PPL Nav - Excercises - 07

PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE
NAVIGATION
PPL NAVIGATION EXERCISES
DRAWING AND MEASURING
19.
Heading 270 (T) TAS 142 Kts

and groundspeed is:
W/V 190/25.
The track
20.
Track 084, TAS 102 kts, W/V 300/28. The Heading and
Groundspeed is:
21.
Ras 115 kts, FL 085, OAT +3C, Track 213, W/V 055/15.
The Heading and Groundspeed is:
1.
On a flight from Nieuwoudtville (S3123 E01904) to

Kimberley (S2850 E02446), the mean magnetic track and
distance is:
2.
The magnetic track and distance from Johannesburg

International (S26:09 E028:14) to Cape Town CTV (S33:58
E018:36) is:
22.
3.
The magnetic track and distance from Upington (S28 24

E021 16) to George (S34 00 E022 23) is:
Ras 138 kts, FL 105, OAT -7C, Track 341, W/V 135/15. The
Heading and Groundspeed is:
23.
The mean magnetic track and distance from Rand (S26:15

E028:09) to JSV (S26:09 E028:14) is:
Ras 165 kts, FL 130, ISA +15, Track 108, W/V 270/18. The
24.
25.
Heading 095 (T), TAS 200 Kts, Track 079 (T),

Groundspeed 148 kts. The wind velocity is:
26.
Heading 341 (T), TAS 128 Kts, Track 336 (T), Distance
covered in 45 minutes 78 nm. The wind velocity is:
27.
TAS 155 Kts, 7 Right drift, Track 224 (T), Distance

covered in 38 minutes 102 nm. The wind velocity is:
28.
Heading 183(T), TAS 136 Kts, 7 Right drift,

29.
TAS 186 Kts, 4 Left drift, Track 312(T), Groundspeed

174 kts. The wind velocity is:
30.
Heading 053(T), TAS 155 Kts, 4 Right drift,

31.
Ras 107 kts, FL 85, OAT +6C, Track 043, W/V 215/25. The
Drift is:
4.
5.
En route Heidelburg (S2646 E02817) to Durban (S2958

E03057), the distance and magnetic bearing (QDM) to
Vrede (S2725 E02910) when abeam is:
6.
From Maseru MZV (S2930 E02732) to Ermelo (S2635

E03000), the distance and magnetic bearing (QDM) to
Secunda SU (S2631 E02911) when abeam is:
7.
The distance and magnetic bearing (QDR) from Cape Town

(S33:58 E018:36) to Robben Island (S33:48 E018:19) is:
8.
The magnetic track and distance from Cape Town (S33:58

E018:36) to Durban BDV (S29:58 E030:57) is:
9.
From Burgersdorp (S3058 E02619) to Humansdorp

(S3400 E02448), the distance and magnetic bearing
(QDM) to Cookhouse CH (S3245 E02547) at halfway is:
10.
Halfway from George (S34 00 E022 23) to Lanseria (S25 58

E027 55), the distance and magnetic bearing (QDR) from
Kimberley (S28 50 E024 46) is:
11.
The track (M) and distance between Morija MR (S29:36

E027:30) to Maseru MU (S29:18 E027:30) is:
32.
Drift is:
12.
The distance and magnetic bearing (QDM) from

Umtata (S31 33 E028 44) to Lusikisiki (S31 18 E029 32) is:
33.
Heading 004, TAS 121 kts, W/V 085/25. The Drift is:
34.
13.
The initial track (T), mean track (T), and final track (T) from
Alexander Bay (S28:34 E016:32) to Cape St Lucia (S28:31
E032:24) is:
Ras 121 kts, FL 105, ISA +7, Heading 323, W/V 035/25. The
Drift is:
35.
Heading 312, Track 316.
The drift is:
36.
Track 226, Heading 222.
The drift is:
37.
Heading 046, Track 038.
The drift is:
The initial track (T), mean track (T), and final track (T) from
Richards Bay (S28:44 E032:06) to Cape Columbine (S32:48
E017:50) is:
38.
Track 002, Heading 358.
The drift is:
39.
Track 182, Drift 5 Right. The heading is:
The track (M) and distance between Skukuza SZ (S2459

E03136) to Malelane MN (S2530 E03136) is:
40.
Hdg 316, Drift 5 Right. The track is:
14.
15.
16.
The magnetic track and distance from Maputo (S25:52

E032:36) to Cape Agulhas (S34:50 E020:01) is:
HEADING, GROUNDSPEED & ETA
TRIANGLE OF VELOCITIES
41.
17.
TAS 200 Kts Heading 095 (T) W/V 010/45 Kts. The track
and groundspeed is:
18.
Heading 120 (T) TAS 175 Kts

and groundspeed is:
PPL NAVIGATION
V1-6
1324Z Overhead ALEXANDER BAY ABV (S 28:34 E 016:30)

on a direct track to LANSERIA (S 25:58 E 027:55) TAS 180
kts, W/V 230/45. The heading (T) to steer, ground speed
and ETA at LANSERIA is:
W/V 045/35. The track
43 AIR SCHOOL
1/8

