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SharingAbstracts,NotesonvariousElectricalEngineeringTopics.

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MARCH26,2011 21COMMENTS(HTTPS://ELECTRICALNOTES.WORDPRESS.COM/2011/03/26/FERRANTI
EFFECT/#COMMENTS)

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Alongtransmissionlinedrawsasubstantialquantityofchargingcurrent.Ifsuchalineisopencircuitedorverylightlyloadedat
thereceivingend,ReceivingendvoltagebeinggreaterthansendingendvoltageinatransmissionlineisknownasFerranti
effect.Allelectricalloadsareinductiveinnatureandhencetheyconsumelotofreactivepowerfromthetransmissionlines.
Hencethereisvoltagedropinthelines.Capacitorswhichsupplyreactivepowerareconnectedparalleltothetransmissionlines
atthereceivingendsoastocompensatethereactivepowerconsumedbytheinductiveloads.
Astheinductiveloadincreasesmoreofthecapacitorsareconnectedparallelviaelectronicswitching.Thusreactivepower
consumedbyinductiveloadsissuppliedbythecapacitorstherebyreducingtheconsumptionofreactivepowerfrom
transmissionline.HoweverwhentheinductiveloadsareswitchedoffthecapacitorsmaystillbeinONcondition.Thereactive
powersuppliedbythecapacitorsaddsontothetransmissionlinesduetotheabsenceofinductance.Asaresultvoltageatthe
receivingendorconsumerendincreasesandismorethanthevoltageatthesupplyend.ThisisknownasFerrantieffect.

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TheFerrantiEffectoccurswhencurrentdrawnbythedistributedcapacitanceofthetransmissionlineitselfisgreaterthanthe
currentassociatedwiththeloadatthereceivingendoftheline.Therefore,theFerrantieffecttendstobeabiggerproblemon
lightlyloadedlines,andespeciallyonundergroundcablecircuitswheretheshuntcapacitanceisgreaterthanwitha
correspondingoverheadline.Thiseffectisduetothevoltagedropacrossthelineinductance(duetochargingcurrent)beingin
phasewiththesendingendvoltages.Asthisvoltagedropaffectsthesendingendvoltage,thereceivingendvoltagebecomes
greater.TheFerrantiEffectwillbemorepronouncedthelongerthelineandthehigherthevoltageapplied.
TheFerrantiEffectisnotaproblemwithlinesthatareloadedbecauselinecapacitiveeffectisconstantindependentofload,while
inductancewillvarywithload.Asinductiveloadisadded,theVARgeneratedbythelinecapacitanceisconsumedbytheload.

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Theneedforlargeshuntreactorsappearedwhenlongpowertransmissionlinesforsystemvoltage220kV&higherwerebuilt.
Thecharacteristicparametersofalinearetheseriesinductance(duetothemagneticfieldaroundtheconductors)&theshunt
capacitance(duetotheelectrostaticfieldtoearth).

