Jute Motar PDF

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR INTRODUCTION
Chapter 01
Introduction
atural fibers are prospective reinforcing materials and their use until now has been
more traditional than technical. They have long served many useful purposes but
the application of materials technology for the utilization of natural fibers as the
reinforcement in concrete has only taken place in comparatively recent years. In developing
countries construction of cement concrete building with durable design and low cost fiber
reinforcement is a technological challenge. Fiber-reinforced concrete is concrete containing
fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that
are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass
fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers each of which lend varying properties to the
concrete. Carbon fibers use are restricted in cementitious composites on a commercial level
due to economic consideration and their non-ecological performance. Natural fibers have the
potential to be used as reinforcement to overcome the inherent deficiencies in cementitious
materials. Considerable researches are being done for use of reinforcing fibers like jute,
bamboo, sisal, akwara, coconut husk, sugarcane bagasse in cement composites mostly in case
of building materials. Use of natural fibers in a relatively brittle cement matrix has achieved
considerable strength, and toughness of the composite. The durability of such fibers in a
highly alkaline cement matrix must be taken into consideration by effective modifications. A
specific chemical composition has to be chosen that can modify the fiber surface as well as
strengthen the cement composite.
1.1 Background
Cement concrete composite is the most important building material and its consumption is
increasing in all countries. The only disadvantage of cement concrete is its brittleness, with
relatively low tensile strength and poor resistance to crack opening and propagation and
negligible elongation at break. To overcome these discrepancies reinforcement with dispersed
fibers might play an important role. Steel is the conventional reinforcing material in concrete.
Although steel enhances the strength and modulus of concrete but it lacks the ability to
absorb mechanical impact. The steel makes the reinforced cement concrete (RCC) structure
heavy and in due course of time as a result of water/moisture diffusion through micro crack
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar
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developed in the RCC structure steel starts corroding leading to failure of the concrete. On
the contrary, if the micro crack formation and propagation can be minimized by dispersion of
short fibers, the mechanical properties as well as the durability of the concrete can be
improved. Such a system would be able to bear high level static as well as dynamic stress.
Natural (cellulosic) fibers might
offer the opportunity as a convenient reinforcing agent in concrete composite due to its low
density and high tensile property. In recent years, considerable research efforts are found to
develop high-strength, natural fibers reinforced concrete composites, mostly for using as
building and construction materials.
Natural fibers, isolated from plants, are classified into three categories, depending on the part
of the plant they are extracted from. The first category is the so called fruit fiber (e.g., coir,
cotton, etc.) which are extracted from fruits of the plant. The second category of the fiber is
found in the stems of the plant (e.g., jute, flax, ramie, hemp, etc). Such fibers are known as
bast fiber. The third category is the fibers extracted from the leaves (e.g., sisal, date palm, oil
palm, etc.). Polymer modified jute fibers have been decided to be used as reinforcing element
in cement concrete in which polymer will chemically bridge jute in one side and cement on
the other side. Polymer modified jute fiber is expected to act as a flexible reinforcing agent in
cement concrete enabling it to transmit both static and dynamic stresses to its surrounding
bulk as well as absorb a portion of the stress by virtue of its flexible nature. An optimized
weight fraction of polymer modified jute fiber in cement concrete may lead to excellent
mechanical properties. It has been anticipated that modification of jute fiber with polymer
will reduce degradation possibilities. Fiber reinforced concrete has been investigated
extensively to make light weight corrosion free structural materials. There are global attempts
to use natural fibers as reinforcing agent in cement concrete matrices. The advantages of
natural fibers over the conventional reinforcing fibers like glass, synthetic (e.g.,
polypropylene, polyethylene and polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol), carbon, steel etc., are
abundant availability, low cost, less abrasiveness, ability to absorb mechanical impact, easy
to handle and process and environmental friendliness. These composites can be used in
various fields of applications such as permanent frameworks, paver blocks, wall panels,
pipes, long span roofing elements, strengthening of existing structures and structural building
members. The natural fiber reinforced concrete composites present enhanced strength and are
likely to encounter a rangeof static overload and cyclic loading due to possible wind or
earthquake loading. When concrete matrix cracks under load, the fibers bridge the cracks and
transfer the loads to its surrounding bulk as well as absorb a portion of the load by virtue of
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its flexible nature. Several investigations have been carried out with different lignocellulosic
fibers like, wheat straw, rice straw, coir, hazelnut shell, bagasse, oil palm residues, arhar
stalks, etc., to find the potentiality of natural fibers as an effective reinforcementin concrete
composites. But no report is found on the use of jute fiber as reinforcement in cement
concrete. Based on the present scenario it has been anticipated that the jute fiber reinforced
cement concrete may find potential application as structural items in construction industry.
Being a potential agricultural product, the use of jute as reinforcing fiber in cement concrete
will promote jute farming industries as well as produce better advanced composites.
1.2 Methodology
The approach adopted over the course of the project was divided into several divisions after
which the use of Jute concrete was found out through the analysis of properties and its
behavior.
Chemical modification of jute fiber.
Characterization of unmodified and chemically modified jute fiber.
Fabrication of jute reinforced cubic blocks & beams.
Testing and characterization of jute fiber reinforced cement
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Figure 1: (a) Soaked jute in NaOH, (b) Casting of jute mortar, (c) Jute
mortar paver blocks
1.3 Deliverables of this project
Selective choice and composition optimization of chemical and polymer for modification
of jute fiber.
Optimized process development for mixing and casting of jute fiber reinforced cement
concrete composite.
Optimized fiber length and loading in cement composite for best possible mechanical
properties.
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DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review
Chapter 02
Literature review
Introduction
Fibers have been used to reinforce brittle materials from time immemorial, dating back to the
Egyptian and Babylonian eras, if not earlier. Straws were used to reinforce sun-baked bricks
and mud-hut walls, horse hair was used to reinforce plaster, and asbestos bers have been
used to reinforce Portland cement mortars. Research in the late 1950s and early 1960s by
Romualdi and Batson (1963) and Romualdi and Mandel (1964) on closely spaced random
bers, primarily steel bers, heralded the era of using the ber composite concretes we know
today. In addition, Shah and Rangan (1971), Swamy (1975), and several other researchers in
the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, and Russia embarked on extensive investigations
in this area, exploring other bers in addition to steel. By the 1960s, steel-ber concrete
began to be used in pavements, in particular. Other developments using bundled berglass as
the main composite reinforcement in concrete beams and slabs were introduced by Nawy et
al. (1971) and Nawy and Neuwerth (1977). From the 1970s to the present, the use of steel
bershas been well established as a complementary reinforcement to increase cracking
resistance, flexural and shear strength, and impact resistance of reinforced concrete elements
both in situ cast and precast.
2.1 General Characteristics