42.
43.
NAVIGATION
An aeroplane departs CAPE TOWN CTV (S 33:58 E 018:36)

on a direct track to DURBAN DNV(S 29:46 E 031:00),
TAS210Kts, W/V 310/45. The mean magnetic heading to
steer, ground speed and flight time is:
An aeroplane departs CAPE TOWN CTV (S33:58 E 018:36)
at 1700 Z on a direct track to MARGATE MG (S 30:52 E
030:20), TAS 220 Kts, W/V 300/55. The heading (M) to
steer, ground speed, and ETA MARGATE is:
44.
An aeroplane departs LADYSMITH LYV (S 28:33 E 029:45)

on a direct track to SUTHERLAND SLV (S32:24 E 020:39),
TAS 125 Kts, W/V 320/25, Deviation 4W. The compass
heading to steer, GS, and leg time is:
45.
An aeroplane departs MASERU MZV (S 29:46 E 027:34) at

1615Z on a direct track to CAPE TOWN (S 33:58 E 018:36),
TAS180, W/V 300/50. The ETA abeam VICTORIA WEST
VWV (S31:24 E 023:08) is:
55.
0954
56.
47.
48.
49.
50.
An aeroplane departs DURBAN DNV(S 29:46 E 031:00) at

1321Z on a direct track to KEETMANSHOOP KTV(S 26:35
E 018:05), TAS180Kts, W/V 330/45. The initial magnetic
heading to steer, ground speed, and ETA is:
GENERAL PROBLEMS
An aeroplane departs MAFIKENG MMV (S 25:51 E 025:30)

at 1330 Z on a direct track to KEETMANSHOOP
KTV(S 26:35 E 018:05), TAS 195Kts, W/V 255/20. The
ETA at the WINDHOEK FIR Boundary (E 020:00) is :-
What is the Radial and DME of CRADOCK (S3205

E02538) from BISHO BOV (S3255 E02716)?
60.
An aircraft departs ALEXANDER BAY ABV (S 28:34

E 016:30) on a direct track to LADYSMITH LYV (S28:33 E
029:45), FL 130, OAT-5C,RAS 175 Kts. W/V 345/50,
Compass Deviation +2E. The mean compass heading to
steer and flight time to LYV is:
An aircraft flying in the vicinity of Cradock (Approximately

S3205 E02538) on a heading of 057(M) receives a
relative bearing of 077 to BISHO BOV (S3255 E02716).
What is the true bearing (QTE) from Bisho?
61.
VICTORIA WEST VW (S3124 E02310) to WILLOWMORE

(S3310 E02337) in 1 hour 10 minutes, 18 kts HWC
What is the TAS?
1652 Z
62.
0932
Overhead CAPE TOWN CTV (S3358 E01836)
1010
Overhead SUTHERLAND SLV (S3224 E02039)
What is the TAS if the TWC is 15 kts?
63.
An aircraft gets airborne from an airfield with elevation 3225

ft. The aircraft has a GS of 90 kts in the climb and must
reach an altitude of 6870 ft within 13 nm. What is the
required ROC?
64.
Plan a descent from FL 115 to overhead an airfield at 1050 ft.

ROD is 550 fpm. Descent GS 85 kts. What is the distance
of TOD from the airfield?
1000 Z
1453 Z
1127
1235
54.
Overhead PIETERMARITZBURG PMV (S 29:39

E 030:24) on route to BISHO BOV (S 32:55
E 027:16).
Overhead KOCKSTAD (S 30 32 E 029 29)
a. What is the Radial and DME from DURBAN
DNV (S 29 46 E 031 00)
b. What is the ETA for Bisho?
59.
1656 Z
53.
1010
Overhead ALEXANDER BAY ABV (S 28:34

E 016:30) on a direct track to UPINGTON UPV
(S 28:25 E 021:16).
Abeam KARASBURG (S 28 13 E 018 44)
The ETA for Upington is:
What is the true bearing (QTE) and distance of

WILLOWMORE (S3310 E02337) from GEORGE GGV
(S3400 E02222)?
1057 Z
52.
0942
Overhead Pomfret NDB PF (S 25:51 E 023:30) on

a direct track to Phalaborwa PHV (S 23:56
E 031:08) Heading 073 (T).
Gabarone NDB GBE (S 24:33 E 025:55) bears
273 Relative.
The ETA for Phalaborwa is:
58.
An aeroplane departs GEORGE GGV (S 34:00 E 022:22) at

0730 Z on a direct track to KEETMANSHOOP KTV(S 26:35
E 018:05), TAS175Kts, W/V 225/25.
The ETA at the
WINDHOEK FIR Boundary (S 27:30) is:
1736 Z
51.
1347
1453
57.
46.
0915
Overhead EAST LONDON ELV (S 33:02

E 027:53) enroute to LADYSMITH LYV (S 28:33
E 029:45), Heading 013 (T), TAS190
MARGATE NDB MG (S 30:53 E 030:20) bears
098 Relative.
The revised ETA for LADYSMITH is:
Overhead HOTAZEL HZ (S 27:15 E 022:56)
TAS 170 on a direct track to LADYSMITH LYV
(S 28:33 E 029:44)
Overhead WELKOM WM (S 28:00 E 026:42)
The revised ETA for LADYSMITH is:
Overhead PORT SHEPSTON ZTD (S 30:44
E 030:25) TAS 125 kts. On a direct track to
PORT ELIZABETH PEV (S 33:59 E 025:37)
W/V 360/25
Overhead BISHO BOV (S 32:55 E 027:16)
The revised ETA for PORT ELIZABETH is:
SUNRISE/DAY & SUNSET/NIGHT
Overhead UPINGTON UPV (S 28:25 E 021:16)

