And
insteadof32/16,youregetting16/32(whichis0.5,whichgetstruncatedto0becauseweredealingwith
integershere).
Inshort,callinggetUserInput()twiceinsequencebeforecallingcalculateResult()guaranteesaparticular
ordering.UsinggetUserInput()asargumentsdoesnot.
Iapplaudyourcreativityandunderstandingofinputsandoutputs.YoujusthappenedtorunintooneofC++s
quirks.
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Matthew
August4,2015at8:46amReply
SoIhavethecodeprettymuchhowyouhaveitabove,yetwhenIenterintegersandoperators,it
alwaysdoesadditionnomattermychoice.IvetriedwritingviaVimandcompilingviacommandline
usingg++andviaCode::Blocks(Iknowitusesthesamecompiler),andithappensinVS15Community.
Mycodeis:
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#include<iostream>
int getInteger()
{
std::cout << "Enter an integer:" << std::endl;
int value;
std::cin >> value;
return value;
}
int getOperator()
{
std::cout << "Please enter an operator (1 = +, 2 = -, 3 = *, 4 = /)" << std::endl;
int op;
std::cin >> op;
return op;
}
int calculate(int x, int op, int y)

{
if (op == 1);
return x + y;
if (op == 2);
return x - y;
if (op == 3);
return x * y;
if (op == 4);
return x / y;
return -1;
}

{
}
int main(void)
{
int input1 = getInteger();
int op = getOperator();
int result = calculate(input1, op, input2);
}
Matthew
Cleanedmycodeabit,sameproblem:
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#include<iostream>
int getInteger()
{
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std::cout << "Enter an integer:";

int value;
std::cin >> value;
return value;
}
int getOperator()
{
std::cout << "Please enter an operator (1 = +, 2 = -, 3 = *, 4 = /)";
int op;
std::cin >> op;
return op;
}
int calculate(int x, int op, int y)

{
if (op == 1)
return x + y;
if (op == 2)
return x - y;
if (op == 3)
return x * y;
if (op == 4)
return x / y;
return -1;
}

{
}
int main()
{
int result = calculate(input1, op, input2);
}
Alex
Thisoneworksfineforme.
Matthew
Oddlyenough,thisworksfine:
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#include<iostream>
int getTemp()
{
cout << "What is the temperature (integer only)" << endl;
int temp;
cin >> temp;
return temp;
}
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int convert()
{
cout << "Are you convering to fahrenheit or celsius (1 = fahrenheit, 2 = cels
ius)?" << endl;
int conv;
cin >> conv;
return conv;
}
int calc(int x, int conv)

{
if (conv == 1)
return (x*9/5)+32;
if (conv == 2)
return (x-32)/9*5;
return -1;
}

{
cout << "Your result is: " << result << endl;
}
int main()
{
int input = getTemp();
int op = convert();
int result = calc(input, op);
}
Alex
1
2
if (op == 1);
return x + y;
Youhaveawaywardsemicolonafteryourfirstifstatement.Thisistheequivalentofwriting:
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if (op == 1)
; // do nothing
return x + y;
Whichalwaysreturnsx+y.
JoaoLopes
Canyoutellmewhatyouthinkaboutthiscode.
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#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
{
int mO;
cin >> mO;
return mO;
}
int getUserInput()
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{
int input;
cin >> input;
return input;
}
int calculateTheResult(int mO, int x, int y)

{
if (mO == 1)
return x + y;
if (mO == 2)
return x - y;
if (mO == 3)
return x * y;
if (mO == 4)
return x / y;
return -1;
}
int main()
{
//Ask the user wich mathematical operation he wants to execute
cout << "Wich mathematical operation you want to execute?" << endl
<< "| 1 for addition | 2 for subtraction | 3 for multiplication | 4 for divisio
n |" << endl;
int mO = getMathematicalOperation();
//Ask the user input (number)

cout << "Please enter a number: ";
cout << "Enter the second number: ";
//Gives the user his result

int result = calculateTheResult(mO, input1, input2);
cout << "The result is: " << result << endl;
//A code that forces the user to press Enter to close the program
cin.get();
cout << "Press Enter to exit";
return 0;
}
Alex
ItsexactlywhatIdexpectsomeonewhohasagoodgraspoftheconceptssofartowrite.
Niceuseoffunctions.
JoaoLopes
DidsomeresearchaboutrepeatingfunctionsetcandgotthismadeIthinkitsgoodimo.
CantellmewhatyouthinkaboutitsryforspammingIgotveryinterestedinc++programming,andI
dontcarryonuntilItryalmosteverythingthatcomestomymind.xD
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#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
{
int mO;
cin >> mO;
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if (mO == 1)
cout << "You choosed addition" << endl;
if (mO == 2)
cout << "You choosed subtraction" << endl;
if (mO == 3)
cout << "You choosed multiplycation" << endl;
if (mO == 4)
cout << "You choosed divison" << endl;
return mO;
}
//This will get the user input (still dont know how to ignore characters like abcd...)
int getUserInput()
{
int input;
cin >> input;
return input;
}
//This will calculate the result of the values that the user choosen.
int calculateTheResult(int mO, int x, int y)
{
if (mO == 1)
return x + y;
if (mO == 2)
return x - y;
if (mO == 3)
return x * y;
if (mO == 4)
return x / y;
return -1;
}
int main()
{
//Ask the user wich mathematical operation he wants to execute.
cout << "Wich mathematical operation you want to execute?" << endl
<< "| 1 for addition | 2 for subtraction | 3 for multiplication | 4 for divisio
n |" << endl;
int mO = getMathematicalOperation();
//If the user input is higher than 5 it means nothing the porgram will repeat it se
lf.
if (mO >= 5)
{
system("cls");
cout << "You choosed a wrong value repeating program..." << endl << endl;
main();
}
//Ask the user input (number)

