1.2.

1 PART A
Procedure
1. An unknown concentration of maltose was filled into a 1dm polarimeter cell.
It also been confirmed that no air bubbles are present in the tube.
2. After setting the correct length of cell into the polarimeter, the start button
was pushed to get the angle of rotation. The reading on the screen of the
polarimeter was recorded.
3. The percentage of the sugar was calculated by the formula,
% of sugar = x
100
Where, is angle of rotation,
l is the length of sample tube and,
[]t is the specific rotation of the sugar.
4. The concentration of maltose was calculated from the obtained data.

PART B
Procedure
1. 5.0g of unknown carbohydrate was weighed and was transferred into a 50ml
volumetric flask.
2. Distilled water was added to dissolves the sugar. Then, more distilled water
was added up until the scale of the volumetric flask and shaken well.
3. The solution was filled into the polarimeter cell. It also been confirmed that
no air bubbles are present in the cell.
4. The cell then was placed into the polarimeter. 3 readings of the optic rotation
were obtained and the average was calculated.
5. The solution was transferred back into the volumetric flask. Then, 3 drops of
concentrated ammonia solution were added into the flask under the fume
cupboard. The flask was shaken well and filled into the polarimeter cell.
6. The optic rotation was recorded every 10 minutes for 30 minutes or until a
constant readings were achieved.

REFRACTOMETER
Procedure
1. The refractometer was calibrated by using distilled water. The refractometer
was wiped with soft tissue every time before using.
2. A few drops of the solution were put onto the refractometer. It also been
confirmed that no air bubbles are present on it.

3. The readings of Brix were obtained by observing the blue line on the scale of
the refractometer. The same steps were repeated for all 3 unknown solutions.
All readings were recorded.