TAS 195 kts, on a direct track to BISHO BOV
(S 32:55 E 027:16), Heading 139(T)
VICTORIA WEST NDB VW (S 31:24 E 023:10)
bearing 083 relative
The ETA at BISHO is:
0807
Overhead Cape Town CTV (S 33:58 E 018:35) on
a direct track to East London ELV (S 33:02 E 027:53) TAS
175 kts, W/V 300/35. The ETA at the Port Elizabeth FIR
boundary 24E is:
PPL NAVIGATION
V1-6
65.
Define sunrise and sunset with reference to the physical sun

and the horizon.
66.
Define twighlight.
67.
Define official night with respect to sunset and sunrise.
68.
Define official day with respect to sunset and sunrise.
69.
If the sunrise was 0543 LMT in Upington (S28:25 E021:16),

what was the official end of night in SAST?
70.
If the sunrise was 0543 LMT in Durban (S29:46 E031:00),

what was the official end of night in SAST?
71.
If the sunset was 1823 LMT in Cape Town (S33:58 E018:35),

what was the official start of night in SAST?
43 AIR SCHOOL
2/8

72.
NAVIGATION
If the sunset was 1823 LMT in Lanseria (S25:58 E027:55),

what was the official start of night in SAST?
MAGNETIC COMPASS
73.
Flying straight and level in a Westerly direction (Southern

Hemisphere), the aircraft is accelerated. What will the
magnetic compass indicate?
Elevation 3380 ft. QNH 1018. OAT -5C. What is the

density altitude?
88.
Elevation 5345 ft. QNH 1003. OAT +17C. What is the

pressure altitude?
FUEL
89.
Fuel burn is approximately 13.3 Imp Gal / hr. How much fuel
will have been consumed between 0834Z and 0911Z? State
the answer in Imp Gallons, Litres and US Gallons.
90.
You require fuel at George for a flight to Cape Town. What is

the fuel required for a flight of approximately
1 hour 52 minutes if the computed fuel flow is 58.7 Litre/hr?
State the answer in Litres, Imp Gallons and US Gallons.
91.
Flying in a northerly direction (Southern Hemisphere) an

aircraft turns right hand around onto a magnetic track of 090.
On what heading must the aircraft be rolled out when using
the magnetic compass?
FREDA checks are due. How much fuel has been

consumed if the last calculation was completed at 1548Z and
the time now is 1622Z. Fuel flow is approximately
8.3 US Gal / hr? State the answer in US Gallons, Imp
Gallons and Litres.
92.
Flying in a southerly direction (Southern Hemisphere) an

aircraft turns left hand around onto a magnetic track of 090.
If you have to travel 307 nm at a ground speed of 124 kts,

given a fuel flow of 9.2 USG/hr, what will the fuel burn of the
flight be? State the answer in US Gallons, Imp Gallons and
Litres.
93.
You plan to travel 278 nm at a calculated ground speed of

158 mph, given a fuel flow of 8.3 Imp Gal/hr, what will the trip
fuel be? State the answer in Imp Gallons, US Gallons and
Litres.
94.
Distance en route is 523 nm, Wind 270/25, Track 043(T),

TAS 145 mph, fuel flow 17.3 US Gal / hr. Fuel required for
the flight is? State the answer in US Gallons, Imp Gallons
and Litres.
95.
Distance from X to Y is 457 nm, Wind 190/30, Track 217(T),

TAS 205 kts, fuel flow 11.2 Imp Gal / hr. Fuel required for
the flight is? State the answer in Imp Gallons, US Gallons
and Litres.
96.
Distance en route is 287 nm, Wind 050/20, Track 167(T),

TAS 137 mph, Power setting 60% = 13.7 USG / hr. The trip
fuel is? State the answer in US Gallons, Imp Gallons and
Litres.
97.
The distance covered during a flight was 243 nm. The fuel
burn was 17.7 US Gal. What was the ground speed if the
fuel flow was 7.8 Imp Gal/hr?
98.
The distance covered during a flight was 357 nm. The fuel
burn was 14.3 US Gal. What was the ground speed if the
fuel flow was 33.7 Litre/Hr?
74.
Flying straight and level in a Northerly direction (Southern