cout << "Please enter a number: ";
cout << "Enter the second number: ";
//Gives the user his result

int result = calculateTheResult(mO, input1, input2);
cout << "The result is: " << result << endl;
//A code that forces the user to press Enter to close the program
cin.get();
cout << "Press Enter to exit";
return 0;
}
Alex
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Didyoutestwhathappenswiththisprogramifyouenteranumbergreaterthan5?
Forwhatitsworth,recursion(havingafunctioncallitself)usuallyisntthebestwaytodoa
loop.C++hasloopstructures(coveredinchapter5)forthis.Wehaventcoveredthemyet,sogladtosee
youexploring.
Joseph
HeyIbelieveIscrewedsomethingupincodeblocksandthisisrathertrivial.ButwhenIstartanew
projectnofilescomeupthepartofthescreenwherecodeiswrittenhasnothinginitandwhenI
createanewfileIamaskedtonameitandthereisafilenamedmainalreadythere.SoIdecidedtostartfromthe
beginning,createdanewproject,andopenedmaindirectlyfromthere.Icopyandpastedcodetocheckandwhen
builtandranIgetthehelloworldprogram.
IalsogetthatIhavemain()definedmorethanonceinmultifileprojects.anysuggestions?
Alex
Youcanonlyhaveonemain()functionperproject.Thatmeansifyouwanttochange
programs,youeitherneedtooverwriteyourcurrentmain(),oryouneedtocreateanewproject.
Daniel
Hi,
TheresultsofadivisionarerarelyanintegersoItriedtochangetheoutputtoafloat
calculateResults.cpp
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float calculateResult(int x, int y, int mathOperator){

float a;
if (mathOperator == 1){
a = x+y;
return a;
}
a=x-y;
return a;
}
a=x*y;
return a;
}
a = x/y;
return a;
}
else return 9;
mymath.h
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#ifndef ADD_H
#define ADD_H
#include<stdio.h>
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int add(int x, int y);

int subtract(int x, int y);
int getUserInput();
int getMathOperator();
float calculateResult(int x, int y, int mathOperator);
#endif /* add_hpp */
main.cpp
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#include <iostream>
#include "mymath.h"
int main() {
int firstNumber;
firstNumber = getUserInput();
int mathOperator;
mathOperator = getMathOperator();
int secondNumber;
secondNumber = getUserInput();
float calculationResult;
calculationResult = calculateResult(firstNumber, secondNumber, mathOperator);
float testDecimal (3.141);
cout << "The result of the calculation is: " << calculationResult << endl;
cout << "The calculation result has a size of: " << sizeof(calculationResult) <<end
l;
cout << "TestDecimal is: " << testDecimal << endl;
return 0;
}
The(constant)variabletestDecimaloutputsasafloatbutcalculationresultsdoesnt.
WhatamIdoingwrong?
Alex
Wewillcoverthisinthenextchapterwhenwediscussintegers,floats,anddivisioninmore
detail.Keepreading.
Daniel
ThanksandGREATcoursebytheway
Goku
October4,2015at5:56pmReply
Greatadviceandtips,ThankYou
Alex(Sp)
SoIdecidedtoaddadowhilelooptoyourgetMathematicalOperationfunctiontocheckforthecorrect
value.InoticedthatIforgottoaddthereturnstatementattheendofthefunction,yeteverything
works?Idontunderstand.
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{
int op;
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do {
std::cout << "Please enter which operator you want (1 = +, 2 = -, 3 = *, 4 =
/): ";
std::cin >> op;
}
while (op != 1 && op != 2 && op != 3 && op != 4);
//return op;
}
Usingthisfunctionintheprogramwiththereturnstatementcommentedouttheprogramstillcompilesandexecutes
correctly.Howaremyotherfunctionsabletousethe"op"thatisdefinedinmain?
Devashish
ExecutesCorrectly?Itwillcompilebecauseitsokayifanonvoidfunctionomitsreturn
statement,butifthecallerworkswiththedatareturnedbythefunction,itwillalwaysproduce
unexpectedresults.WhenIrunyourprogram,itgives1asresult.
Alex(Sp)
YeahitsweirdIdontgetit.Ijustcompiledandranitagainanditalwaysworkscorrectly
formeevenwiththatreturncommentedout.Everytime.
Fullprogram:
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#include <iostream>
int getUserInput()
{
std::cout << "Please enter an integer: ";
int value;
std::cin >> value;
return value;
}
{
int op;
do {
std::cout << "Please enter which operator you want (1 = +, 2 = -, 3 =
*, 4 = /): ";
std::cin >> op;
}
while (op != 1 && op != 2 && op != 3 && op != 4);
//return op;
}

