Organisasi dan Pentadbiran Khidmat

Manusia ( SSW 411E)

(Human Services Administration and Organization )

Bala Raju Nikku, PHD

brnikku@usm.my
Week 1,2 and 3: 05/12/19.SEPT.2015

Course Objectives
Understand human services (skills and practice) within the
context of a variety of theoretical approaches

Develop reflective practice skills for human services work

Use / apply human services skills and practice within the
multicultural and group contexts, including people from
culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds
Understood how human service workers operate within a
wider framework of people-helping professions

Course Outline
Week ( 1-4) : Part 1 : The Context of Human Service Work

History : Brief Evolution of Human Services Work

Who is a Human Services Worker?

Attitudes and Values of the Human Service Worker

Basic Knowledge of the Human Service Worker

Skills of Human Service Worker

Week 5 to 10 : Part 2 : Management of Human Services

Malaysian Social Welfare System
Human Services Program Management

Understanding Human Services Organizations

Working With Diversity

Case Management ( Service Coordination)

A Group Approach to Human Services ( Facilitating Groups)

Week 11-13 : Part 3 : Thriving in the Human Services Sector

Understanding Legal Issues

Stress Management and Avoiding Burnout ( Attention to the Self)
Values and Ethical Dilemmas

Week 14 : Part 4 : Summary ( Putting it all together)

References
Mandell, B.R., & Schram, B. (2003). Human services: Policy and practice. Pearson Education.
Neeting, F.E., & OConnor, M.K. (2003). Organization practice: A social workers guide to understanding human services. Pearson
Education.

Organisasi dan Pentadbiran

(Organization and Administration)

An organization or organisation is
an entity comprising multiple people, such as an
institution or an association, that has a collective
goal and is linked to an external environment

Administration
the process or activity of running a business,
organization
the activities that relate to running a company, school, or other
organization
a group of people who manage the way a company, school, or
other organization

(synonyms:
management, direction, control, command, charge, con
duct, operation, running,leadership, government, gover
ning, superintendence, supervision, regulation,
overseeing)

Administration
(Pentadbiran)
Academic Administration, a branch of an academic institution
responsible for the maintenance and supervision of the
institution
Military Administration, the techniques and systems used by
military services involved in the management of the armed
forces
Public Administration, advancement and implementation of
government policy, or the management of public programs
Business Administration, the performance or management of
business operations

Management
(pengurusan)
Manager ( pengurasi) : a person responsible for controlling or
administering all or part of a company or similar organization.
a person who controls the activities, business dealings, and
other aspects of the career of an entertainer, athlete, group of
musicians, etc.
Management : is the process of dealing with or controlling things,
people, organisations
The organization and coordination of the activities of a
business/organisation/ in order to achieve defined objectives.

Khidmat Manusia
( Human Services)

Historical Roots
In the early part of the 20th century, the American Eugenics
Movement argued that all people who were mentally ill, mentally
retarded or physically disabled were polluting the gene pool of the
country.
Such individuals were seen as a threat to society and the probable
cause of most of the criminal activity and social problems of the
country. In many states, support for the Eugenics movement
resulted in legislation requiring mandatory sterilization,
incarceration, and in many cases, the castration of persons with
disabilities.
In each state, hundreds of thousands of people with mental illness
or intellectual disabilities were placed in institutions, the largest of
which housed as many as 20,000 people.

Genetic research and

De-institutionalisation
In the 1940s, new genetic research demonstrated
unequivocally that the founding precepts of the
Eugenics movement were invalid. However, by that
time hundreds of thousands of people with intellectual
disabilities or mental illness had been admitted to state
institutions.
Within the state institutional system, there was no
basis for rehabilitation or treatment. No one ever got
better because the intent was to protect society, not to
ensure the well being of individuals living in the
institution.

Roots of Human Service Field ( 1950s)

MSW social workers as non essential and too
expensive, the federal government ( USA) set
out to create a new profession of human
service workers.
Some view that Social Work as too traditional
and rigid to deliver adequate services to the
poor ( case work / therapy oriented than social
change)

Government became more prominent

by the 1500s
as the Church declined in power
In England, people diagnosed with mental illness
were to be protected

By the end of the 15th Century hospitals would

not only provide medical assistance to the ill
but they also fed and housed tired travelers,
orphans, the elderly, and the poor.

History of Human Services

During the 15th and 16th centuries,
insane asylums were formed initially
out of concern for the care and
housing of the mentally ill, however,
treatment and living conditions were
very poor:
Women were chained by the
ankles to one long wall. Men were
liable to be attached by the neck
to a vertical bar. One man was
kept that way, even in the 18th
century, for 12 years (Londons
Bethlehem Hospital)

Decline of Feudalism ( 17th Century)

and the coming of the Industrial Revolution
created a new type of economy.
Rural barter system the poor could use was no
longer effective and their numbers grew
In England, the pressures of the poor in the city
created the need for a large scale attack on
poverty

Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)

This large scale attack on poverty became
the foundation for future human services
This legislation guided social welfare
practices in and England and the United
States for the next 350 years

Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)

There were 3 features
Compulsory taxation
Classification system for dependents
Family vs. Government responsibility

Reform Movements - 19th Century

Organized Charity Movement
( Charity Organisation Societies)
Settlement House Movement
Social engineering
Hull House (Jane Addams 1889)

Beginning of social work profession

Human Services
Human Service is a broad umbrella category that
includes many different kinds of work
Human service workers:
Doctors, nurses, teachers, lawyers, and the clergy
Human service organizations aim to provide high
quality and relevant social services to their
clients

human services

Administration + organization = management?