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Boththeinductance&thecapacitancearedistributedalongthelengthoftheline.Soaretheseriesresistanceandtheadmittance
toearth.Whenthelineisloaded,thereisavoltagedropalongthelineduetotheseriesinductanceandtheseriesresistance.
Whenthelineisenergizedbutnotloadedoronlyloadedwithasmallcurrent,thereisavoltagerisealongtheline(theFerranti
effect)
Inthissituation,thecapacitancetoearthdrawsacurrentthroughtheline,whichmaybecapacitive.Whenacapacitivecurrent
flowsthroughthelineinductancetherewillbeavoltagerisealongtheline.
Tostabilizethelinevoltagethelineinductancecanbecompensatedbymeansofseriescapacitorsandthelinecapacitanceto
earthbyshuntreactors.Seriescapacitorsareplacedatdifferentplacesalongthelinewhileshuntreactorsareofteninstalledin
thestationsattheendsofline.Inthisway,thevoltagedifferencebetweentheendsofthelineisreducedbothinamplitudeand
inphaseangle.
Shuntreactorsmayalsobeconnectedtothepowersystematjunctureswhereseverallinesmeetortotertiarywindingsof
transformers.
Transmissioncableshavemuchhighercapacitancetoearththanoverheadlines.Longsubmarinecablesforsystemvoltagesof
100KVandmoreneedshuntreactors.Thesamegoesforlargeurbannetworkstopreventexcessivevoltagerisewhenahigh
loadsuddenlyfallsoutduetoafailure.
Shuntreactorscontainthesamecomponentsaspowertransformers,likewindings,core,tank,bushingsandinsulatingoiland
aresuitableformanufacturingintransformerfactories.Themaindifferenceisthereactorcorelimbs,whichhavenonmagnetic
gapsinsertedbetweenpacketsofcoresteel.
3phasereactorscanalsobemade.Thesemayhave3or5limbedcores.Ina3limbedcorethereisstrongmagneticcoupling
betweenthethreephases,whileina5limbedcorethephasesaremagneticallyindependentduetotheenclosingmagneticframe
formedbythetwoyokesandthetwounwoundsidelimbs.
Theneutralofshuntreactormaybedirectlyearthed,earthedthroughanEarthingreactororunearthed.
Whenthereactorneutralisdirectlyearthed,thewindingarenormallydesignedwithgradedinsulationintheearthedend.The
mainterminalisatthemiddleofthelimbheight,&thewindingconsistsoftwoparallelconnectedhalves,onebelow&one
abovethemainterminal.Theinsulationdistancetotheyokescanthenbemaderelativelysmall.Sometimesasmallextra
windingforlocalelectricitysupplyisinsertedbetweenthemainwinding&yoke.
Whenenergizedthegapsareexposedtolargepulsationcompressiveforcedwithafrequencyoftwicethefrequencyofthe
systemvoltage.Thepeakvalueoftheseforcesmayeasilyamountto106N/m2(100ton/m2).Forthisreasonthedesignofthe
coremustbeverysolid,&themodulusofelasticityofthenonmagnetic(&nonmetallic)materialusedingapsmustbehigh
(smallcompression)inordertoavoidlargevibrationamplitudeswithhighsoundlevelconsequently.Thematerialinthegaps
mustalsobestabletoavoidescalatingvibrationamplitudesintheend.
Testingofreactorsrequirescapacitivepowerinthetestfieldequaltothenominalpowerofthereactorwhileatransformercan
betestedwithareactivepowerequalto1020%ofthetransformerpowerratingbyfeedingthetransformerwithnominal
currentinshortcircuitcondition.
Thelossinthevariouspartsofthereactor(12R,ironloss&additionalloss)cannotbeseparatedbymeasurement.Itisthus
preferable,inordertoavoidcorrectionstoreferencetemperature,toperformthelossmeasurementwhentheaverage
temperatureofthewindingispracticallyequaltothereferencetemperature.

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Powerflowbetweentwobusescanbeexpressedas:
PowerFlow=(Vs*Vr/X)*SineofthePowerAngle.
Inotherwords:powerflow(inwatts)betweentwobuseswillbeequaltothevoltageonthesendingbusmultipliedbythe
voltageonthereceivingbusdividedbythelinereactance,multipliedbythesineofthepoweranglebetweenthetwobuses.
Thisleavesgridoperatorswithatleasttwooptionsformakingapathmoreconducivetopowerflow,orifdesired,makinga
pathlooklessconducivetopowerflow.Thetwooptionsareto(1)adjustlinereactanceand(2)adjustpowerangle.ThePhase
ShiftingTransformer(PST)affectsthesecondoption,i.e.adjustingpowerangle.
ThephysicalappearanceofthePSTdeviceisnoteworthy,beingoneofthefewtransformertypeswherethephysicalheightand 
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ThephysicalappearanceofthePSTdeviceisnoteworthy,beingoneofthefewtransformertypeswherethephysicalheightand
constructionoftheprimarybushingsisthesameasthesecondarybushings.Thismakessensesincebothbushingsetsareatthe
samepotential.Internally,theprimaryvoltageofaPSTisbusseddirectlytothesecondarybushings,withoneimportant
addition.Theprimaryvoltageisappliedtoadeltawoundtransformerprimarythathasadjustabletapsthatinjectopposing
phasesignals.ForinstancetheABprimarywindinghasaCphaseinjection,theBCwindingisinjectedwithA,andtheCA
windingisinjectedwithB.Theseinjectionpointsaresimultaneouslyadjustabletapsthatresultinanadjustableshiftofpower
angle.
SincepowerangleisadirectcontributortothePowerFlowformulaprovidedabove(inthenumerator,notthedenominator),
changingthePSTtapsettingscanincreasepoweranglemakingthepathmoreconducivetopowerflow.ThePSTtapsettingscan
alsodecreasepoweranglemakingthepathlessconducivetopowerflow.(Rememberthatpowerflowsdownhillonangle.)
Whyisthisimportant?Manytransmissionpathsnaturallyhavelessimpedancebyvirtueoftheirconstructionandlength,and
thesepathscancarryscheduledflowaswellasunscheduledflowfromparallel(buthigherimpedance)paths.Insomecases
theselowimpedancepathsbecomecongestedandPSTdevicesandotherdevicesandtechniquesmaybeusedtorelievethe
congestion.Thisisparticularlythecaseinregionswheretransmissionpathsarelessdenselydeveloped.
FILEDUNDERUNCATEGORIZED
AboutJignesh.Parmar
JigneshParmarhascompletedM.Tech(PowerSystemControl),B.E(Electrical)fromGujaratUniversity.Hehasmorethan13years
experienceinPowerTransmissionPowerDistributionElectricalenergytheftdetectionElectricalMaintenanceElectrical
Projects(PlanningDesigningcoordinationExecution).HeisPresentlyassociatewithoneoftheleadingbusinessgroupasaDeputy
ManageratAhmedabad,India.HeisFreelancerProgrammerofAdvanceExcelanddesignusefulExcelSheetsofElectrical
EngineeringasperIS,NEC,IEC,IEEEcodes.HeistechnicalAuthorforElectricalMirrorandElectricalIndiaMagazines.Heis
TechnicalBloggerandFamiliarwithEnglish,Hindi,Gujarati,Frenchlanguages.HewantstoSharehisexperience&knowledgeand
helptechnicalenthusiaststofindsuitablesolutionsandupdatingthemselvesonvariousEngineeringTopics.