{
// note: we use the == operator to compare two values to see if they are
equal
// we need to use if statements here because there's no direct way to con
vert op into the appropriate operator
if (op == 1) // if user chose addition (#1)

return x + y; // execute this line
if (op == 2) // if user chose subtraction (#2)
return x - y; // execute this line
if (op == 3) // if user chose multiplication (#3)
return x * y; // execute this line
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if (op == 4) // if user chose division (#4)

return x / y; // execute this line
return -1; // default "error" value in case user passed in an invalid op

// note: This isn't a good way to handle errors, since -1 could be return
ed as a legitimate value
}

{
}
int main()
{

int op = getMathematicalOperation();

// Calculate result and store in temporary variable (for readability/debu

g-ability)
int result = calculateResult(input1, op, input2 );
// Print result
}
DoesntmakeanysensethatIalwaysgetthecorrectcalculation.
Alex
Afunctionwithanonvoidreturnvaluethatdoesnothaveareturnstatementis
invalidsyntax,andshouldnotevencompile.Thefactthatyourcompilerisnot
flaggingthisasanerrorisworrying.Whatcompilerareyouusing?
WithVisualStudio,Igetthiserroruponcompilation:
errorC4716:'getMathematicalOperation':mustreturnavalue
(Note:somecompilersdoallowyoutoomitareturntypeformainthisisntofficiallyallowedby
C++butsomecompilersdoitanyway.Thisdoesnotextendtoothernonmainfunctions).
Itsuncleartomewhetheryourcompilerisignoringthecommentinthiscase,orwhetheritsjust
workingcoincidentallyduetothewaythecompilerissettingupfunctioncall.
Alex(Sp)
IinstalledtheMinGWGCCsuite.EvenstrangeristhatIcanremovethe
commentedoutreturncompletelyanditstillworks.Imsuperconfused.
Alex
StackOverflowhassomethoughtsonwhatshappeninghere.See:
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4644860/functionreturnsvalue
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withoutreturnstatement.
Alex(Sp)
Gotcha!CompilingwithWallWerrorshowsmethecorrecterrorand
stopssoIcanactuallyfixeverything.
Amin
November17,2015at11:27pmReply
InthenameofGod
Hi,VerythanksofYouandyourtimeandkindness.
andthanksforsharingyourinformation,Studies,Lessons,Experiencesandallofotherthings.
GodBlessYou,
HopetoGod
Anthony
December27,2015at2:21amReply
HeyIstartedthislastnight,Ihavetosay,itsbeengreatsofar.Imwritingthisnowbecauseinstead
offollowingwhatyouputonthere,Idecidedtousemultiplepagesforthecalculator.Iendedup
runningintoanissueIneverfiguredouthowtofix,andthatwashavingavoidonaseparatepageforthe
printResult.Ifoundasolution,butitreallydidntappeasewhatIwastryingtodo.
Fix:movethevoidfunctionontomain.cppanddeleteprintResult.cpp
SoImaskingforfutureprojects,isitpossibletohaveavoidonaseparatepage?Isitbadpractice?
Forreference:Imadeonepageperfunction,honestlytotryandcreateerrorsthatIcouldtrytotroubleshootrather
thenfollowthecodegiventome.ItwasarandomthoughtbecauseImahandsonlearnerandIfigured
troubleshootingissueswouldhelpmesignificantlyinthelongrunbecauseIcouldgraspwhaterrorsoccuratwhat
stages.
Alex
December28,2015at3:34pmReply
ImnotsurewhatyoumeanbyhavingavoidonaseparatepagefortheprintResult?
Morgan
January11,2016at10:52amReply
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// // // // //
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
// // // // //
int num();
void fin(int n);
int YN();
// // // // //
int main(int e)// main function, the int e is
for a return value of 0 when reuse is declined in the YN()
{
if (e == 5)
return 0;
cout << "Calculator!" << endl;// Announce it to the world!
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int x, y; // need variables to combine th