Concrete is acknowledged to be a relatively brittle material when subjected to normal
stresses and impact loads, where tensile strength is approximately just one tenth of its
compressive strength. As a result for these characteristics, concrete flexural members could
not support such loads that usually take place during their service life. Historically,
concrete member reinforced with continuous reinforcing bars to withstand tensile
stresses
and compensate for the lack of ductility and strength. Furthermore, steel
reinforcement is adopted to overcome high potentially tensile stresses and shear stresses at
critical location in concrete member.
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Figure 2: NATURAL FIBERs. (1)Paper pulp (2).Jute (3)Elephant Grass (4)Bamboo (5)coconut husk (6)Sisal
Even though the addition of steel reinforcement significantly increases the strength of
concrete,the development of micro cracks must be controlled to produce concrete with
homogenous tensile properties.
Concrete is weak in tension. Micro cracks begin to generate in the matrix of a structural
element at about 10 to 15% of the ultimate load, propagating into macro cracks at 25 to 30%
of the ultimate load. Consequently, plain concrete members cannot be expected to sustain
large transverse loading without the addition of continuous-bar reinforcing elements in the
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tensile zone of supported members such as beams or slabs. The developing micro cracking
and macro cracking, however, still cannot be arrested or slowed by the sole use of continuous
reinforcement. The function of such reinforcement is to replace the function of the tensile
zone of a section and assume the tension equilibrium force in the section. The introduction of
fibers is brought in as a solution to develop concrete with enhanced flexural and tensile
strength, which is a new form of binder that could combine Portland cement in bonding
with cement matrices. Fibres are most generally discontinuous, randomly distributed
throughout the cement matrices. The addition of randomly spaced discontinuous ber
elements should aid in arresting the development or propagation of the micro cracks that are
known to generate at the early stages of loading history. Although bers have been used to
reinforce brittle materials such as concrete since time immemorial, newly developed bers
have been used extensively worldwide in the past three decades. Different types are
commercially available, such as steel, glass, polypropylene, or graphite. They have proven
that they can improve the mechanical properties of the concrete, both as a structure and a
material, not as a replacement for continuousbar reinforcement when it is needed but in
addition to it..
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2.2 Typical properties of fiber:
Table 1: Typical properties of fiber

Fiber Type
Diameter .001
in.
Specific
Gravity
E, ksi x 1000
Tensile
Strength, ksi
Strain at
Failure, %
4-40
4-13
4-5
7.8
7.8
2.5-2.7
29
23.2
10.44-11.6
50-250
300
360-500
3.5
3
3.6-4.8
20-160
1-40
4-3
0.9
0.96
1.38
0.5
725-25
1.45-2.5
80-110
29-435
80-170
8
3-80
10-50
4-47
.0008-1.2
3-35
1.44
2.6-3.4
1.9
9-17
23.8-28.4
33.4-55.1
525
29-500
260-380
2.5-3.6
2-3
5-1.5
8-4.7
1.5
1.45-5.8
44-131
<8
4-16
2-16
4-8
40-160
17
1.12-1.15
1.5
1.02-1.04
0.96
-
1.89-3.77
2.76-3.77
4.79-5.8
3.7-4.64
.076-.464
.716
41-82
17-29
51-73
36-51
26
3-5
10-25
1.5-1.9
3.6
Steel
High Tensile
Stainless
Glass
Polymeric
Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Polyester
Amarid
Asbestos
Carbon
Natural
Wood
Cellulose
Sisal
Coir(Coconut)
Bamboo
Jute
Akwr
Elephant
Grass
The introduction of ber additions to concrete was aimed primarily at enhancing the tensile
strength of concrete. As is well known, the tensile strength is 8 to l4% of the compressive
strength of normal concretes with resulting cracking at low stress levels. Such a weakness is
partially overcome by the addition of reinforcing bars, which can be either steel or berglass,
as main continuous reinforcement in beams and one-way and two-way structural slabs or slabs
on grade As indicated earlier, the continuous reinforcing elements cannot stop the
development of micro cracks. Fibers, on the other hand, are discontinuous and randomly
distributed in the matrix, in both the tensile and compressive zones of a structural element.
They are able to add to the stiffness and crackcontrol performance by preventing the micro
cracks from propagating and widening and also by increasing ductility due to their energyabsorption capacity.
In the past few decades, various materials have emerged to ease the construction process. Jutereinforced fiber is one such material that offers various benefits in structures. Jute concrete is a
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material which consists of jute fiber in small pieces mixed in the form of a slurry with
Portland Cement or clay and/or other soil added. The thick mix can be poured into different
moulds and create blocks, panels and and Inumerable other shapes.
2.3 Advantages of Jute Mortar

Advantages of Jute Mortar are more than ordinary Mortar cement.To mention,some are:
The main material in preparation is Jute which is easily,freely,abundantly and at low cost
available.
Jute Mortar Blocks have more compressive strength than other ordinary mortar block.
Due to Tensile properties of fiber which get embed when jute is mixed with mortar, Jute
mortar blocks have more tensile strength.
Jute Mortar blocks are light weight due to which they can be best alternative when
roofing is considered.
Inspite of adding jute, there is no change in appearance and as such jute mortar block and
ordinary mortar block look same.
Jute Mortar is Aesthetically pleasing.
It has very high shear strength as block.
Jute mortar cab be used in decorative moulds and blockwork.
Walls made of jute mortar can be easily painted.Even more jute gives a pleasing texture
when it is exposed to surface.
As the fiber blocks the voids, it has high acoustic performance,thus can be used in
seminar halls and cinemas.
Jute mortar is very workable and thus can be formed into different shapes such as
blocks,panels and sheets with ease.
Required machinery is readily available even with poor farmers.
Jute mortar cab be used for simple furniture in homes.
2.4 Dis-Advantages of Jute Mortar

There are some dis-advantages which should be taken care of:
Modification of jute requires an expertise.
Chemicals are required which may not be easily available.
Preparation requires time, as such may not get prepared when urgently required.
When it comes to moisture resistance, Jute Mortar behaves poor.
Can get disintegrate when exposed to water for prolonged periods of time
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Chemical Composition of Jute Fiber
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2.5 Introduction
Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is
produced from plants in the genus Corchorus, which was once classified with the family
Tiliaceae, more recently with Malvaceae, and has now been reclassified as belonging to the
family Sparrmanniaceae. The primary source of the fiber is Corchorus olitorius, but it is
considered inferior to Corchorus capsularis. "Jute" is the name of the plant or fiber that is
used to make burlap, Hessian or gunny cloth.
Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibers and is second only to cotton in amount
produced and variety of uses of vegetable fibers. Jute fibers are composed primarily of the
plant materials cellulose and lignin. It falls into the bast fiber category (fiber collected from
bast, the phloem of the plant, sometimes called the "skin") along with kenaf, industrial hemp,
flax (linen), ramie, etc. The industrial term for jute fiber is raw jute. The fibers are off-white
to brown, and 14 metres (313 feet) long. Jute is also called "the golden fiber" for its color
and high cash value.
Figure 3: Nonwood fibers from herbaceous plants
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2.6 Production:
Jute is a rain-fed crop with little need for fertilizer or pesticides, in contrast to cotton's heavy
requirements. Production is concentrated mostly in India's states of Assam, Bihar, West
Bengal and Bangladesh. The jute fiber comes from the stem and ribbon (outer skin) of the
jute plant. The fibers are first extracted by retting. The retting process consists of bundling
jute stems together and immersing them in slow running water. There are two types of
retting: stem and ribbon. After the retting process, stripping begins. In the stripping process,
non-fibrous matter is scraped off, then the workers dig in and grab the fibers from within the
jute stem. India is the world's largest producer of jute, but imported approximately 162,000
tonnes of raw fiber and 175,000 tonnes of jute products in 2011. India, Pakistan, and China
import significant quantities of jute fiber and products from Bangladesh, as does the United
Kingdom, Japan, United States, France, Spain, Cte d'Ivoire, Germany and Brazil.
Extraction of Jute
Figure
4: Extraction
of Jute
Extraction
of Jute
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2.7 Chemistry:Chemical Composition of Jute Fibre:

