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suppose we use 0 to 16mA whether it is process value zero or power supply failer that is why we are using zero is
4mA maximum value 20mA.why standardized 4 to 20mA is 0%of process value is 4 mA,25% is 8mA,50% is
12mA,75% is 16mA,100% is 20mA.
Communicator
provides a smart interface with HART electronic transmitters : it is designed to enable the plant engineer to configure, calibrate and
troubleshoot the transmitters either before or after field installation.
The Hand Held Communicator can store in its non-volatile memory up to 32 transmitter configurations. It can also be used as a Modem
between the Personal Computer and the transmitter.
The Communicator employs a four line by twenty dot- matrix characters LCD and a 25 key tactile feedback keyboard : the use of the keyboard is based either on
dedicated keys or software defined keys.
The communication between the Communicator and the transmitter is based on standard Bell 202 FSK ( Frequen-cy Shift Keying) current
modulation superimposed on the 4 to 20 mA analog signal: since the energy balance added to the current loop is virtually equal to zero no disturbance or
interference occurs on the analog process signal.
This version of the Communicator is powered by internal rechargeable batteries and is certified intrinsi- cally safe for use in hazardous locations.
Digital differs from analogue by the amount of information that can be held in a single communication line (wire). Digital means the wire will
be either high or low (0v or 5v) and nothing inbetween. Analogue means that the value can be anything between high and low
inclusively (between and including 0v to 5v).
What is the need for used 4-20m signal and why is 0-10V signal not used?
1)4-20 ma is a standard signal which can easily be converted into 1-5 v by using 250 ohm resistance
2)voltage drop & long distance can be used without external noise
if some instrument fails,it shows 0,and also no flows through the device it wil show 0.so we start with 4 ma current
first of all current signal can be transmitted very easily than voltage signal. and if the instrumnt shows 0 value then we cant understand
whethr the instrmnt is working or the measerd value is 0.
where are used dry leg and wet leg system in level measurement?
wet leg used for tank which pressurized with steam or gas...in steam drum level, LP side of DPT should b filled with condensate to ensure steam will not
reach to DP cell and ensure constant hydrostatic press at reference leg.. f it is dry, erroneous reading would b due to some steam will trap at the leg and
eventually would condense...during field calibration, hydrostatic of wet leg has been zeroed...my understanding is the point of wet leg is to have constant
hydrostatic press in reference leg...
dry leg also for close tank which contained gas that is not corossive and condensation is less or even not possible at ambient temp condition...just to make sure
that there is no condensation happen in the reference leg...not necessary for open tank.
What is the differace between Volumatric flow meter and Mass flow meter
Mass flow meter is using only gas. Measuring mass of gases . volumetric flow meter is measuring flow of the liquid
Junction Box
To interconnect to (cable safety)
What is zero elevation and zero suppression in an hydrostatic pressure type of level sensor??
Its depends upon datum lavel if water level will be above the datum 4mA (+) its elevation
If water level below the datum 4mA(-) its a suppression
Simple way
+4mA-elevation
-4mA-supression.
Zero elevator mean above the 0, zero suppression mean below the 0.
Zero suppression means above the zero and zero elevation means below the zero ex for suppression:20 to 100 % and elevation means -20 to 100
Terms for suppresion and elevation r used for level measurement using dp cell. if the installation done in such a way whre negative side install at top taping point
and filled up with liguid ( also called "wet leg" ) then u will find the dp value will be negative at zero % level and will increase toward positive as the level increase.
this installation called zero supression.. say the other way round i f the installation is reverse.... I make the corection for my statement above , actually negative
side is conected to top taping point instead of positive side...sorry for the mistake...
Zero suppression: whn the pressure instrument mounted bellow pressure line, the error caused to the instrument reading is posittive error, that means the
instruments read the total pressure of the line pressure + the pressure excerted by the liquid column from the process line to the pressure instrument.
Zero elevation : when pressure instrument mounted above the pressure line , the error caused by the instrument is negative.... ..... ...
90% people don't know about Second question in Instrumentation Field. 1. Difference Between MOV and ESDV, 2.
Example.one process pipeline (liquid- crude oil-20") - Already one MOV in that line but Client want to fix one ESDV Valve in
that 20" line- . so which valve will come upstream side?.
Normal practice ESD valve will be placed in Upstream of Control valves... In this case u pls clarify the usage of MOV.. MOv action s ON/OFF or throttling type?if it s
a throttling type u should place ESD valve in Upstream of MOV. If it s a ON/OFF type, there s no meaning to have MOV with ESD valve.u can replace MOV with
ESD valve. In Emergency Agr MOV ki Power Supply kam karna chorh de to MOV will not operate so systm will destroy so b/c of this we sue EDSV on Upstream
b/c its always alive
Why this field instruments in field going to junction box and going to marshalling cabinet is powered by current?