Hemisphere), the aircraft is accelerated. What will the
magnetic compass indicate?
75.
Flying in a westerly direction (Southern Hemisphere) an

aircraft turns right hand around onto a magnetic track of 360.
76.
Flying in a westerly direction (Southern Hemisphere) an

aircraft turns left hand around onto a magnetic track of 180.
77.
78.
87.
1:60 RULE
79.
Flying from A to B 127 nm apart. After 44 nm you are 3 nm

left of track. What heading must you fly to parallel track if
you have been maintaining 312(C)?
80.
Flying from P to Q 139 nm apart. After 84 nm you are 6 nm

left of track. What heading change must be made to fly
directly to B?
81.
Flying from E to F 88 nm apart. After 35 nm you are 4 nm

parallel to track?
82.
Flying from X to Y 97 nm apart. After 75 nm you are 4 nm

right of track. What heading change must be made to fly
directly to Y if you have been maintaining a compass heading
of 074?
83.
Flying from C to D 45 nm apart. After 18 nm you are 5 nm

parallel to track?
84.
Flying from D to E 47 nm apart. After 11 nm you are 5 nm

left of track. What is the required heading to fly directly to E
if you have been maintaining heading 214(C)?
SCALE
99.
What is the scale of a map on which 47 cm represents an

earth distance of 71 nm?
ALTIMETRY
100. What is the scale of a map on which 31 cm represents an
earth distance of 93 nm?
85.
Elevation 2850 ft. QNH 1025. What is the pressure

altitude?
86.
Elevation 4375 ft. QNH 1002. OAT +32C. What is the

density altitude?
PPL NAVIGATION
V1-6
101. A distance of 18 cm measured on a 1:1 000 000 map is

covered in 37 minutes. What was the ground speed? State
your answer in kts, mph and kph.
43 AIR SCHOOL
3/8
NAVIGATION
102. A distance of 27 cm measured on a 1:500 000 map is

covered in 41 minutes. What was the ground speed? State
your answer in kts, mph and kph.
e.
103. How many cm on a 1:1 000 000 chart will an earth distance
of 214 nm be represented by?
104. How many cm on a 1:500 000 chart will an earth distance of
178 nm be represented by?
105. The distance on a chart between two VORs is 32 cm. The
scale is 1:1 000 000. The groundspeed is 117 kts. The time
taken to fly from one VOR to the other is?
106. The distance on a chart between two NDBs is 48 cm. The
scale is 1:500 000. The groundspeed is 247 mph. The time
taken to fly from one NDB to the other is?
f.
g.
h.
SYMBOLS
107. What do the following chart symbols represent?
a.
i.
b.
j.
84
c.
k.
57
d.
PPL NAVIGATION
V1-6
43 AIR SCHOOL
4/8
NAVIGATION
ANSWERS:
Notes:
QTE - True Bearing from a beacon

QUJ - True Bearing to a beacon
QDR Magnetic Bearing from a beacon
From a NDB it is called a QDR
From a VOR it is called a Radial
QDM Magnetic Bearing to a beacon
Magnetic Track and Mean Magnetic Track is exactly
the same thing..
Measure the track at Mid Meridian giving Mean True
Track. Apply the average (mean) variation along the
track giving you Mean Magnetic Track
Only if the question asks Initial Track will you measure
track at the first meridian along track, or Final Track
will you measure track at the last meridian along track.
25.
W/V 130/71
26.
GS 104 kts, W/V 360/26
27.
Hdg 217(T), GS 161 kts, W/V 113/20
28.
Track 190(T), W/V 077/18
29.
Hdg 316(T), W/V 360/17
30.
Track 057(T), W/V 283/15
31.
TAS 123 kts, Hdg 045, GS 148 kts. Drift 2 Left
32.
ISA +12 = -7C, TAS 191 kts, Hdg 208, GS 209 kts.
Drift 8 Right
33.
Track 352, GS 120 kts. Drift 12 Left
34.
ISA +7 = +1C, TAS 143 kts, Track 313, GS 137 kta.

Drift 10 Left
1.
063(T) + 21W = 084(M), 335 nm
2.
227(T) + 21W = 248(M), 684 nm
3.
171(T) + 22W = 193(M), 340 nm
35.
Drift 4 Right
4.
041(T) + 17W = 058(M), 8 nm
36.
Drift 4 Right
5.
QUJ 055 + 19W = QDM 074, 14 nm
37.
Drift 8 Left
6.
QUJ 309 +19W = QDM 328, 43 nm
38.
Drift 4 Right
39.
Heading 177
7.
QTE 312 + 24W = QDR 336, 16 nm
40.
Track 321
8.
069(T) + 23W = 092(M), 675 nm
41.
9.
QUJ 147 + 24W = QDM 171, 20 nm
Track 076(T) Hdg 082(T), GS 219 kts, Dist 628 nm,

Leg Time 2:52, ETA 1616
10.
QTE 160 + 20W = QDR 180, 75 nm
42.
Track 069(T) Hdg 058(T) + 23W = Hdg 081(M),

GS 228 kts, Dist 675 nm, Leg Time 2:57
11.
001(T) + 21W = 022(M), 19 nm
43.
12.
QUJ 069 + 24W = QDM 093, 45 nm

GS 254 kts, Dist 626 nm, Leg Time 2:28, ETA 1928
13.
Initial 093(T), Mean 090(T), Final 087(T)
44.
Track 244(T) Hdg 255(T) + 22W = Hdg 277(M) + 4W
14.
231(T) + 23W = 254(M), 840 nm
15.
Initial 248(T), Mean 252(T), Final 255(T)
16.
180(T) + 17W = 197(M), 30 nm
17.
Track 108(T), GS 201 kts
18.
19.
20.
Hdg 075, GS 123 kts
21.
TAS 132 kts, Hdg 211, GS 146 kts
22.
TAS 161 kts, Hdg 343, GS 174 kts
23.
OAT +4C, TAS 206 kts, Hdg 110, GS 223 kts
24.
OAT 0C, TAS 154 kts, Hdg 246, GS 163 kts
PPL NAVIGATION
V1-6
= 281(C), GS 117 kts, Dist 523 nm, Leg Time 4:28

45.