Jute is a lingo cellulosic composite natural fiber. Cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin are its
major constituent components.
chemical
Its three dimensional structure
and
different
physical,
and mechanical properties are resultant of various physical, chemical,
mechanical and hydrogen bonds formed between them. The chemical compositions of
major commercial species of jute .
Figure 5: Lignocellulosic materials
Table 2: Chemical composition of Jute

Constituents
Jute
C.Camsulars
Alphacellulose
60.0-63.0
Hemicellulose
21.0-24.0
Lignin
12.0-130
Fats & Waxes
0.4-1.0
Pectin
0.2-1.5
Protein or Nitrogenous matter, etc 0.80-1.9
(%N2 x 6.25)
Ash
0.7-1.2
C. Olitorius
58.0-59.0
22.0-25.0
13.0-14.0
0.4-0.9
0.2-0.5
0.8-1.6
0.5-1.2
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2.8 Physical Properties of Jute:

Jute has unique characteristic properties for hard and soft fibre simultaneously. These
are in short shown below:
Table 3: Physical properties of Jute

A.
1
Macro & Micro Structure

Ultimate Cell Length (L)
Ultimate Cell Breadth (B)
3
4
5
6
L/B Ratio(Average)
Fiber Fitness
Fiber Length (After carding)
Density
7
8
9
B
10
Bulk Density
Degree of crystallinity(X-ray)
Angle of Orientation (X-ray)
Moisture Absorption
Moisture Regain
11
Transverse Swelling in water
C.
13
Mechanical Properties
Tenacity
14
15
Elongation at Break
Initial Modulus
16
17
18
Specific Torsional Rigidity

Specific Flexural Rigidity
Elastic Recovery
19
20
21
22
22
23
24
25
Specific work of Rupture

Work Factor
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Thermal Conductivity
Heat of combustion
Ignition Temperature
Heat of Wetting
-Average
-Range
-Average
-Range
2.50mm
08-6.00mm
18m
10-25m
110
1.3-4.0 tex
2.50 cm
1.46 g/cc
1.10-1.34 g/cc
0.4-0.5 g/cc
55-60%
7-9
-True
-Apparent
- at 65% RH
- at 100% RH
- Diameter wise
- Cross-sectional area
wise
13.8%
Single (gauge length-1

cm)
Bundle(gauge length
5cm)
30-50 gm /tex;0.29 0.48 N /

tex
12 35 gf / tex;0.18 0.34 N /
tex
1.0 1.8%
1700 3000 gf / tex;17-30
N/tex
0.9 1.7 x 1011 dynes/cm2
20%
0.4 0.5mN.mm2 / tex2

0.7 0.8 mN.mm2/tex2
From 3 g/den stress
From 1.5% strain
2.7 mN/tex
0.5
75%
75%
1.36 x 103 J kg-1 , K-1

427.3mWm-1,K2
17.5J/g
193
18.2 calories
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2.9 MATERIALS USED TO MAKE JUTE MORTAR
In order to carry on this project and to prepare chemically modified Jute Mortar we used the
following materials:
1.CEMENT:-We used Khyber cement ,43 grade for our project work.Cement must develop
the appropriate strength.It must represent the appropriate rheological behaviour.Generally
same types of cements have quite different rheological and strength characteristics,
particularly when used in combination with jute and other materials.
2.SAND: The zoning of the sand is based upon the cumulative percentage finer through sieve
600 mcron.Here the cumulative percentage finer is 25.4%, so the given sand sample is zoneII according to the table 2, which is recommended by IS code
Cummulative %age finer through 600
micron sieve
15-34
35-59
60-79
80-100
Zone of Sand
I
II
III
IV
Figure 6: (a) Khyber Cement Bag (b) Sand
3.SODIUM HYDROXIDE: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye and caustic soda,
is an inorganic compound. It is a white solid and highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt
which is available in pellets, flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of
different concentrations. Sodium hydroxide forms an approximately 50% (by weight)
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saturated solution with water. In this project we used Rankem Sodium hydroxide flakes M.W
40.00
Figure 7: Sodium Hydroxide
4.JUTE:There are various grades of Jute available in market each having its own
characteristics and properties. But we have used Jute in threaded form available in market.
This type of Jure is cheap, readily available and easy to handle. Moreover it is available in
any quantity. Approximate weight of each jute ball was 80 gms. The Jute was cut in small
required length so that proper requirement may be fulfilled.
Figure 8: Jute Threaded Balls
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5.WATER:We used the tap water water to make the mortar mixed for the project work. This
must be free from salts and other impurities which reduce the strength of mortar.
6.POLMER:We used Commercially available aqueous emulsion of Carboxylated StyreneButadiene Copolymer based polymer latex was used to modify the jute fibers. The solid
content of undiluted polymer latex was 41%.
Figure 9: Carboxylated Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer
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DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR
Modification and
characterization of Jute
Fiber
Chapter 03
Modification and characterization of jute fiber
3.1. Materials for modification
Jute fibers obtained from thread balls available in market were used. Analytical grade sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) and commercially available carboxylated styrene-butadiene copolymer
based polymer latex (Sika Polymer latex Power) were used for fiber surface modification.
3.2. Chemical modification of jute fiber

From the polar chemical nature and structure of natural fiber it appears that such fibers can
interact with polar nature of cement concrete. This concept justifies the reinforcing action of
jute in cement concrete. Simultaneously due to polar character of natural fiber, viz., jute, it
shows hydrophilic character. Such hydrophilicity might lead to depletion of water from the
wet concrete mix as well as it might degrade in due course of time as a result of microbial
attack. To overcome such shortcomings jute fibers need suitable physicochemical
modification before incorporation in concrete matrix. It was anticipated that after
modification with alkali and other chemical constituents, microbial degradation of jute fiber
can be either delayed or prevented.
3.3. Modification with alkali

The jute fibers were cut to ~6 cm of length and soaked in 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% (w/v) NaOH
solution at ambient temperature maintaining a fiber to liquor ratio of 1:30. The fibers were
kept immersed in the alkali solution for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h. The alkali treated
fibers were then washed several times with distilled water to remove excess alkali from the
fiber surface. The final pH was maintained at 7.0. The fibers were then air dried at room
temperature for 24 h followed by oven drying at 55oC for 24 h. The plausible reaction
between jute fiber and alkali is shown in fig
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DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR
Modification and
characterization of Jute
Fiber
Equation 1: Plausible reaction between jute fiber and alkali
3.4. Modification with polymer latex

Commercially available aqueous emulsion of carboxylated styrene-butadiene copolymer
based polymer latex was used to modify the jute fibers. The solid content of undiluted
polymer latex was found to be 41%. Alkali treated jute fibers were dipped into 0.25, 0.5, and
1.0% (v/v)polymer latex for 24 h, maintaining a liquor ratio 1:30 at ambient condition. The
fibers were then air dried at room temperature for 24 h followed by oven drying at 55oC for
24 h. The plausible reaction chemistry of alkali treated jute fiber and polymer latex is shown
in fig
Equation 2: Plausible reaction chemistry of alkali treated jute fiber and polymer la
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DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Experimental Procedure
Chapter 04
Experimental Procedure
4.1 MATERIALS:
The materials used in this study were ordinary OPC Khyber Cement (43 grade), fine sand,
jute , sodium hydroxide (NaOH), carboxylated styrene-butadiene copolymer based polymer
latex and tap water
Figure 10: Material during experimental procedure
4.2 Modification of Jute Fiber