em easily in main before exporting the results to fin(int n)
string z; // need the string to hold the
operator symbol
x = num();
cout << "Pick an operator(+ - * /): " << endl;// Must select an operator
cin >> z;
y = num();
if (z == "+")
fin(x+y);
if (z == "-")
fin(x-y);
if (z == "*")
fin(x*y);
if (z == "/")
fin(x/y);
cout << "Invalid Entry." << endl; // or you will fail all the ifs
get invalid entry and go to YN() asking you if you want to restart or quit
YN();
return 0;
}
// // // // //
int num()// variable input
{
std::cout << "Enter a number: " << std::endl;
int n;
std::cin >> n;
return n;
}
// // // // //
void fin(int n) // presents answer and then asks
if you'd like to make another calculation
{
std::cout << "The answer is " << n << "." << std::endl;
YN();
}
// // // // //
int YN() // Game Over.
{
std::cout << "Use again? Y/N" << std::endl;
std::string YN;
std::cin >> YN;
if (YN == "Y")
main(0);
if (YN == "N")
main(5);
return 0;
}
// // // // //
NevermindIspentlastnightfixingitandmakingitshine.
Alex
January11,2016at5:30pmReply
Imnotsureaboutthetext.Soundslikeghosts.
Asforyouruseofcomments,Ithinktheyrestilltoovague.Whatdoes//FirstNumbermean?Isitaskingthe
user?Readingitfromdisk?Getfirstnumberfromuserwouldbemoreinsightful.Theerrormessagecaseisclearly
anerrormessage,soitdoesntneedacomment.
Also,forwhatitsworth,yougenerallywontwantmain()tocallmain().Inthiscase,ifyoufirstinputis54321and
thenyoursecondinputisvalid,Ithinkyourprogramwillnotoperateasexpectedintermsofprintingtheresult.
Akanksha
January24,2016at11:18pmReply
thankyou..afteralongtimefoundsuchausefultutorial
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Pierre
Ifeelthatthereissomethingtobesaidaboutversioncontrol.Emailingsourcecodearoundisntbet
practice,keepingitinversioncontrolismuchbetter.Noneedtodivetoodeepintheexplanations
(therearetonsofverygoodtutorialsaboutgitforinstance)butmentioningthatitismuchmorepreferableto
emailingfilesaroundorcopyingdirectorieswouldmakesenseIMHO.
Thanksforthedetailsabouttopdownandbottomup,itsthroughlyexplained.
Chuck
Thismightbeveryconfusing,butwoulditresultinmoreoptimizedcode?
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printResult(calculateResult(getUserInput(), getMathematicalOperation(),
getUserInput()));
Alex
Possibly,dependingonwhetheryourcompileroptimizesitwellornot.Butyoushouldgenerally
bewritingyourprogramsforunderstandability,notforperformance.Youcanalwaysoptimize
later,ifyouneedto(mostofthetime,youwont).
Karl
canyoupleasetellwhyweusedvoidherecantwesimplyprintthevalueusingcoutinmain?
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{
}
Alex
Thefunctionreturnsvoidbecauseitdoesnotpassavaluebacktothecaller.Itjustdoesajob
(printsthestring)andreturns.
Wecouldhaveprintedthevalueinmain,butusingafunctionisoftenbetterbecauseitseasiertodebug,
modify,andcallmultipletimes.
Nyap
Designingyourprogramandorganisingthecodeintomultiplefilesseemsprettyboringtome
Alex
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Itis,whichiswhymanypeopleskipit.Thiscanleadtopoorlystructuredcode,andalotofreworkdownthe
line.
Thegoodnewsisthatyoueventuallygetgoodatit,soitbecomessecondnature.
Liam
Pleasehelp,VS2015CistellingmethattheidentifierresultisundefinedwhenItryanduseitin
main.
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#include "stdafx.h"
#include
int getVariable()
{
cout << "Give me a variable: " <> var;
return var;
}
int getOperator()
{
cout << "Chose an operator(1=+, 2=-, 3=*, 4=/): " <> op;
return op;
}
int calculateResult(int var, int op, int var2)

{
if (op == 1)
return var + var2;
if (op == 2)
return var - var2;
if (op == 3)
return var * var2;
if (op == 4)
return var / var2;
return -1;
}
void printResult(int result) //result identifier defined

{
cout << "= " << result << endl;
}
int main()
{
int var = getVariable();
int var2 = getVariable();
int calcResult = calculateResult(var, op, var2);
cin.clear();
cin.ignore(32767);
printResult(result); //An error is shown when using (result) here. The output is te
lling me: "identifier "result" is undefined"
cin.get();
}
Alex
Variableresultdoesnotexistinthescopeoffunctionmain.Theparameterresultthatyouve
definedinfunctionprintResult()onlyexistswithinfunctionprintResult()maincannotaccess
itdirectly.
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Infunctionmain,resultshouldprobablybecalcResult.
Cameron
May13,2016at3:29amReply
HiAlex,firstupthisisafantastictutorial,reallylikethewayyouexplainthereasoningbehinddoing
things.Iveputtogethercodeforthiscalculatorandmymultiplication/divisiontasksgiveme
addition/subtractionrespectively.Triedsteppingaheadandhavingacrackatdebuggingitandcouldntfigureitout.
CanyoutellmewhereIvegonewrong?(Noteoriginallyitwasinseparatefileswithaheaderfile,butitcompiled
finethatwayandwhenIcopieditallintoonefileIhadthesameproblem.Thanksinadvance.
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#include <iostream>
using namespace std ;
int getUserInput()
cout << "Input a number: " << endl ; //asks user for a number
int value ; //creates storage for x
cin >> value ; //stores user input as x
return value ;//sends x to main()
cout << "Enter desired operator (1 = +, 2 = -, 3 = x, 4 = /):" << endl ; //asks for
integer to stand in for the operator
int op ; //creates y
cin >> op ; //stores input (operator) in y
return op ; //sends y to main()
{
if (op == 1) ;
return x + y ;
if (op == 2) ;
return x - y ;
if (op == 3) ;
return x * y ;
if (op == 4) ;
return x / y ;
return -1 ;
cout << "Answer = " << result << endl ; //prints answer
int main()
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//get first number from user

int input1 = getUserInput() ;
//get mathematical operation from user

int op = getMathematicalOperation() ;
//get second number from user

int input2 = getUserInput() ;
//calculate result
int result = calculateResult(input1, op, input2) ;
//print result
printResult(result) ;
return 0 ;
Icantfigureouthowtotagmycodesorry,notagreatsignIguess.
Alex
Youhavesomeextraneoussemicolons:
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if (op == 1) ; // remove this semicolon