GS 150 kts, Dist 258 nm, Time 1:43, ETA 17:58
46.
Track 285(T) (30E) Hdg 295(T) + 23W =

Hdg 318(M), GS 145 kts, Dist 712 nm, Time 4:55, ETA
18:16
47.
Track 334(T), GS 182 kts, Dist 439 nm,

Time to FIR 2:25, ETA FIR 09:55Z
48.
Track 264(T), GS 175 kts, Dist 300 nm,

Time to FIR 1:45, ETA FIR 15:13Z
49.
095(C), Flight time 3:08

TAS 215 kts, Track 090(T) Hdg 077(T)
+ 20W = Hdg 097(M) - 2E = 095(C)
GS 222 kts, Dist 695 nm, Leg Time 3:08
43 AIR SCHOOL
5/8
NAVIGATION
50.
Revised ETA 1805Z

Hdg 013(T) + 098 RB = QUJ 111 = QTE 291 (almost
90, so use for a groundspeed check). Distance flown
170 nm in 44 minutes. GS 232 kts. Distance to go 111
nm at 232 kts will take 0:29 + 17:36 = ETA 18:05Z
64.
27 nm from the airfield

Descent = 11500 1050 = 10450 ft
Descent time = 10450 ft / 550 fpm = 0:19
Descent distance = GS x Time = 85 kts x 0:19 = 27 nm
So, TOD must be 27 nm from the airfield.
51.
Revised ETA 1143Z

203 nm in 0:57 = 214 kts GS.
165 nm to go at 214 kts GS = 0:46 + 10:57 = ETA 11:43
65.
Sunrise the first part (top rim of the disk) first becomes
visible.
Sunset the last part (top rim of the disk) disappears
behind the horizon.
52.
Revised ETA 1759Z

208 nm in 2:03 = 101 kts GS.
106 nm to go at 101 kts GS = 1:03 + 16:56 = ETA 17:59
66.
53.
ETA Bisho 1352Z

192 nm in 1:08 = GS 169 kts. Distance to go 218 nm at
169 kts will take 1:17 + 12:35 = ETA 13:52Z
The period of diffuse (day) light before sunrise in the

morning and after sunset in the evening. The light
conditions during Civil Twilight is such that normal tasks
can be completed without artificial lighting.
67.
Official night (South Africa) starts 15 minutes after sunset

and ends 15 minutes before sunrise.
68.
Official day (South Africa) starts 15 minutes before sunrise

and ends 15 minutes after sunset.
69.
0603 SAST
Sunrise 0543 LMT. End of night (start of day) 15 minutes
before sunrise = 0528 LMT. Use Arc to Time to convert
to UT, then SA Standard Time Factor of 2 hours to go from
UT to SAST. 2116 arc = 1:25 time.
Longitude East UT Least
So, 0528 LMT 1:25 = 0403 UT
and 0403 UT + 2:00 = 0603 SAST
70.
0524 SAST
Sunrise 0543 LMT. End of night (start of day) 15 minutes
before sunrise = 0528 LMT. Use Arc to Time to convert
to UT, then SA Standard Time Factor of 2 hours to go from
UT to SAST. 3100 arc = 2:04 time.
So, 0528 LMT 2:04 = 0324 UT
and 0324 UT + 2:00 = 0524 SAST
71.
1924 SAST
Sunset 1823 LMT. Beginning of night (end of day) 15
minutes after sunset = 1838 LMT. Use Arc to Time to
convert to UT, then SA Standard Time Factor of 2 hours to
go from UT to SAST. 1835 arc = 1:14 time.
So, 1838 LMT 1:14 = 1724 UT
and 1724 UT + 2:00 = 1924 SAST
72.
1846 SAST
Sunset 1823 LMT. Beginning of night (end of day) 15
minutes after sunset = 1838 LMT. Use Arc to Time to
convert to UT, then SA Standard Time Factor of 2 hours to
go from UT to SAST. 2755 arc = 1:52 time.
So, 1838 LMT 1:52 = 16:46 UT
and 1646 UT + 2:00 = 1846 SAST
73.
Compass will indicate a turn to the South
74.
Compass will show no change
75.
030(C)
ONUS Rolling out on 360, the compass will overshoot
by approximately 30. Turning from the West onto 360,
the compass will overshoot and already indicate 030 when
the actual heading is 360. So, roll out on compass
heading 030 and after a short period flying straight and
level, the compass will settle on 360
54.
ETA FIR 0928Z

Track 084(T) Hdg 077(T) GS 202 kts, Dist 272 nm,
Time to FIR 1:21, ETA FIR 09:28
55.
ETA Phalaborwa 1109Z

148 nm in 0:39 = GS 228 kts. Distance to go 285 nm at
228 kts will take 1:15 + 0954 = ETA 1109Z
56.
ETA Upington 1608Z

Plot Karasburg. Distance 117 nm to abm in 1:06 = 106
kts GS. Dist to go 133 nm at 106 kts = 1:15 flight time +
1453Z = ETA 1608Z
57.
a.
DNV R268 83 DME.