Incase we con't use J.B & connection are like field instruments to marshalling cabinet. If any problem came we con't find the problem easily. That why, we use JB.
Field instruments are connected to panel through near to the JB. If voltage is used, magnetic flux will create , because of many voltage lines are in near. so it
disturb the value. so use CURRENT
In long distance voltage drop possible but current never drop
There are both cold & hot loop checks.....cold means mere continuity checking of cable wire
termination bw field to ccr!!!hot means analog or digital signal check of instrument.
Cold loop testing means testing of process loop offiline, i.e testing of loops before actual starting of project.
And hot loop testing means testing of process loop online i.e testing of loops in running condition.
Calibration
Calibration
means
compare
the
response
of
an
instrument
with
standard
instrument
calibration is a process of compairing std instrument with that of a reference instrument.
It is a procedure to testing cheking making and adjustment as per requirement that is called calibration
Calibration is a Process in which a Test Instrument is compair with Standard Instrument..
Microcontroller
The Hercules Safety MCUs offer an ARM Cortex-R4F based solution and are certified suitable for use in systems that need to achieve
IEC61508 SIL-3 safety levels. These MCUs also offer integrated floating point, 12 bit ADCs, motor-control-specific PWMs and encoder inputs
via its flexible HET Timer co-processor. Hercules Safety MCUs can also be used to implement scalar and vector-control techniques and
support a range of performance requirements.
Power
To protect against transients and ground loops, the field side which interfaces to sensors is electrically isolated from the control side. The
design can be customized for performance and cost by using a DC-DC converter and discrete components or pre-built isolated DC-DC
converter modules can be used. Other considerations include high efficiency and integration along with smaller packages. Picking a DC-DC
converter with a large input range will protect again supply transients.
Power
To protect against transients and ground loops, the field side which interfaces to sensors is electrically isolated from the control side. This is
done on a per channel basis or by isolating groups of channels from each other and from the control side. The design can be customized for
performance and cost by using a DC-DC converter and discrete components or pre-built isolated DC-DC converter modules can be used.
Other considerations include high efficiency and integration along with smaller packages. Picking a DC-DC converter with a large input range
will protect again supply transients. Finally, using LDO's with good PSRR (Power Supply rejection Ratio) to supply the precision analog
circuitry will reduce the power supply ripple and preserve system accuracy and resolution.
and
the
master
station
(all
falling
under
the
umbrella
of
SCADA
system)
but
also
the
field
devices
(both
transducers
and
control
devices).
The
field
devices
however
fall
outside
the
scope
of
SCADA
in
this
manual
and
will
not
be
discussed
further.
A
diagram
of
a
typical
SCADA
system
is
given
opposite.
On
a
more
complex
SCADA
system
there
are
essentially
five
levels
or
hierarchies:
Field
level
instrumentation
and
control
devices
Marshalling
terminals
and
RTUs
Communications
system
The
master
station(s)
The
commercial
data
processing
department
computer
system
The
RTU
provides
an
interface
to
the
field
analog
and
digital
signals
situated
at
each
remote
site.
The
communications
system
provides
the
pathway
for
communications
between
the
master
station
and
the
remote
sites.
This
communication
system
can
be
radio,
telephone
line,
microwave
and
possibly
even
satellite.
Specific
protocols
and
error
detection
philosophies
are
used
for
efficient
and
optimum
transfer
of
data.
The
master
station
(and
submasters)
gather
data
from
the
various
RTUs
and
generally
provide
an
operator
interface
for
display
of
information
and
control
of
the
remote
sites.
In
large
telemetry
systems,
submaster
sites
gather
information
from
remote
sites
and
act
as
a
relay
back
to
the
control
master
station.
SCADA
technology
has
existed
since
the
early
sixties
and
there
are
now
two
other
competing
approaches
possible
distributed
control
system
(DCS)
and
programmable
logic
controller
(PLC).
In
addition
there
has
been
a
growing
trend
to
use
smart
instruments
as
a
key
component
in
all
these
systems.
Of
course,
in
the
real
world,
the
designer
will
mix
and
match
the
four
approaches
to
produce
an
effective
system
matching
his/her
application.
D.
Smart
instrument
Although
this
term
is
sometimes
misused,
it
typically
means
an
intelligent
(microprocessor
based)
digital
measuring
sensor
(such
as
a
flow
meter)
with
digital
data
communications
provided
to
some
diagnostic
panel
or
computer
based
system.
This
tutorial
will
henceforth
consider
DCS,
PLC
and
smart
instruments
as
variations
IMPORTANT
INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS
FOR
INSTRUMENTATION
ENGINEERING(PART
1)
Hello
Friends,
here
i
am
posting
about
important
interview
part
1
questions
which
are
mostly
asked
by
the
all
core
companies
like
HONEYWELL,
SOLITONTECH
,
MAHINDRA
SATYAM
,
L&T
etc.