return x + y ;
Dothesameforyourotherifstatementsaswell.
Cameron
Ahright,thanksalot.
Alex_Rocks
Weirdquestionthatrequiressetup:
Itsinterestingtonotethatifyoucollapsethemain()intoonelinetheprogramwillstillrundespiteusingthesame
functioncalltwicewithoutstoringthevariables.
Itwillhoweveraskyoufortheinputsfromrighttoleft(thefunctioncallintheyargumentslotof
calculateResult(x,op,y)iscalled1st,thenopthenx).
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printResult(calculateResult(getUserInput(), getMathematicalOperation(),
getUserInput()));
Question:
How/wheredoesitimplicitlystorethevaluesforthesefunctioncallsifIhaventexplicitlyassignedamemory
locationforthemviaadefinitionstatement(intvariable=function())?
Minorquestion:
HowdoImakepastedcodelookallprettywiththelinenumbersandformattingiseeinotherposts?
Alex_Rocks
Nevermindthatisprobablyacompilerspecificquestion(VisualStudio2015).
Alsotheminorquestiongotansweredwhentheeditclockranoutandthecodedisplayedcorrectly.
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Sorrytobother,Thanksforreadinganyway.
Alex
May28,2016at11:32amReply
Theorderinwhichfunctionparametersareevaluatedisundefined.Itcouldbelefttoright,or
righttoleft.
Ifyouusethereturnvaluefromonefunctiondirectlyasanargumentforanotherfunction,thecompilerwill
createaanonymous(unnamed)variableforyoutofacilitatethehandoff.
Itlookslikeyoufiguredoutthecodeformattingalready.
Brent
WhenIusetheexamplecalculatorprograminthetutorial,whenIenterthesecondnumberitprints
theanswerandclosesreallyfast.
ThisonlyhappenswhenIusethe.exefile,whenIctrl+F5inMicrosoftVisualBasic2015itprintsPressEnterto
continue....
WhatisgoingwrongandwheredoesitgetthePressentertocontinue...?
Alex
TheIDEispausingyourconsoleapplicationattheend,soyoucanseeanyoutputbeforethe
consolewindowcloses.Ishowamethodtodoyourownpausinginlesson0.7.
strong
inthisprogram:
main.cpp:
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#include <iostream>
#include "readInt.h"
#include "readOperand.h"
#include "doOperation.h"
int main()
{
int x= readInt();
int op = readOperand();
int y= readInt();
int result = doOperation(x,op,y);
cout << result ;
return 0 ;
}
readInt.cpp:
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int readInt()
{
cout << "please enter Integer : ";
int a;
cin >> a;
return a;
}
readInt.h:
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#ifndef READ_INT
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#define READ_INT
int readInt();
#endif // READ_INT
andtherestoffileslikethis,whyIgetanerror:
||===Build:Debuginpractice3(compiler:GNUGCCCompiler)===|
/home/strong/Documents/C++/practice3/readInt.cpp||InfunctionintreadInt():|
/home/strong/Documents/C++/practice3/readInt.cpp|3|error:coutwasnotdeclaredinthisscope|
/home/strong/Documents/C++/practice3/readInt.cpp|5|error:cinwasnotdeclaredinthisscope|
||===Buildfailed:2error(s),0warning(s)(0minute(s),0second(s))===|
A1R
Youshould
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#include <iostream>
withinanyfilesusingcommandsfromtheiostreamlibrary.
Alsomakesureyouadd
1
tothetopofreadInt.cppsinceyourejustusingcout.
(Ibelievethiscanbedoneoutsideofthefunction?)
A1R
Sayiwantedtoprintanerrormessagewhentheuserinsertedaninvalidnumberforoperator5or6
etc..
Howwouldigoaboutit?
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int CalculateResult(int x, int op, int y)

{
if (op == 1)
return x + y;
if (op == 2)
return x - y;
if (op == 3)
return x * y;
if (op == 4)
return x / y;
return ??; //something

}
Idontwanttoreturnanumberbecausethatonetimeanumberisthesameasthereturnvalueitllsaythesyntax
isinvalid.
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{
if (result == ??) //something bad
std::cout << "The syntax is invalid please try again" << std::endl;
else
}
Alex
Thisisaslightlymoreadvancedtopic,asthetechniquesusedtodothiskindofthinginvolve
additionalknowledgethatthetutorialhasntcoveredyet(sothistopiciscoveredinfuture
tutorials).Buttoenumeratesomepossibilities:
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*Haveyourfunctionreturnaboolindicatingsuccess,andreturnthecalculatedvalueasareference
parameter.
*Assertoutiftheuserpassesinaninvalidoperation
*Throwanexceptioniftheuserpassesinaninvalidoperation
Dontworryiftheabovedoesntmakesenseyetwellcoverallthesethingsintime.
gurparkash
Mycodeisthis.Andtheproblemisthatitfirstasksme"Enteranotherinteger"andtheasksme
"enteraninteger."Whatstheproblemhere?
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#include <iostream>
int value1()
{
cout << "Enter a number." << endl ;
int a ;
cin >> a ;
return a ;
}
int operator1()
{
cout << "Enter a mathematical operator." << endl ;
cout << "(1 = + , 2 = - , 3 = * , 4 = /)" << endl ;
int a ;
cin >> a ;
return a ;
}
int value2()
{
cout << "Enter another number." << endl ;
int a ;
cin >> a ;
return a ;
}
int calculator(int x , int a , int y)