b. ETA Bisho 1123Z
a. Plot Kockstad. QTE 245 +23W = QDR (Radial) 268
(Use Variation at the station) DME 83 nm
b. 70 nm in 0:28 = 150 kts GS. Dist to go 183 nm at

150 kts = 1:13 Flight time + 1010Z = ETA 1123Z
58.
QTE 051, 81 nm
59.
QTE 301 + 25W = QDR (Radial) 326,

(VOR: use variation at the station)
60.
QTE 290 from Bisho

Hdg 057(M) - 24W = Hdg 033(T) (NDB: use variation
at aircraft position)
033 Hdg(T) + 077 RB = QUJ 110 + 180 = QTE 290
61.
111 KTAS
109 nm in 1:10 = 93 kts GS
TAS HWC = GS
TAS = GS + HWC = 93 + 18 = 111 KTAS
62.
201 KTAS
137 nm in 0:38 = 216 kts GS
TAS + TWC = GS
TAS = GS - TWC = 216 - 15 = 201 KTAS
63.
96 nm
421 fpm (405fpm)

Determine Required angle of climb:
Tan = Height/Distance = 3645/79040 = 0.0461
(13 nm x 6080 = 79040 ft)
= 2.64
Using the same triangle: Tan = ROC/GS
ROC = Tan x GS = Tan 2.64 x 90 kts = 4.1504 kts
4.1504kts x 6080 / 60 = 421 fpm
PPL NAVIGATION
V1-6
43 AIR SCHOOL
6/8

76.
77.
NAVIGATION
210(C)
ONUS Rolling out on 180, the compass will undershoot
by approximately 30. Turning from the West onto 360,
the compass will undershoot and be indicating
approximately 210 when the actual heading is already
180. So, roll out on compass heading 210 and after a
short period flying straight and level, the compass will
settle on 180
090(C)
ONUS No overshoot or undershoot experienced when
turning through East or West
Turning from the North onto 090, the compass will indicate
090 when the actual heading is 090. So, roll out on
compass heading 090
78.
090(C)
See explanation for previous problem.
79.
4 Right Required heading 316(C)

Track Angle Error / 60 = Distance off Track / Distance
along Track
/60 = 3/44
= 3 x 60 / 44 = 4.1 = 4
You are left of track, to fly parallel to track alter heading to
the right by the track angle error.
312(C) + 4 = 316(C)
80.
11 Right
along Track
1/60 = 6/84
1 = 6 x 60 / 84 = 4.3
2/60 = 6/(139-84)
2 = 6 x 60 / 55 = 6.5
Combined Track Angle Error = 1 + 2 = 10.8 = 11
You are left of track, to regain track at your destination (fly
directly to destination) alter heading to the right by the
combined track angle error - 11 Right
81.
82.
83.
84.
7 Right
along Track
/60 = 4/35
= 4 x 60 / 35 = 6.9 = 7
the right by 7
14 Left onto heading 060(C)
along Track
1/60 = 4/75
1 = 4 x 60 / 75 = 3.2
2/60 = 4/(97-75) 2 = 4 x 60 / 22 = 10.9
Combined Track Angle Error = 1 + 2 = 3.2 + 10.9 =
14.1 = 14
You are right of track, to regain track at your destination
(fly directly to destination) alter heading to the left by the
combined track angle error: 074(C) 14 = 060(C)
17 Right
along Track
/60 = 5/18
= 5 x 60 / 18 = 16.7 = 17
the right by 17
36 Right onto heading 024(C)
along Track
1/60 = 5/75
1 = 5 x 60 / 11 = 27.3
2/60 = 5/(47-11)
2 = 5 x 60 / 36 = 8.3
Combined Track Angle Error = 1 + 2 = 27.3 + 8.3 =
35.6 = 36
You are left of track, to regain track at your destination (fly
directly to destination) alter heading to the right by the
combined track angle error: 348(C) + 36 = 024(C)
PPL NAVIGATION
V1-6
85.
2490 ft (30ft/hPa) or 2528 ft (27ft/hPa - Pathfinder)

1025 hPa 1013 hPa = 12 hPa x 30 ft/hPa = 360 ft
QNH is higher than ISA, so Press Alt will be lower than
elevation: 2850 360 = 2490 ft Press Alt
86.
7657 ft (30ft/hPa) or 2528 ft (27ft/hPa - Pathfinder)

Density Alt is Press Alt corrected for temperature, so first
calculate Press Alt
QNH is lower than ISA, so Press Alt will be higher than
elevation: 4375 ft + 330 = 4705 ft Press Alt
By Whizzwheel: Press Alt 4705, OAT +32 = 7657 ft
Density Alt
87.
1567 ft Density Alt

(or 1593 ft by Pathfinder)
Density Alt is Press Alt corrected for temperature, so first
calculate Press Alt
QNH is higher than ISA, so Press Alt will be lower than
elevation: 3380 ft - 150 = 3230 ft Press Alt (Or 3251 ft by
Pathfinder)
By Whizzwheel: Press Alt 3230, OAT -5 = 1567 ft Density
Alt
By Pathfinder: Press Alt 3251, OAT -5 = 1593 ft Density
Alt
88.
5795 ft Press Alt (or 5764 ft by Pathfinder)