4.2 (a) Modification with Alkali:
The jute fibers were cut to ~6 cm of length and soaked in 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% (w/v) NaOH
solution at ambient temperature maintaining a fiber to liquor ratio of 1:30. The fibers were
kept immersed in the alkali solution for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h. The alkali treated
fibers were then washed several times with distilled water to remove excess alkali from the
fiber surface. The final pH was maintained at 7.0. The fibers were then air dried at room
temperature for 24 h followed by oven drying at 55oC for 24 h.
Figure 11: Preperation of Jute
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Figure 12: (a)Jute soaked in NaOH (b) Jute soaked in Polymer (c) Jute in distilled water (d) Oven dried Jute
4.2(b) MODIFICATION WITH POLYMER LATEX: Commercially available aqueous
emulsion of carboxylate styrene-butadiene copolymer based polymer latex was used to

modify the jute fibers. The solid content of undiluted polymer latex was found to be 41%.
Alkali treated jute fibers were dipped into 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0% (v/v) polymer latex for 24 h,
maintaining a liquor ratio 1:30 at ambient condition. The fibers were then air dried at room
temperature for 24 h followed by oven drying at 55oC for 24 h
.
Figure 13: After treated with Polymer
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4.3 CASTING AND MIXING: The test moulds are kept ready before preparing the mix.
Tighten the bolts of the moulds carefully because if bolts are not tight the cement mortar
slurry comes out of the mould when vibration takes place. Then moulds are cleaned and oiled
on all contact surfaces of the moulds and then place the mould on the smooth and even
surface. The modified jute cement mortar is filled into modules in layers and then vibrated.
The top surface of cement mortar is struck off level with a trowel. The sample code (e.g.
MS1, 11, 22, 0.8%, 33 etc.) and date of casting are put on the surface of the cubes, beams and
moulds. The mixes were prepared by weight proportion of modified jute (i.e. jute treated with
different sol. Of NaOH & polymer) used as a cement mortar replacement material. A total 27
cube samples of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm size and 9 beams of 100mm x 100mm x 500mm
were prepared from 1:3 design mix by weight and is reinforced with jute which is treated
with different solutions of NaOH & carboxylated styrene butadiene latex
Figure 14: Pouring of modified Jute Cement slurry in sand-cement mix
Figure 15: Moulds for casting cubes and beams
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4.4 METHOD OF CASTING: The major problems encountered with jute fiber as a
reinforcing agent in cement matrix are its non-uniform dispersion due to agglomeration of the
fiber and its hydrophilic nature. Hence to achieve a uniform dispersion of fibers in cement
matrix jute is not directly mixed with sand & cement. A different technique was used in
which chemically modified jute was estimated which is to used in the cement mortar as
reinforcement in the next day and then the chemically modified
chopped fibers were
immersed for 24 h in half of the total volume of water required for mortar preparation in a
container. Next the half of the total amount of cement required was added to wet jute in that
container with constant stirring to obtain jute-cement slurry.
Figure 16: Preperation of Jute cement slurry
Figure 17: Mixing of slurry
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Figure 19: Mixing cement-sand
Figure 18:Pouring and adding of slurry to cement-sand mix
The jute cement slurry was then slowly poured into the cement mortar mix. The remaining
amount of water was then added and the mixing was for further 5 min. The fresh cement
mortar thus obtained was cast immediately in 150mm x 150mm x 150mm cubes and 100mm
x 100mm x 500mm beams. After casting of cubes and beams the vibrator was used for the
proper compaction of the jute reinforced cement mortar. And then all the moulds were
allowed to setting.
.
Figure 21: Filling mould with jute mortar
Figure 20: Vibrator used for compaction
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Figure 22:Vibrator used for compaction
The moulds were opened after 24hrs of casting. The plain cement mortar samples were
placed in the water bath tank for curing after writing the sample code on them. But for the
chemically modified jute cement mortar samples we place the in the open atmosphere for
next 24 to 36 hours after writing the sample code and the place them in the water bath tank
for curing.
Figure 23: Opening of moulds
All samples were cured in the water bath tank to make sure that maximum hydration process
within the sample can take place.
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Figure 25: Casted samples
Figure 24:Curing of samples
4.5 TESTS PERFORMED ARE:

We performed only two tests to compare the chemically modified reinforced jute cement
mortar with the normal mortar. These tests are following:
Compressive Strength Test
Flexural Strength Test
4.6 Test for Compressive strength of cement mortar & reinforced cement mortar cubes
To calculate the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes the universal testing machine
(UTM) of load carring capacity of 40 Tonnes was used.
Page 27
Figure 26: Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
In this test the strength is obtained in tonnes. The measured compressive strength of the
specimen shall be calculated by the maximum load applied to the specimen during the by the
cross sectional area calculated from mean dimensions of the section and shall be expressed to
the nearest MPa. Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which
gives an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that
weather concreting has been done properly or not. These specimens are tested by
compression testing machine after 14 days curing or 28 days curing. Load should be applied
gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens fails. Load at the failure
divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete.
Calculations:
Compressive strength = Maximum Load / Area
= P/A
Where:
P = max. load
A = area of the specimen
Page 28
Figure 27:Testing of cube with 0.25% sol of NaOH treated Jute
4.7Test for flexural strength of cement mortar & reinforced cement mortar beams
To determine the Flexural Strength of cement mortar, which comes into play when a slab
with inadequate sub-grade support is subjected to wheel loads and / or there are volume
changes due to temperature / shrinking. Test specimens shall be prepared by moldings
concrete to a beam section, curing and storing in accordance with standard procedure. The
section of the beam shall be square of 100 mm or 150 mm. The overall length of the
specimen shall be 4d to 5d. The ratio of d to the maximum particle size of aggregate shall be
not less than three. Circular rollers manufactured out of steel having cross section with
diameter 38 mm will be used for providing support and loading points to the specimens. The
length of the rollers shall be at least 10 mm more than the width of the test specimen. A total
of four rollers shall be used, three out of which shall be capable of rotating along their own
axes. The distance between the outer rollers (i.e. span) shall be 3d and the distance between
the inner rollers shall be d. The inner rollers shall be equally spaced between the outer rollers,
such that the entire system is systematic. The specimen stored in water shall be tested
immediately on removal from water; whilst they are still wet. The test specimen shall be
placed in the machine correctly centered with the longitudinal axis of the specimen at right
Page 29