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MadhusudhanaReddysays:
June15,2011at7:36am
Verywellexplained.Itneedsapplaud.Thanks
Reply
sarayusays:
August23,2011at4:16pm
dittototheabovecomment
Reply
jsays:
October7,2011at5:28pm
Wonderfularticle..brilliantlyexplained..Thnxalot
Reply
jsays:
October7,2011at5:33pm
Sir,
Imdoingprojectonreductionofferrantieffectintransmissionline.Asyouareanexperiencedperson,Ineedyourhelp..Canu
givememoredetailsaboutFerrantieffect..VariousCauses,Effects,bestsolution..CurrentsolutionusedinIndia,Historyof
ferrantieffectproblemsinIndiaetc..
Thankingyou,
J
Reply
Saravanakumar.T.Bsays:
October8,2011at1:25pm
Wonderfuljob.Iappreciateyourconcernforeducatingothers.ThisdocumentexplainsFerrantieffortclearly&easyto
understand.
Reply
Sarahsays:
October10,2011at5:15am
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October10,2011at5:15am
Hi,Couldyouplsesharetheformulatocalculateferrantieffect?Tq
Reply
Georgesays:
December2,2011at8:25pm
Arehighvoltageoverheadlines400Kv,inherentlymoreinductivewhenheavilyloaded,orisitjustthereismoreinductiveload.
Iftheyincreaseinherentlyininductance,whatisthecauseofthat?
ThanksforyouitemonFerrantieffect
Reply
saadsays:
March31,2012at1:50am
wellexplained
Reply
SantoshMondalsays:
April25,2012at5:24am
Veryusefulindeed.Ihavebeengreatlybenefitedbythisarticle.Thankingyou.
Reply
prasantasays:
May7,2012at6:06pm
verywellexplained.thanku..plscarryonurgoodwork.
Reply
TeddyKMutalesays:
September5,2012at12:29pm
Wellexplainedthankyou
Reply
balajisays:
October5,2012at6:10pm
sirplsexplainabouttypeofieccurvesandansicurves.andtellmethatwhichwhichcurveissettothespecificfault?
Reply
Umangsays:
November4,2012at3:51pm
greatexplanationthankyou
Reply
Maazsays:
December3,2012at8:11pm
fernnatieffectalsominimisedbytapchangingtransformerandbyreducingtheexcitationofgenerator
Reply
VenkataSairamsays:
February7,2013at2:30pm
Thankyoujignesh.verygoodexplanation.keepitup.
Reply
s.a.krishnavinehasays:
August30,2014at11:24am
thankyou.wellexplained
Reply
maynksays:
September3,2014at5:41pm
Thnx
Reply
Sonamsays:
November9,2014at5:59pm
Good
Reply
sureshsays:
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Reply

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sureshsays:
March19,2015at6:50am
Ihavecharged132KVS/CLineoflength35.9Kms,Therewasnoterminalequipmentatreceivingend,Thislineremained
chargedforonemonthandfivedaysandthenconductorwassnappedneartoreceivingend.IsthereanyFerrantieffectonthis
lineorfailureisduetoinsulators
Reply
FranFreijedosays:
April6,2015at10:35pm
Verygoodandusefulpost!thx!
Reply
rajusays:
May13,2015at4:08am
tellmewhenthereceivingendvoltageismorethenwhycurrentdoesnotflowinreversedirection
Reply

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