QNH is lower than 1013 hPa, so Press Alt will be higher
than elevation: 5345 + 450 = 5795 ft Press Alt
89.
8.2 Imp Gal, 9.84 USG, 37.23 litre

0911Z 0834Z = 0:37.
Burnoff = Fuel Flow x Time
Burnoff = 13.3 Imp Gal / Hr x 0:37 = 8.2 Imp Gal
8.2 Imp Gal x 1.2 USG / Imp Gal = 9.84 USG
8.2 Imp Gal x 4.54 Litre / Imp Gal = 36.12 Litre
90.
109.57 Litre, 24.13 Imp Gal, 28.96 USG

= 58.7 l/hr x 1:52 = 109.57 Litre
109.57 L / 4.54 Litre / Imp Gal = 24.13 Imp Gal
24.13 Imp Gal x 1.2 = 28.96 USG
91.
4.7 USG, 3.92 Imp Gal, 17.8 Litre

1622Z 1548Z = 0:34
Burnoff = 8.3 USG / Hr x 0:34 = 4.7 US Gal
4.7 US Gal / 1.2 USG / Imp Gal = 3.92 Imp Gal
92.
22.85 USG, 19.04 Imp Gal, 86.44 Litre

Time = Distance / Speed = 307 nm / 124 kts = 2:29
= 9.2 USG/Hr x 2:29 = 22.85 USG
93.
16.88 Imp Gal, 20.26 USG, 76.64 Litre

158 mph = 137.2 kts = 137 kts
= 8.3 Imp Gal/Hr x 2:02 = 16.88 Imp Gal
16.88 Imp Gal x 1.2 USG / Imp Gal = 20.26 US Gal
94.
57.09 US Gal, 47.58 Imp Gal, 216.01 Litre

Using Whizzwheel: Hdg 036(T), GS 161 kts
= 17.3 USG/Hr x 3:18 = 57.09 USG
43 AIR SCHOOL
7/8

95.
96.
NAVIGATION
28.75 Imp Gal, 34.5 US Gal, 130.53 Litre

= 11.2 Imp Gal/Hr x 2:34 = 28.75 Imp Gal
28.75 Imp Gal x 1.2 USG / Imp Gal = 34.5 US Gal
105. 1:29
Scale = Chart Length / Earth Distance
1/1000000 = 32 cm / ED
ED = 32 cm x 1 000 000 / (2.54 x 12 x 6080) = 172.68 nm
Time = Distance / Speed = 172.68 nm / 117 kts = 1:29
106. 0:31
1/500000 = 48 cm / ED
ED = 48 cm x 500 000 / (2.54 x 12 x 5280) = 129.51 sm
Time = Distance / Speed = 129.51 sm / 247 mph = 0:31
30.83 USG, 25.69 Imp Gal, 116.63 Litre

TAS 137 mph = 119 kts
= 13.7 USGal/Hr x 2:15 = 30.83 US Gal
a.
FIR Boundary
b.
Customs Airport (hashed lines around name)

Port Elizabeth. Elevation 2250 ft amsl. Minimum
Lighting. Hard runway surface. Longest runway
1900 m long. Facilities listed: TWR Control
Tower, APP Approach Control, NDB Nondirectional Radio Beacon, ATIS Automatic
Terminal Information Service
c.
Airfield with the name Progress. No facilities

listed on chart. Elevation 740 ft amsl. No
lighting. Runway surface not hardened. Longest
runway 800 m long.
d.
1 : 279 949
= 47 cm / (71 nm x 6080 x 12 x 2.54) = 3.572078277x10-6
Scale = 1 : 279 949
Airfield with the name Thorngrove. No facilities

listed on chart. Elevation 2450 ft amsl. No
lighting. Runway surface hardened. Longest
runway 1200 m long.
e.
100. 1 : 555 955

= 31 cm / (93 nm x 6080 x 12 x 2.54) = 1.798706083x10-6
Scale = 1 : 555 955
Single lighted obstruction. Top of obstruction

4783 ft amsl, 410 ft high above ground level.
(Only obstructions 300 ft and higher are shown on
SA Aeronautical Charts)
f.
Isogonal (Isogonic Line) Variation along this

isogonal is 19 West
g.
Compulsory reporting point with the name HD
h.
Collocated VOR-DME
i.
Collocated VOR and TACAN (VORTAC)
j.
Minimum altitude figure (Safe Altitude). Provides

2000 ft clearance where the highest point is
5001 ft amsl or higher. The highest point in this
area on the chart will be between 6301 and
6400 ft amsl (Values are rounded up to the
nearest 100 ft. Eg 6321 ft amsl is rounded up to
6400 ft + 2000 = 8400 ft safe altitude.)
k.
Minimum altitude figure (Safe Altitude). Provides

1000 ft clearance where the highest point is less
than or equal to 5000 ft amsl. The highest point
in this area on the chart will be between 4601 and
4700 ft amsl (Values are rounded up to the
nearest 100 ft. Eg 4609 ft amsl is rounded up to
4700 ft + 1000 = 5700 ft safe altitude.)
97.
98.
99.
107.
129 kts Ground Speed