angles to the rollers. For moulded specimens, the mould filling direction shall be normal to
the direction of loading. The load shall be applied slowly without shock at such a rate as to
increase the stress at a rate of .06 + .04 N/cm2 per second.
Calculations:The flexural strength of the specimen is calculated from the following formula
Flexural strength = Pl/bd2
Where:
b = width of specimen
d = failure point depth
L = supported length
P =max. Load
Figure 28:Testing of beam
Page 30
Figure 29: Unmodified Jute
Figure 30: Chemically modified Jute
Page 31
Figure 31: Preperation of jute slurry
Figure 32:Mixing of slurry with cement-sand
Page 32
Figure 33:Casting of Cubes
Figure 34:Vibration and compaction
Page 33
Figure 35: Testing of cube
Figure 36: Cracks due to loading
Page 34
Figure 37: Testing of beam
Figure 38: Recording data
Page 35
Figure 39: Crcaks after loading
Figure 40: Jute bonded with cement-sand
Page 36
DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Observation and Results
Chapter 05
Observation and Results
Page 37
Table 4:Compressive strength and bending strength of cubes and beams
SAMPLE
DATE OF
CASTING
WEIGHT
OF
SAMPLE
(Kg)
STAGE OF
STRENGTH
(Days)
CODE FOR
SAMPLE
FAILURE
LOAD
(KNs)
STRENGTH
(MPa)
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
23/04/2015
6.85
14
21
28
MS1
170
7.55
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
23/04/2015
6.85
14
21
28
MS2
180
8.0
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
04/05/2015
6.85
14
21
28
MS1
110
4.9
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
23/04/2015
10
14
21
28
MS3
10
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
04/05/2015
10
14
21
28
MS3
3.6
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
29/04/2015
10
14
21
28
MS4
3.6
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
01/05/2015
6.35
14
21
28
0.25%
130
5.9
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
01/05/2015
6.25
14
21
28
0.25%
207
9.2
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
01/05/2015
6.35
14
21
28
0.5%
140
6.15
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
01/05/2015
6.25
14
21
28
0.5%
215
9.52
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
01/05/2015
6.35
14
21
28
1.0%
135
6.05
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
01/05/2015
6.25
14
21
28
1.0%
210
9.3
Page 38
Table 5:Compressive strength and flexural strength of cubes

SAMPLE
DATE OF
CASTING
WEIGHT
OF
SAMPLE
(Kg)
STAGE OF
STRENGTH
(Days)
CODE FOR
SAMPLE
FAILURE
LOAD
(KNs)
STRENGTH
(MPa)
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.3
14
21
28
11
140
6.35
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.25
14
21
28
11
210
9.3
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.25
14
21
28
12
145
6.4
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.25
14
21
28
12
230
10.12
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.25
14
21
28
13
155
6.77
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.2
14
21
28
13
235
10.41
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.3
14
21
28
21
150
6.57
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.25
14
21
28
21
230
10.1
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.3
14
21
28
22
150
6.65
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.3
14
21
28
22
235
10.26
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.2
14
21
28
23
155
6.9
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
05/05/2015
6.2
14
21
28
23
240
10.71
Page 39
Table 6: Compressive strength and bending strength of cubes and beams

SAMPLE
DATE OF
CASTING
WEIGHT
OF
SAMPLE
(Kg)
STAGE OF
STRENGTH
(Days)
CODE FOR
SAMPLE
FAILURE
LOAD
KNs
STRENGTH
MPa
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
06/05/2015
6.25
14
21
31
140
6.35
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
06/05/2015
6.25
14
21
28
31
220
9.82
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
06/05/2015
6.2
14
21
28
32
150
6.7
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
06/05/2015
6.2
14
21
28
32
230
10.26
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
06/05/2015
6.1
14
21
28
33
155
6.85
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
06/05/2015
6.2
14
21
28
33
235
10.56
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
06/05/2015
9.5
14
21
28
0.8%
12
4.8
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
06/05/2015
9.4
14
21
28
0.8%
14.5
5.8
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
06/05/2015
9.4
14
21
28
1.0%
12.5
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
06/05/2015
9.3
14
21
28
1.0%
15.5
6.2
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
06/05/2015
9.4
14
21
28
1.2%
12
4.8
06/05/2015
9.3
14
21
28
1.2%
15
Page 40
Table 7: Composition of cubes and beams
SAMPLE
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
WEIGHT OF
SAMPLE (Kg)
SAMPLE
CODE
COMPOSITION
6.85
MS1
1:3 cement mortar mix without the

reinforcement chemically modified jute
6.85
MS2

6.85
MS1

10
MS3

10
MS3

10
MS4
6.35
0.25%
6.25
0.25%
6.35
0.5%
6.25
0.5%
6.35
1.0%
6.25
1.0%

1:3 cement mortar mix with the
reinforcement of 1% jute by weight treated
with 0.25% wt./vol. sol. Of NaOH
with 0.25% wt. /vol. sol. Of NaOH
Page 41

Table 8:Composition of cubes and beams
SAMPLE
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
WEIGHT
OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
CODE
(Kg)
COMPOSITION
1:3 cement mortar mix with the reinforcement of 1%

jute by weight treated with 0.25% wt. /vol. sol. Of
NaOH and 0.25% vol./vol. sol. Of Polymer Latex
NaOH and 0.25% vol. /vol. sol. Of Polymer Latex
6.3
11
6.25
11
6.25
12
6.25
12
6.25
13
6.2
13
6.3
21
6.25
21
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
6.3
22
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
6.3
22

23

23

CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x
150 MM
6.2
6.2
Page 42
Table 9: Composition of beams and cubes

WEIGHT
OF
SAMPLE (Kg)
CODE FOR
SAMPLE
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
6.25
31

jute by weight treated with 1.0% wt. /vol. sol. Of NaOH
and 0.25% vol. /vol. sol. Of Polymer Latex
CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
6.25
31

CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
6.2
32

CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
6.2
32

CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
6.1
33

CUBIC BLOCK
150 x 150 x 150
MM
6.2
33

BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
9.5
0.8%
1:3 cement mortar mix with the reinforcement of 0.8%

BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
9.4
0.8%

BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
9.4
1.0%

BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
9.3
1.0%

BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
9.4
1.2%

BEAM
100 x 100 x 500
MM
9.3
1.2%

SAMPLE
COMPOSITION
Page 43
Graphical Interpretation of
DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Results
Chapter 06
Graphical Interpretation of Results
Compressive strength vs Samples treated with different wt./vol. solutions of NaOH
14 Days Compressive Strength
7
6
1% jute
compressive strength
MPa
5
4
1% jute
1% jute
0.50%
1%
0% jute
3
2
1
0
0
0.25%
JUTE treated with different wt./vol. solutions of NaOH only

(SAMPLES)
Graph 1: Jute treated with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% wt. /vol. solutions of NaOH solutions only

8
Compressive strength
MPa
7
6
1%jute
1% jute
1 %jute
5
4
0% jute
3
2
1
0
MS1'
11
12
13
SAMPLES
Graph 2: Jute treated with 0.25% wt. /vol. solution of NaOH and then treated with different solutions of polymer 0.25%,
0.5%, 1.0% vol. /vol
Page 44

8
7
Compressive Strength
MPa
1% jute
1% jute
1% jute
5
4
0% jute
3
2
1
0
MS1'
21
22
23
SAMPLES
0.5%, 1.0% vol. /vol

8
MPa
7
6
1% jute
1% jute
1% jute
32
33
5
0% jute
4
3
2
1
0
MS1'
31
SAMPLES
Graph 4:Jute treated with 0.1% wt. /vol. solution of NaOH and then treated with different solutions of polymer 0.25%,
0.5%, 1.0% vol. /vol
Page 45
14 Days Flexural Strength