Administration = organization + Management

To meet the social welfare needs of vulnerable populations

To reduce social inequality
To advocate for social rights ( all of them ?)

or is it about

entrepreneurship
branding and market niche positioning
revenue generating strategies
contracting out services
logic models for program development and
evaluation
performance-based accountability systems

Human Services (Management/

Organization / Administration)
Human services is all about meeting common
human needs and advancing social rights, and
management practices for revenue optimization,
efficiency and organizational growth !!
Do you think both ( objectives ) are in conflict with
each other?? If yes how to understand Organisasi
dan Pentadbiran Khidmat Manusia ?

History of the Mental Health/Human

Services Movement
In 1940, an investigative reporter named Albert
Deutsch wrote the book, The Shame of the
States. This publication raised awareness of the
inhumane treatment of patients and raised public
awareness regarding the decaying facilities at
state hospitals.
The film, The Snake Pit, released in 1948, gave a
realistic view of the inside of state hospitals. It
included the questionable medical treatment of
shock therapy.

The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

was another important piece of legislation that
influenced the field of mental health/human services in
the USA.
This act authorized grants to states, local agencies, and
private organizations to develop new training programs
for workers in the field of mental health/human services.
Graduates of mental health/human service programs
found careers and job opportunities within state mental
health/mental systems based on their classification level.

College of Human Services

on May 22, 1970 when the New York State Board of
Regents granted a five-year provisional charter to begin the
College of Human Services. The initial purpose of this new
college was solely to prepare human service professionals
The Human Services Program is housed within the Audrey
Cohen School for Human Services and Education.
The groundbreaking work of Audrey Cohen and the
colleges continued commitment to prepare human service
generalists received formal recognition through an award
from the National Organization of Human Services.

purpose centered" instruction

that education must never be abstract but
must be closely linked with clearly understood
purposes : attracted wide interest, especially
among individuals and institutions serving
members of minority groups, immigrants and
the disadvantaged seeking access to the
mainstream of American society

Growth of Human Services Education

By 1991, over 1,200 human service education programs were
identified by the Council for Standards in Human Service Education in
the (CSHSE) publication, National Directory of Human Service
Education Programs.
faculty created courses that taught students how to provide direct and
indirect care within out-patient units, in-patient units, and
community-based programs. Additionally, coursework relating to the
areas of psychodynamic theories, behavior and learning theories,
group and family therapy, biopsychiatry, and humanistic therapy was
developed.

Faculty also taught students about the legal rights of individuals in

private hospitals, state institutions, and community-based programs.
From the beginning stages of curriculum development in the field,
students were taught that basic human rights of all individuals could
not be ignored or denied

Human Service Worker was introduced in the late 1960s, first in the
academy and then later adopted by employers (Brawley, 1981).
This title was subsequently modified to Social

and Human Service

Assistant, which is the current, official occupational classification provided by

the United States Department of Labor

Differences /Similarities
Human Services and Social Work
A human services professional
focuses on the larger population,
they are seeking to serve the
needs of a group of people and
not just an individual.
They often work in
administrative setting, organizing
large efforts meant to reach
several people at once.
This group may be a particular
ethnic group, people of a certain
age or another population.

Social work focuses primarily on

an individual facing a problem ( for
example an issue of child abuse).

They facilitate the individual by

providing resources to help fix
this problem.
Social workers often take
advantage of human services
programs to help their clients
work through an issue.
Although social workers do have
administrative roles, they almost
never work to help an entire
population at once.

Human services programs are accredited by the Council for Standards in Human
Service Education (CSHSE) and social work education programs at the baccalaureate
and masters levels are accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE).

Social work
a newer human service profession

Human Services
Those working in human services
are called upon to interact
effectively with a broad range of
clients, stake-holders and
colleagues.
As a result, it is essential that
Human Service Professionals
develop basic skills in the context
of critical reflection and a growing
self-awareness.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Q4XrBTBN2Ew

National Organization for Human Service Education ( NOHSE)

1975

http://www.nationalhumanservices.org/
Council for Standards in Human Service Education ( in 1979)
1982 ( National Commission for Human Service Workers)

http://www.cshse.org/documents/DiGiovanni-CSHSE_Legacy.pdf

Growth of Human Services field

The Civil Rights and Liberation Struggles of 1960s
The Office of Economic Opportunity ( OEO) war on poverty
The New Careers for the Poor Movement ( Audrey Cohen
started the College of Human Services)
The Growth of Community Colleges in 1960s and 1970s
Deinstitutionalization and Contracting out