{
if (a == 1)
return x+y ;
if (a == 2)
return x-y ;
if (a == 3)
return x*y ;
if (a == 4)
return x/y ;
return -1 ;
}
/*void print()
{
cout << "The answer is:" << calculator(int x , int y , int z) ;
}*/
int main()
{
/*value1() ;
operator1() ;
value2() ;*/
cout << "The answer is:" << calculator(value1() , operator1() , value2()) ;
//print() ;
return 0 ;
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Alex
C++doesnotdefinetheorderinwhichfunctionargumentsareprocesseditcouldbeleftto
rightorrighttoleft.Inyourcase,itlookslikeitsrighttoleft,sovalue2()isgettingevaluated
beforevalue1().
gurparkash
Isthereanywaytocorrectthis,otherthantoofcourseinterchangetheirplaces?Andis
myprogramfine?Pleasetellmewhatimprovementscanbemade.
Alex
Youshouldntinterchangetheirplaces,becauseothermachinesmayuseadifferentorderof
evaluationthanyours.
Therightwaytofixthisistoexplicitlydefinetheorderinwhichthesearecalled:
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int v1 = value1();
int v2 = value2();
cout << "The answer is:" << calculator(v1, operator1() , v2) ;
Thisway,theorderingisexplicitandunambiguous.
Andrew
"Thatsmoremanageable,aswenowhavesubtasksthatwecanfocusonindividually.However,in
thiscase,Doresearchoncarrotsissomewhatvague,sowecanbreakitdownfurther:"
ThefragmentisfromStep3andcontainsatypo.Shouldbe:
"Thatsmoremanageable,aswenowhavesubtasksthatwecanfocusonindividually.However,inthiscase,Do
researchoncarrotsissomewhatvague,sowecanbreakitdownfurther:"
P.S.Thanksforthetutorial!Sofarsogreat.
Alex
Fixed.Thanks!
TristanGybels
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#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
int GetNumber()
{
cout << "Enter your number: ";
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int x;
cin >> x;
return x;
}
char GetMathOperator()
{
cout << "Choose one of these operators: '+', '-', '*' & '/': ";
char x;
cin >> x;
return x;
}
int GetResult(int IntOne, char CharOp, int IntTwo)

{
if (CharOp == '+')
return IntOne + IntTwo;
if (CharOp == '-')
return IntOne - IntTwo;
if (CharOp == '*')
return IntOne * IntTwo;
if (CharOp == '/')
return IntOne / IntTwo;
return 0;
}
void PrintResults(int Result)

{
cout << "The solution is: " << Result << endl;
}
int main
{
int IntOne = GetNumber();
char CharOp = GetMathOperator();
int IntTwo = GetNumber();
int Result = GetResult(int IntOne, char CharOp, int IntTwo);
int PrintResult(Result);
}
Doessomeoneknowwhythiscodedoesntwannawork?
Alex
Twothingslookwrong:
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int Result = GetResult(int IntOne, char CharOp, int IntTwo); // don't need int bef
ore IntOne, char before CharOp, or int before IntTwo
int PrintResult(Result); // don't need int before PrintResult
TristanGybels
Thankyou Ialsonoticedtheforgotten()aftermain.
TristanGybels
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#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
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int GetValue()
{
cout << "Enter your " << /*How to make it show 'first' during process 'one' and 'se
cond' during process 'two'?*/ " number: ";
int x;
cin >> x;
return x;
}
char GetOperator()
{
cout << "Enter an operator: ";
char x;
cin >> x;
return x;
}
int GetResult(int one, char op, int two)