6
5
1%jute
Flexural Strength
MPa
0.8% jute
1.2%jute
4
0% jute
3
2
1
0
MS4
0.80%
1%
1.20%
SAMPLES
Graph 5: Jute treated with 0.1% wt. /vol. solution of NaOH and then treated with 0.1% vol. /vol. solutions of polymer
14-DAYS WEIGHT OF BEAMS PRIOR TO TESTING

10.1
10
9.9
0% JUTE
WEIGHT
(Kg)
9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5
9.4
9.3
0.8% JUTE
1% JUTE
1.2% JUTE
0.8%
1.0%
1.2%
9.2
9.1
MS4
SAMPLES
Page 46
14-DAYS WEIGHT OF CUBIC BLOCKS PRIOR TO

TESTING
6.8 0% JUTE
WEIGHT
(Kg)
6.6
6.4
1% JUTE1% JUTE1% JUTE
1% JUTE
1% JUTE1% JUTE
1% JUTE1% JUTE
1% JUTE
1% JUTE
1% JUTE
6.2
1% JUTE
6
5.8
5.6
MS1'
0.25% 0.50%
1%
11
12
13
21
22
23
31
32
33
SAMPLES
Graph 7: Jute treated with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% wt. /vol. solution of NaOH and then treated with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% vol. /vol.
solutions of polymer

10
9
1% jute
1% jute
1% jute
0.50%
1%
compressive strength
MPa
8
7
0% jute
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.25%
JUTE treated with different wt./vol. solutions of NaOH

wt./vol.
Graph 8: Jute treated with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% wt. /vol. solutions of NaOH solutions only
Page 47

12
MPa
10
1%jute
1 %jute
12
13
1% jute
8
0% jute
6
4
2
0
MS2
11
SAMPLES
0.5%, 1.0% vol. /vol.

12
Compressive Strength
MPa
10
1% jute
1% jute
21
22
1% jute
8
0% jute
6
4
2
0
MS1
23
SAMPLES
0.5%, 1.0% vol. /vol
Page 48

12
10
MPa
1% jute
1%jute
1 %jute
32
33
8
0% jute
6
4
2
0
MS2
31
SAMPLES
0.5%, 1.0% vol. /vol.
28 Days Flexural Strength

7
6
1%jute
0.8% jute
1.2%jute
Flexural Strength
MPa
5
4
0% jute
3
2
1
0
MS3
0.8%
1%
1.2%
SAMPLES
Page 49
28-DAYS WEIGHT OF BEAMS PRIOR TO TESTING

10.2
10
0% JUTE
WEIGHT
(Kg)
9.8
9.6
9.4
0.8% JUTE
9.2
1% JUTE
1.2% JUTE
1%
1.2%
9
8.8
MS3
0.8%
SAMPLES
28-DAYS WEIGHT OF CUBIC BLOCKS PRIOR TO

TESTING
6.8 0% JUTE
6.6
WEIGHT
(Kg)
6.4
1% JUTE
1% JUTE1% JUTE1% JUTE1% JUTE1% JUTE
1% JUTE
1% JUTE
1% JUTE
1% JUTE
1% JUTE
1% JUTE
6.2
6
5.8
5.6
MS1
0.25% 0.50%
1%
11
12
13
21
22
23
31
32
33
SAMPLES
Graph 14: Jute treated with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% wt. /vol. solution of NaOH and then treated with 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% vol.
/vol. solutions of polymer
Page 50
DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Discussion
Chapter 07
Discussion
Construction industry is revolutionised by new emerging trends and technology. Jute mortar
is one of the new advanced technology but with little knowledge and experimental data. It is
because of this that Jute mortar is not being so regularly and at large scale .Jute mortar can be
used with traditional building techniques thus using renewable resource at less cost that too
with good strength. New technology methods in cement industry results in new machinery
and expertise, jute mortar on other hand uses basis raw material easily available and at cheap
cost.
Concrete structures are structures predominantly made of cement, which is a hydraulic
material that hydrates with water to generate a stable material. This hydration reaction
produces an amount of calcium hydroxide equivalent to about one third of an amount of
cement. Calcium hydroxide is a strong alkali having a pH of about 12 to 13, and forms a
passive film on a rebar embedded in the concrete structures to prevent rebar corrosion,
thereby maintaining the strength of the concrete structures. However, the nature of concrete
structures causes hairline cracks to form during initial curing. When water permeates into the
cracks, the cracks in the concrete structures may grow by the repetition of freezing and
melting of water depending on changes in temperature, which may remarkably reduce the
durability of the concrete structures. Particularly, when airborne salinity or an acidic
substance such as carbon dioxide increasing in its level due to air pollution permeates into the
concrete structures, the concrete structures may suffer from chloride-induced corrosion and
carbonation. The corrosion may be accelerated by the rebar embedded in the concrete
structures to maintain the strength of the concrete structures. In other words, when an acidic
substance reacts with hydrate in concrete, in particular calcium hydroxide, the pH value of
the concrete structures reduces below 10, accompanied by the breakdown of the passive film
on the rebar, which causes the concrete structures to deteriorate by the likes of the rebar
corrosion. By the rebar corrosion, the volume increases, which then applies tension to the
surface of the concrete structures. Hence, the cracks on the surface of the concrete structures
may grow to reduce the strength of the concrete structures. Concrete deterioration may
progress under physical and chemical environment. Accordingly, extensive repair is needed.
To repair concrete, a variety of repair compositions have been used. Among them, there is
Page 51

cement mortar including an aggregate such as silica sand, a binder such as cement, and a fiber
reinforcement such as glass fiber or carbon fiber. However, cement mortar has disadvantages
of cracking during initial curing or delamination caused by poor bonding at the interface. One
of the most common defects that occur when repairing concrete is a defect generated at the
interface between new concrete and deteriorated old concrete while curing since old dry
concrete absorbs the moisture of fresh concrete after pouring, plastering, and spray coating.
This causes a false-set problem, that is, rapid hardening of cement whereby cement just exists
in the form of loose powder, failing to serve as a binder. As a result, a reduction in the
interfacial bond between new concrete and old concrete leads to reduced bond strength,
construction defects such as delamination, and the like. Jute fiber is a hydrophilic natural
cellulose fiber, and has excellent dispersion when mixing, thereby avoiding fiber
agglomeration caused by the separation of materials when repairing concrete. Also, jute fiber
has larger surface roughness and consequently better reinforcing performance than
hydrophobic man-made fiber conventionally used in the art. The man-made fiber as a
conventional reinforcement has smooth surface and consequently low binding performance,
resulting in fiber pull-out from the matrix of the concrete repair composition. As a result, the
bond strength at the interface between fresh concrete and old concrete reduces. It is obvious
that a man-made fiber may be used together with jute fiber to improve the binding
performance and the reinforcing performance such as strength. Jute fiber has high moisture
holding capacity to prevent defect generation at the interface between fresh concrete and old
concrete during curing that commonly occurs when repairing concrete. As described above,
when a hydrophilic man-made fiber is used for reinforcement as conventionally used, old dry
concrete absorbs the moisture of fresh concrete. This causes a false-set problem, that is, rapid
hardening of cement whereby cement just exists in the form of loose powder, failing to serve
as a binder. As a result, a reduction in the interfacial bond between new concrete and old
concrete leads to reduced bond strength, construction defects such as delamination, and the
like. Jute fiber absorbs a large amount of water during mixing and then provides the water to
the concrete to keep it moist during curing, thereby imparting good curing characteristics
.Jute fiber used for reinforcement has an average length of 6 cm. The test results confirm that
these ranges lead to excellent dispersion and workability. Besides jute fiber, the concrete
repair composition includes, as a base component, an aggregate such as silica sand and a
binder such as cement, and after mixing with water, may be used in repairing concrete in
accordance with conventional methods.
Page 52