17.7 USG = 14.75 Imp Gal
Burnoff = Fuel Flow x Time So, Time = Burnoff / FF
= 14.75 Imp Gal / 7.8 Imp Gal / hr = 1:53
Speed = Distance / Time = 243 nm / 1:53 = 129 kts GS
223 kts Ground Speed
14.3 USG = 11.92 Imp Gal = 54.10 Litre
Burnoff = Fuel Flow x Time So, Time = Burnoff / FF
= 54.10 L / 33.7 L/hr = 1:36
Speed = Distance / Time = 357 nm / 1:36 = 223 kts GS
101. 158 kts, 181 mph, 292 kmh

1/1000000 = 18 cm / Earth Distance
Earth Distance = 18 cm x 1 000 000 = 18 000 000 cm
18 000 000 cm / (2.54 x 12 x 6080) = 97.13 nm
Speed = Distance / Time = 97.13 nm / 0:37 = 157.5 kts
157.5 kts x 6080/5280 = 181.4 mph
157.5 kts x 6080/3280 = 291.95 kmh
102. 107 kts, 123 mph, 198 kmh
1/500000 = 27 cm / Earth Distance
Earth Distance = 27 cm x 500 000 = 13 500 000 cm
13 500 000 cm / (2.54 x 12 x 6080) = 72.84 nm
Speed = Distance / Time = 72.85 nm / 0:41 = 106.61 kts
106.61 kts x 6080/5280 = 122.76 mph
106.61 kts x 6080/3280 = 197.62 kmh
103. 39.66 cm
1/1000000 = CL / 214 nm
CL = (214 nm x 6080 x 12 x 2.54) / 1000000 = 39.66 cm
104. 65.97 cm
1/500000 = CL / 178 nm
CL = (178 nm x 6080 x 12 x 2.54) / 500000 = 65.97 cm
PPL NAVIGATION
V1-6
43 AIR SCHOOL
8/8

PPL Nav - Excercises - 07

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

PPL Nav - Excercises - 07

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE

DRAWING AND MEASURING

Heading 270 (T) TAS 142 Kts

On a flight from Nieuwoudtville (S3123 E01904) to

The magnetic track and distance from Johannesburg

The magnetic track and distance from Upington (S28 24

The mean magnetic track and distance from Rand (S26:15

Heading 095 (T), TAS 200 Kts, Track 079 (T),

TAS 155 Kts, 7 Right drift, Track 224 (T), Distance

Heading 183(T), TAS 136 Kts, 7 Right drift,

TAS 186 Kts, 4 Left drift, Track 312(T), Groundspeed

Heading 053(T), TAS 155 Kts, 4 Right drift,

En route Heidelburg (S2646 E02817) to Durban (S2958

From Maseru MZV (S2930 E02732) to Ermelo (S2635

The distance and magnetic bearing (QDR) from Cape Town

The magnetic track and distance from Cape Town (S33:58

From Burgersdorp (S3058 E02619) to Humansdorp

Halfway from George (S34 00 E022 23) to Lanseria (S25 58

The track (M) and distance between Morija MR (S29:36

The distance and magnetic bearing (QDM) from

Heading 312, Track 316.

The drift is:

Track 226, Heading 222.

The drift is:

Heading 046, Track 038.

The drift is:

Track 002, Heading 358.

The drift is:

Track 182, Drift 5 Right. The heading is:

The track (M) and distance between Skukuza SZ (S2459

Hdg 316, Drift 5 Right. The track is:

The magnetic track and distance from Maputo (S25:52

HEADING, GROUNDSPEED & ETA

Heading 120 (T) TAS 175 Kts

1324Z Overhead ALEXANDER BAY ABV (S 28:34 E 016:30)

W/V 045/35. The track

PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE

An aeroplane departs CAPE TOWN CTV (S 33:58 E 018:36)

An aeroplane departs LADYSMITH LYV (S 28:33 E 029:45)

An aeroplane departs MASERU MZV (S 29:46 E 027:34) at

An aeroplane departs DURBAN DNV(S 29:46 E 031:00) at

An aeroplane departs MAFIKENG MMV (S 25:51 E 025:30)

What is the Radial and DME of CRADOCK (S3205

An aircraft departs ALEXANDER BAY ABV (S 28:34

An aircraft flying in the vicinity of Cradock (Approximately

VICTORIA WEST VW (S3124 E02310) to WILLOWMORE

An aircraft gets airborne from an airfield with elevation 3225

Plan a descent from FL 115 to overhead an airfield at 1050 ft.

Overhead PIETERMARITZBURG PMV (S 29:39

Overhead ALEXANDER BAY ABV (S 28:34

What is the true bearing (QTE) and distance of

Overhead Pomfret NDB PF (S 25:51 E 023:30) on

An aeroplane departs GEORGE GGV (S 34:00 E 022:22) at

Overhead EAST LONDON ELV (S 33:02

SUNRISE/DAY & SUNSET/NIGHT

Overhead UPINGTON UPV (S 28:25 E 021:16)

Define sunrise and sunset with reference to the physical sun

Define official night with respect to sunset and sunrise.

Define official day with respect to sunset and sunrise.

If the sunrise was 0543 LMT in Upington (S28:25 E021:16),

If the sunrise was 0543 LMT in Durban (S29:46 E031:00),

If the sunset was 1823 LMT in Cape Town (S33:58 E018:35),

PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE

If the sunset was 1823 LMT in Lanseria (S25:58 E027:55),