{
if (op == '+')
return one + two;
if (op == '-')
return one - two;
if (op == '*')
return one * two;
if (op == '/')
return one / two;
}
int main()
{
int one = GetValue();
char op = GetOperator();
int two = GetValue();
int result = GetResult(one, op, two);
cout << one << " " << op << " " << two << " = " << result <<endl;
}
ReadThecommentonline9
Cansomeonehelpmehowtodothat?withoutaddingasecondGetValue?
Alex
TheeasiestwayrightnowistocreateagetFirstValue()functionandagetSecondValue()
function,andchangehowtheyprompttheuser.
Theotheroptionistopassinabooleanparameterindicatingwhetherthisisthefirstorsecondcall,anduse
ifstatementstodeterminewhattoprintbasedonthevaluethatparameterhas.Butwehaventcovered
booleansorifstatementsatthispointinthetutorial.
Priyanga
Thanksalot!Thisisveryhelpfulandarichtutorialandhashelpedmealot.Anditwillforalotof
people!
Josh
Hello,Iexactlycopiedthecodeyoumadehere.Imusingvisualstudio2015version14update3.
Thankyoufortheinformativetutorial.ButImmissingsomething.Itdoesntwanttoshowtheresultonmyscreen.
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InoticedIdonthavestdafx.handwhenI#includeit,italwaysgivesanerror.SoIincludedanemptyfileinstead.
Iwanttoprinttheresult,Iwanttoseitinthescreenbutitwontshow.Icanencodethenumbersfine,butafterthe
2ndnumber,itjustdisappears.ItriedtouseMaksismscodeaboveanditprintsuntilitgivesmetheresult,but
minedoesnt.Pleasehelp.
Mycodeis:
#include<iostream>
#include"stdafx.h"
usingnamespacestd
intgetUserInput()//askinputfromuser
{
cout<<"Pleaseenteraninteger"
intinput
cin>>input
returninput
}
intgetMathematicalOperation()//equateintegertooperator
{
cout<<"Pleaseselect1=+,2=,3=*,4=/"
intop
cin>>op
returnop
}
intcalculateResult(intx,intop,inty)
{
if(op==1)//ifuserchose#1
returnx+y
returnxy
returnx*y
returnx/y
return1//default"error"valueincaseuserpassedinaninvalidop
}
voidprintResult(intresult)
{
cout<<"Yourresultis"<<calculateResult<<endl
}
intmain()
{
//Getfirstnumberfromuser
intx=getUserInput()
//Getmathematicaloperationfromuser
intop=getMathematicalOperation()
//Getsecondnumberfromuser
inty=getUserInput()
//Calculateresult
intresult=calculateResult(x,op,y)
cout<<"Theresultis"<<result<<endl
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//Printresult
printResult(result)
return0
}
Alex
ItsoundslikeyourIDEisclosingtheconsolewindowattheendoftheprogram,soyoucant
seetheoutput.Ishowasolutiontothisinlesson0.7.
MatthieuB.
Youforgot"Getdressed"intheorganizedlistinstep3,whichisterriblyunimportantforthe
understandingoftherestofthistutorial.
Alex
Thanksforpointingthatout.Wewouldntwantyoutogotoworknaked.
Josh
Ok,soIcopiedmaksimsendcodefromthecin.cleartocin.get.Icanseetheresultnowbutmy
resultlookslikeacolorcodeinsteadofaninteger.a1+1equationgivesme0093146A.Whydoesit
dothis?Pleasehelp
Imusingvisualstudioversion14update3.stdafx.hisnotavailableandIincludedablankheaderassuggested.but
evenifIdelete#includestdafx.hitstillcompilesandrunsbutwiththesameequation.
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#include <iostream>
#include "stdafx.h"
int getNumber1() //ask input from user

{
cout << "Please enter first number: ";
int x;
cin >> x;
return x;
}
int getMathOperation() //asking for character of operator

{
cout << "Please select 1=+, 2=-, 3=*, 4=/ ";
int op; //defining operator
cin >> op;
return op;
}
int getNumber2()
{
cout << "Please enter second number: "; //Getting second number
int y;
cin >> y;
return y;
}
{
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if (op == 1);// if user chose #1

return x + y;

return x - y;

return x * y;

return x / y;
return 0;
}

{
cout << "Your result is " << calculateResult;
}
int main()
{
int x = getNumber1(); // Get first number from user
int op = getMathOperation(); // Get mathematical operation from user
int y = getNumber2(); // Get second number from user
int result = calculateResult(x, op, y); // Calculate result
printResult(result); // Print result

cin.clear();
cin.get();
}
Alex
BecauseprintResult()isprintingcalculateResultinsteadofresult.calculateResultisa
function,notavariable,soitsprintingtheaddressinmemorythatfunctioncalculateResult
livesat.
Satwant
Aboveexampleusingheaderfile:XD~
//howToWriteaProgramEg.cpp
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#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include "writeprogrameg.h"
int main()
{
int value1 = getInput();
int value2 = getInput();
int result = calculateResult(value1, op, value2);
return 0;
}
//getinput.cpp
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
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int getInput()
{
cout << "Please enter a Digit value : ";
int value;
cin >> value;
return value;
}
//getoperator.cpp
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
int getOperator()
{
cout << "Please enter a valid Digit between 1 and 4." << endl;
cout << "Press 1 for addition operation." << endl;
cout << "Press 2 for subtraction operation." << endl;
cout << "Press 3 for multiplication operation." << endl;
cout << "Press 4 for division operation." << endl;
int op;
cin >> op;
return op;
}
//calculateresult.cpp
#include "stdafx.h"
int calculateResult(int value1, int op, int value2)

{
if (op==1)
return value1 + value2;
if (op==2)
return value1 - value2;
if (op==3)
return value1*value2;
if (op==4)
return value1/value2;
return -1;
//printresult.cpp
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>

{
cout << "The result of the performed operation is : " << result << endl;
//writeprogrameg.h (Header file)