Application of chemically modified Jute reinforced concrete
1) Jute fiber reinforced cement concrete for precast non-pressure (NP) sewerage pipes.
Preparation of concrete for pipe fabrication
According to IS 458, 35 M graded concrete is required for fabrication of NP pipe. The
calculated mix design to prepare 35 M concrete is cement: sand: stone chips: 1: 1.5: 2.7,
however, here stone chips of two different sizes (20 and 12.5 mm) were used in 70: 30 ratio.
The water cement ratio for concrete preparation was 0.4 - 0.42 and the slump value was 25
5 mm. For each set of concrete composites 1% jute fiber was incorporated.
Fabrication of jute fiber reinforced concrete pipe (NP3):
Jute reinforced mortar can be used in making fiber reinforced concrete pipe. These pipes have
being used in many construction works and have proved their strength and work. Various
tests are being conducted and have successfully came out with good results. In two tests
which were conducted by a company hydrostatic test of concrete sewerage pipe and second
one is the three edge bearing test.
Figure 41: Fabrication of chemically modified jute fiber reinforced precast concrete pipe
Concrete pipes with and without modified jute fiber reinforcement

Concrete pipes with modified jute fiber reinforcement have performed much better than
unmodified jute concrete pipes. Due In various places all over the world such pipes are being
used .Jute fiber reinforced precast concrete pipes have achieved better properties than that of
Page 53

standard pipe. The chemically modified jute fiber reinforced concrete pipe achieves higher
strength than that of conventional concrete pipe by incorporating only 20.5 kg of steel cage
instead of 29.9 kg. Thus, the chemically modified jute fiber reinforced concrete pipe is cost
effective as well as strong. Jute fiber reinforcement in concrete pipe leads to 3.4% increment
in load required to produce 0.25 mm crack. Jute fiber reinforcement in concrete pipe leads to
8.4% increment in ultimate load. Pressure was gradually raised upto 0.07 MPa and held for
186 s. No formation of water beads or leakage was found on the surface of pipe.
Figure 42: (a) Pipes without jute fiber reinforcement, (b) Pipes with untreated jute fiber reinforcement, (c) Pipes with
chemically modified jute fiber reinforcement
Figure 43: (a)Hydrostatic testing of pipes (b) Three edge bearing test of pipes
2) Jute fiber reinforced cement concrete for prestressed electric poles.

Preparation of concrete composites for pole fabrication
According to IS 1678, 45 M graded concrete is required for fabrication of pole. The
calculated mix design to prepare 45 M concrete is cement: sand: stone chips (12.5 mm) :: 1:
1: 2. The cement used for pole preparation is OPC of 43 grade. The water cement ratio for
concrete preparation was 0.32-0.34. For each set of concrete composites 1% jute fiber was
incorporated.
When polymer latex modified jute fibers are incorporated into cement matrix, the initial and
final setting time is decreased than that of the raw jute fiber reinforced cement. But addition
Page 54

of organic admixture (tannin) delays the setting time of cement paste. As the jute fiber
percent in cement matrix increases, the initial and final setting times of cement paste increase.
The standard test of concrete electric pole is cantilever test. jute fiber reinforced prestressed
concrete pole achieved better mechanical properties than that of the standard pole. The
chemically modified jute fiber reinforced concrete pole shows higher deflection property than
that of conventional concrete pole. Thus, the chemically modified jute fiber reinforced
concrete pole can be used in coastal areas.
Figure 44: Fabrication of chemically modified jute fiber reinforced prestressed concrete pole
Page 55
Figure 45: Chemically modified jute fiber reinforced prestressed concrete pole
Figure 46: Cantilever testing of modified jute fiber Reinforced concrete electric pole
Figure 47: Maximum flexibility before failure of modified jute fiber reinforced concrete electric pole
Page 56
3) Jute fiber reinforced precast cement concrete for pavers block.

According to IS 15658 for fabrication of concrete pavers 35 M graded concrete is required.
The mix design of concrete paver is cement: sand: stone chips: 1: 3: 4. Here the size of stone
chips used was 3-6 mm. The water cement ratio for concrete paver preparation was 0.2. For
each set of concrete composite 1% jute fiber was incorporated
Figure 48: Fabrication process of chemically modified jute fiber reinforced concrete pavers block
Concrete paver blocks with and without modified jute fiber reinforcement
4) Testing of fabricated jute fiber reinforced concrete pavers blocks.

Jute fiber reinforced concrete blocks show very good results when compressive strength test
and flexure strength test are done. Jute fiber reinforced precast concrete paver tiles achieves
better properties than that of the control paver tiles without jute. The chemically modified
Page 57

jute fiber reinforced concrete paver shows 54 % and 69 % higher compressive and flexural
strengths respectively than that of control concrete pavers block.
Figure 49: Compressive test of jute reinforced concrete paver block
Figure 50: Flexural test of jute reinforced concrete paver block
Page 58

4) Jute fiber reinforced precast cement fly ash roofing sheet
Cement-fly ash sheet composites were fabricated by reinforcing with chopped jute fibers (5
mm length) and jute felts [300x300 (cm2)] of 250, 400 and 600 gsm. At first the chopped jute
fibers and jute felts are soaked into water for 24 h. For chopped jute fiber reinforced cementfly ash sheet composites the cement and sand ratio should be 1:1.5, 10 to 50% cement with
replacement by fly ash and different weight percent of water soaked jute fiber mixed with
required amount of water (112.5% w.r.t. cement weight) to make slurry, following the above
process. The fresh mix thus obtained should be cast in mould [(300x300x6) mm3)] under 5
metric ton pressure for 2 h at ambient temperature. After 24 h the samples should be
demoulded followed by moisture curing for 28 days. For jute felt reinforced cement-fly ash
sheet composites, cement and fly ash (2:3) should be mixed with 112.5% of water w.r.t.
cement. The water soaked jute felts should then laminated on both sides by cement-fly ash
mixture and was placed in the moulds [300x300x6 (mm3)] under 5 metric ton pressure for 2 h
at ambient temperature. After 24 h the samples should demoulded and moisture cured for 28
days.
Figure 51: Chopped jute fiber reinforced cement-fly ash sheet composites
Figure 52: Jute felt reinforced cement-fly ash sheet composites
Page 59
DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Environmental Impact
Chapter 08
Environmental Impact
Introduction: Influence of eco-friendly material.