So
please
make
use
of
it.
All
the
best!!!
PART
1
QUESTIONS:
What
are
different
types
of
orifice
plates?
State
their
uses.
How
do
you
identify
an
orifice
in
the
pipeline?
Why
is
the
orifice
tab
provided?
Explain
Bernoullis
theorem.
State
its
application.
How
can
a
D.P.
transmitter
be
calibrated?
How
is
flow
measured
in
square
root?
Name
different
parts
of
a
pressure
gauge.
Explain
the
use
of
hair
spring
in
the
pressure
gauge.
ANSWERS:
1.
What
are
different
types
of
orifice
plates?
State
their
uses.
Different
orifice
plates
are:
1.
Concentric
2.
Segmental
3.
Eccentric
Concentric:
These
plates
are
used
for
ideal
liquid
as
well
as
gases
and
steam
service.
Concentric
holes
are
present
in
these
plates,
thats
why
it
is
known
as
concentric
orifice.
Segmental:
This
plate
has
hole
in
the
form
of
segment
of
the
circle.
This
plate
is
used
for
colloidal
and
sherry
flow
measurement.
Eccentric:
This
plate
has
the
eccentric
holes.
This
plate
is
used
in
viscous
and
sherry
flow
measurement.
2.
How
do
you
identify
an
orifice
in
the
pipeline?
An
orifice
tab
is
welded
on
the
orifice
plate
which
extends
out
of
the
line
giving
an
indication
of
the
orifice
plate.
3.Why
is
the
orifice
tab
provided?
Following
reasons
justify
for
providing
orifice
tab:
1.
Indication
of
orifice
plate
in
a
line
2.
The
orifice
diameter
is
marked
on
it.
3.
The
material
of
the
orifice
plate.
4.
The
tag
number
of
the
orifice
plate.
5.
To
mark
the
inlet
of
an
orifice.
4.
Explain
Bernoullis
theorem.
State
its
application?
Bernoullis
theorem
states
that
the
total
energy
of
a
liquid
flowing
from
one
point
to
another
remains
constant.
It
is
applicable
for
non-compressible
liquids.
For
different
types
of
liquid
flow
Bernoullis
equation
changes.
There
is
direct
proportion
between
speed
of
fluid
and
its
dynamic
pressure
and
its
kinetic
energy.
It
can
be
used
in
various
real
life
situations
like
measuring
pressure
on
aircraft
wing
and
calibrating
the
airspeed
indicator.
It
can
also
be
used
to
low
pressure
in
the
venturi
tubes
present
in
carburetor.
5.
How
can
a
D.P.
transmitter
be
calibrated?
D.P.
transmitter
can
be
calibrated
using
following
steps:
1.
Adjust
zero
of
Xmtrs.
2.
Perform
static
pressure
test:
Give
equal
pressure
on
both
sides
of
transmitter.
Zero
should
not
shift
either
side.
If
the
zero
shifts
then
carry
out
static
alignment.
3.
Perform
vacuum
test:
Apply
equal
vacuum
to
both
the
sides.
Zero
should
not
shift.
4.
Calibration
procedure:
Give
20
psi
air
supply
to
the
transmitter
and
vent
L.P.
side
to
atmosphere.
Connect
output
of
the
instrument
to
the
standard
test
gauge.
Adjust
zero.
Apply
required
pressure
to
the
high
pressure
side
and
adjust
the
span.
Adjust
zero
gain
if
necessary.
6.
How
is
flow
measured
in
square
root?
Flow
varies
directly
as
the
square
root
of
pressure.
Thus,
F=K
of
square
root
of
applied
pressure.
Since
this
flow
varies
as
the
square
root
of
differential
pressure.
The
pressure
pen
does
not
directly
indicate
flow.
Thus
flow
can
be
determined
by
taking
the
square
root
of
the
pen.
Assume
the
pen
reads
50%
of
the
chart.
So,
flow
can
be
calculated
using
the
pen
measure
in
the
chart.
7.
Name
different
parts
of
a
pressure
gauge.
Explain
the
use
of
hair
spring
in
the
pressure
gauge.
Pressure
gauge
includes
following
components:
1.
C
type
bourdon
tube.
2.
Connecting
link3.
Sector
gear
4.
Pinion
Gear
5.
Hair
spring
6.
Pointer
7.
Dial
Use
of
hair
spring:
Hair
spring
is
responsible
for
controlling
torque.
It
is
also
used
to
eliminate
any
play
into
linkages.
If
you
have
any
doubts
ask
me
by
using
the
comment
box.