#ifndef WRITE_PROGRAM_EG_H
#define WRITE_PROGRAM_EG_H
int getInput();
int getOperator();
int calculateResult(int value1, int op, int value2);
void printResult(int result);
#endif
AhmedGurie
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IhavenoenoughwordstothankyouAlex,youaregreat
ObiWan
Isimplyjustmadeitallintoonefunctioninmy2nd.cppfile.Isthereanydrawbacksfromdoingitthis
way?Also,Imstrugglingwithunderstandingtheusageofheaderfilesandusingprototypesandetc!
Butgreattutorialnonetheless,Imjustslow!Lol.AnywayhereisthecodeIfunctionImadeonmy2ndcpp.
#include"stdafx.h"
#include<iostream>
#include"add.h"
intadd(intx,inty)
{
returnx+y
}
intgetUserInput()
{
std::cout<<"Inputanumberhere"<<std::endl
inta=0
std::cin>>a
std::cout<<"Nextnumberis"<<std::endl
intb=0
std::cin>>b
std::cout<<"Last,pickanoperator.1=+,2=,3=*,4=/"<<std::endl
intc=0
std::cin>>c
if(c==1)
{
std::cout<<a+b<<std::endl
returna+b
}
if(c==2)
{
std::cout<<ab<<std::endl
returnab
}
if(c==3)
{
std::cout<<a*b<<std::endl
returna*b
}
if(c==4)
{
std::cout<<a/b<<std::endl
returna/b
}
}
Alex
Themaindrawbacksare:
*Yourfunctionislongerandmorecomplicatedthanitneedstobe.
*Yourfunctiondoesnthaveanyreusableparts(ifyouwantedtheusertoenteranumberforsomeother
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reason,youdhavetoduplicatecodeorrefactoryouroriginalfunction).
*Yourenotpracticinggoodfunctioncomposition,whichishelpfullaterwhenwegetintomorecomplicated
examples.
Noneofthesearecriticalissues,morelikewarnings.
ObiWan
ThanksforthereplyAlex!Imgoingtotryandfollowyourinstructionsmoreclosely
throughout
ArjunSrivastav
Hello.Thankyouforthesetutorials.Youmentionedforbeginnerstowriteasmallportionanddebug,
continuouslyuntiltheend.WhenIcompileandtheneditmyprogram,myIDECode::Blocksdoesnot
allowittobecompiled.Whyisthatso?
Alex
Ihavenoidea.Youcancompileyourprogramonce,butthenwhenyoumodifytheprogram,
youcantcompileitagain?Isitgivingyouanyerrormessages?
ArjunSrivastav
HiAlex.Iamtryingtowriteacompoundinterestcalculator.Theproblemis:itisnotcompiling.what
maybetheproblem.Hereisthecode:
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#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>

int main
{
int Principle;
cout << "Please enter the Principle amount of Capital";
cin >> Principle;
int InterestRate;
cout << "Please enter the interest rate as a decimal";
cin >> InterestRate<<endl;
int InterestDensity;
cout << "Please enter the number of times interest is compounded per year";
cin >> InterestDensity<<endl;
int NumberofYears;
cout << "Please enter the number of years the money is borrowed for";
cin >> NumberofYears<<endl;
int Accumulation;
Accumulation=Principle*(1+(InterestRate/InterestDensity)^(InterestDensity*NumberofYea
rs);
cout << "The amount of compounded interest accumulated is";

cout << Accumulation<<endl;
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32
Alex
Yourcompilershouldbetellingyouexactlywhatswrong.
Butinshort:
1)Yourmainfunctionismissingaparameterlist
2)Youreusing<<endlwithcin,whichdoesn'twork.
Rahul
HeyAlex,
1.Whyprogramexecutionstartfrommain()functiononly?
2.HowOperatingSystemcometoknowthattostartprogramexecutionfrommain()function?
3.Canwechangenameofmain()function?
LearnHowtoProgram
GenericProgramming
GetJavaProgrammingCode
ProgrammingTechniques
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// Get mathematical operation from user

// Get second number from user

int calculateResult(int input1, int op, int input2);

// What if the user enters an invalid character?

// result is a temporary value used to transfer the output of calculateResult()

printResult( calculateResult(input1, op, input2) );

// #include "stdafx.h" // uncomment if using visual studio

// What if the user enters an invalid character?

int calculateResult(int x, int op, int y)

if (op == 1) // if user chose addition (#1)

void printResult(int result)

// Get mathematical operation from user

// Get second number from user

// Calculate result and store in temporary variable (for readability/debug-ability)

C ++TU TOR IAL |

int CalculateResult(int nInput1, char chOperation, int nInput2)

using namespace std;

cout << "Please type in number ";

int CalResults(int nX, char cOp, int nY)

void PrintResults(int nResult)

cout << "Enter a value u wanna do sumthing with" << endl;

int firstValue = getValueFromUser();

int operatorV = getOperator();

int secondValue = getValueFromUser();

int nResult = CalculateResult(firstValue, operatorV, secondValue);

cout << "Answer is: " << nResult << endl;

int nResult = CalculateResult(firstValue, operatorV, secondValue);

Defining your testing/feedback/release strategy

// Calculate result and store in temporary variable (for readability/debug-ability)

int CalculateResult(int nX, int nOperator, int nY)

chose addition (#1)

default "error" value in case user passed in an invalid chOperation

// if our operator is valid

std::cout << "Please enter a number: ";

int calculate(int x, int op, int y)

void printResult(int result)

int input2 = getInteger();

int result = calculate(input1, op, input2);

std::cout << "Enter an integer:";

int calculate(int x, int op, int y)

void printResult(int result)

int input2 = getInteger();

int result = calculate(input1, op, input2);

using namespace std;

int calc(int x, int conv)

void printResult(int result)

int result = calc(input, op);

using namespace std;

int calculateTheResult(int mO, int x, int y)

//Ask the user input (number)

//Gives the user his result

using namespace std;

//Ask the user input (number)

//Gives the user his result

float calculateResult(int x, int y, int mathOperator){

int add(int x, int y);

int calculateResult(int x, int op, int y)

if (op == 1) // if user chose addition (#1)

if (op == 4) // if user chose division (#4)

return -1; // default "error" value in case user passed in an invalid op

void printResult(int result)

// Get mathematical operation from user