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFln-iGTcU8

Human Services
Health
WellBeing
Safety
Income

Shelter
Nutrition
Education

Scope of Human Services

Education
Substance Abuse Programs
Homeless

Energy Assistance

Mental Health

Emergency Financial Assistance

Courts
Child Support

Juvenile Justice

Youth in Transition

Child Welfare

Children, Youth and Families Domain

Child Care

Elder Services
Community Services

Refugee Assistance
60

Who is a Human Services Professional ?

primary purpose : is to assist individual and communities
to function as effectively as possible in the major domains
of living.
"Human services professional" is a generic term for people
who hold professional and paraprofessional jobs in such
diverse settings as
group homes and halfway houses; correctional, intellectual
disability, and community mental health centers; family,
child, and youth service agencies and programs concerned
with alcoholism, drug abuse, family violence, and aging.
Depending on the employment setting and the kinds of
clients served there, job titles and duties vary a great deal.

Occupational Titles of Human Service Workers

Case Worker
Family Support Worker
Youth Worker
Social Service Liaison
Residential Counselor
Behavioral Management Aide
Case Management Aide
Eligibility Counselor
Alcohol Counselor
Adult Day Care Worker
Drug Abuse Counselor
Life Skills Instructor
Client Advocate
Neighborhood Worker
Social Service Aide
Group Activities Aide
Social Service Technician
Therapeutic Assistant
Probation Officer

Case Monitor Parole Officer

Child Advocate
Gerontology Aide
Juvenile Court Liaison
Home Health Aide
Group Home Worker
Child Abuse Worker
Crisis Intervention Counselor
Mental Health Aide
Community Organizer
Intake Interviewer
Community Outreach Worker
Social Work Assistant
Community Action Worker
Psychological Aide
Halfway House Counselor
Assistant Case Manager
Rehabilitation Case Worker
Residential Manager

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3jmCnrx_c

Human Services in Disaster

Preparedness
Integration of human
services systems with
public health and
emergency
management
Promote community
resilience, focusing on
at-risk populations
served by human
services systems

Response

Recovery

Continuity of services
when disaster strikes
Addressing new,
disaster-caused
human services needs

Restore and rebuild

human services
infrastructure
Equitable recovery for
at-risk populations
served by human
services systems: leave
no one behind

Mental illness
Early History
Mental illness was the
consequence of evil spirits
The focus of treatment was to
rid the body of the evil spirits
One such process was to drill a
hole in the skull to allow the
spirit to leave; this was called
trephining
Other treatments included,
various rites, beatings, starving,
and bleeding

Before 16th Century

mental illness had natural cause in
the same manner as other illnesses
Brain disease, heredity, or head
injury were examples of this
Catholic Church was the primary
source of human services until the
1500s
Institutions were founded for the
poor, orphans, the elderly, and
those with disabilities
Asylums were established for the
illness of deviant behavior

21st Century: Mental Health

5 of the 10 leading causes of disability
worldwide (major depression,
schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, alcohol
use and obsessive compulsive disorders)
are mental health problems
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC256074
1/

Human Services in 21st Century

Psychosocial rehabilitation programmes can
help persons with severe mental disorders such
as schizophrenia to become productive
members of society.
While there is no cure for dementia, there are
inexpensive and culture-sensitive interventions
that can help families and communities to
provide better care for those affected with this
disorder.

Whats the Difference Between

Human Services and Social Work?
Administrative Vs Direct Roles
Many positions in human services are in a managerial
capacity ( Administrative)
A human services professional focuses on broader work
within a community, meaning that they work in
community-based settings and usually coordinate
services.
Social workers, on the other hand, work directly with
clients to implement social programs ( Direct Service/
Roles)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kR0txM
tmO6w

As a human services professional

your focus is on the bigger picture
Human services professionals are prepared to
work as human services managers, program
developers, researchers, planners, supervisors,
fundraisers and grant writers, to name a few of
the possible career paths.
Social workers often work in administrative roles, too, but they
can also work directly with clients to carry out social programs,
connecting them with necessary services, assessing their needs
and providing counseling, which human services professionals do
not.

Human Services
field of Human Services is broadly defined
the objective : meeting human needs
HOW?
through an interdisciplinary knowledge base,
focusing on prevention as well as remediation of
problems, and maintaining a commitment to
improving the overall quality of life of service
populations/clients/ families/ individuals

Building Effective Organisation

effective organization is relational rather than
structural
Structural : organizations based on hierarchical
relations where power is used over individuals,
especially to control those in the lower rungs of
the organization who have little say in the
decision making processes

Relational organization
is based on a system of interdependencies in
which the interactions of individuals with each
other (including clients) are the building blocks
of the organization.
Power is shared with all members of the
organizations who thus have an active voice in
the decision making processes.
(examples include feminist organizations such as rape
crisis centers, child care cooperatives and centers for
independent living)

Some questions
Is human service management
all about shared power and
mutual accountability?
How can human service
managers remain true to the
human services mission of
their organization?

Books
OHara, A. & Weber, Z. (2005). Skills for
Human Service practice: Working with
individuals, groups and communities.
Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press.
Chenoweth, L. & McAuliffe, D. (2012). The
road to social work and human services
practice: An introductory text. (3rd ed.).
Southbank, VIC: Thomson