This project is oriented on reducing the environmental impact of concrete structures
throughout their full life-cycle. The scope of this project is to provide information of
concrete with inspiration and tools to implement green measures into concrete
structures. There is not only one correct solution to design and build a green concrete
structure. This text only gives some minimum but valuable information required in
modern world where pollution is expanding its roots that too at faster pace. The
applicability of each tool will depend strongly on the local conditions in the place of
use. Several green building schemes and labelling systems have been developed
around the world and it is noted that this project does not constitute a new green label
scheme. However, this project may be used to design schemes where economical
criteria is mandatory with little resources .It is important to use a holistic view on how
concrete structures and concrete production affect the environment during its complete
life-cycle. However, it is recognized that the designers and the constructors of
concrete structures are not always in control of all the phases in the full life cycle. For
instance the energy performance of a building is strongly depending on the end-users
behavior, which is often out of reach of the building designer. This makes it difficult
and maybe even impossible to design a structure that is environmentally healthy from
cradle to cradle. For example in Denmark the energy performance of houses was
specified to meet a criterion of maximum 10 litres fuel oil per m2 in the early l980s.
ln 2008 this criterion is halved and it is expected to be halved again by 2015.
Therefore, a house that was built 30 years ago according to state of the art building
design principles at that time is considered hopelessly outdated according to todays
energy performance standards and may need significant renovation work .Even
though the process of designing green concrete structures is subjected to constantly
evolving knowledge, standards, regulations and regional levels of technologies, a
Page 60
common willingness to make a signicant improvement must be adopted. In some

regions of the world, a small change of thought (e.g. concrete mix optimization with
respect to clinker content) may result in substantial reduction in CO2 emissions at a
minor investment level, whilst more complex methodologies (e.g overall structural
and thermal mass optimization) will apply in other regions. This project intends to
inspire and support concrete structure designers by providing a way to use natural
material which is available abundantly that can he applied fully or partially depending
on the regional limitations. Once again, the need of a holistic planning of the
construction phase must be emphasized after the construction process is commenced,
the introduction of alternatives may become hindered by economic barriers. For a civil
structure the design for long durability and low maintenance is often the most
important parameter to obtain a green structure.
How does deterioration of concrete occur under Environmental Effect
Figure 53: deterioration of concrete occur under Environmental Effect
Page 61
Environmental Role of Jute

Jute Mortar is more environment friendly then ordinary mortar or concrete. Jute is a
natural fiber with numerous environmental advantages. It is an annually renewable
resource with a high biomass production per unit land area, and jute products being
biodegradable decompose in the soil at the end of product life-cycle. Towards global
warming, a concern of much importance in the present world, while the
synthetic materials are being considered as the root of many problems, the natural
fiber products are proven to be absolutely harmless. Jute is The Jute has many positive
impacts on the Environment. It is an environment friendly fiber in many aspects. The
fiber is environment friendly and its products are also environment friendly and better
than the synthetic fibers. It has others indirect role on the economy by impacting on
environment. The green leaf is the source of vegetable and dry leaf enhances the
fertility of the land. The root of jute increase the fertility and leaf and root act
as pesticide. The stick of jute use as a particle and composite and it reduce the
dependency on the wood as a fuel which reduces the deforestation. According to the
environmentalist, there should be 25% forest area in a country .As a major renewable
resource lingo cellulosic fibers derived from the structural plant tissues are expected to
play an important role in environment. The markets for fiber crops, such as abaca,
coir, jute and sisal have experienced substantial erosion since the introduction of
synthetic fibers. However, niche markets have been maintained and a number of
new markets are emerging, such as fiber reinforced composites in automotive
industries, building and construction materials, and biodegradable geo-textiles, with
the ecological image of cellulosic fibers becoming a driving force for innovation and
development. Consequently, the production of fiber crops has a limited impact
on the environment. In the post harvest processing steps, the fiber extraction
process consumes fossil energy and water, generates biomass waste. In general,
comparative studies on the production phase of fiber crops with synthetic
products, or glass fibers, indicate that fiber crops provide environmental benefits in
terms of reduced CO2 and greenhouse gas emission levels and consumption of fossil
energy. The energy and chemicals requirements for fiber pulping processes for the
Page 62
production of paper, board and cellulosic fiber products is, in general,

ecologically advantageous, as compared to wood based pulping.
Jute's growth cycle is very short, typically 4-6 months, and jute materials can be
recycled multiple times: Cradle to Cradle. The hurt (inner core) of jute is high-yield
cellulose, making jute an ideal source of material for pseudo-woods and paper
production, outperforming forest growth in almost all regards. The carbon footprint is
low. Jute is a fast growing field crop with high carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation
rate. Jute plants clean the air by consuming large quantities of CO2, which is the main
cause of the greenhouse effect. One hectare of jute plants can consume about 15 tons
of CO2 from atmosphere and release about 11 tons of oxygen in the 100 days of the
jute-growing season. Studies also show that the CO2 assimilation rate of jute is
several times higher than trees. (Inagaki, 2000).The ecological footprint is low. Jute is
traditionally farmed, it is grown in similar conditions to organic produce. There is
crop rotation, little or no pesticides are used and nothing is genetically modified. The
water footprint is low. The global water supply is diminishing. Jute is mainly rain fed
unlike cotton (2.5% of the worlds water)
Page 63
DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Conclusion
Chapter 09
Conclusion
This work demonstrated the potentiality of jute fiber as reinforcing agent in cement
composites for the use of sewer pipes, prestressed concrete pole, and paver blocks.
The entire investigation is summarized below.
Systematic experimental processes were developed for proper modification of jute
fiber with alkali and polymer.
Chemically modified jute fiber reinforced cement composites were fabricated,
following a systematic experimental program by considering different experimental
parameters like different processes, fiber content by weight %, fiber length, and
curing time.
Testing of jute fiber reinforced cement concrete/mortar composite showed
appreciable improvement in mechanical properties, which encourage fabricating
prototype cement concrete/mortar products.
The following jute fiber reinforced cement mortar products were developed:
o Chemically modified jute fiber reinforced cube of dimensions 150mm x 150mm x
150mm.
o Chemically modified jute fiber reinforced beam of dimensions 100mm x 100mm x
500mm.
Successful trials of fabrication and testing of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm cube and
100mm x 100mm x 100m beam were carried out on Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) in structural laboratory.
Compressive and flexural strengths of chemically treated jute fiber reinforced
cement concrete are improved by 48% and 55% respectively than that of the
concrete without jute fiber reinforcement.
Weight of the chemically modified jute fiber reinforced cement mortar reduces by
5-10% of the weight of cement mortar without jute fiber reinforcement.
Page 64
DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR References
Chapter 10
Achievements
Chemical modification of jute fiber improved tensile strength and elongation at break
about 41 and 34 % respectively.
Water absorption of jute fiber was reduced to 108 % from 210 % after chemical and
polymer treatment.
Technique of short jute fiber (optimum length 4-6 mm) dispersion in concrete/mortar
was optimized both in dry and wet basis.
Concrete mixing process was optimized with standard ratios of sand, cement, and water
to obtain a cement mortar having adequate workability during casting.
Workability of jute fiber incorporated concrete mix was improved using tannin as
admixture.
Critical fiber loading was optimized by fabricating cement concrete with different
amounts of jute fiber (0.8-1.2% by weight). Maximum compressive and flexural strength
was achieved at 1% fiber loading in cement composite which was about 4 kg per cubic
meter concrete and 5.5 kg per cubic meter cement mortar.
Compressive and flexural strengths of chemically treated jute fiber reinforced cement
mortar (lab based) were improved by 48 and 55% respectively than that of the cement
mortar without jute fiber reinforcement.
Degradation study of jute fiber in cement matrices showed that the rate of degradation of
treated jute fibers incorporated in cement paste was very slow whereas in case of
untreated jute fibers incorporated in cement paste degraded rapidly with time.
Chemically modified jute fiber in cement paste retained 97 % of its strength after 90 days
aging duration. Whereas, raw jute fiber in cement paste retained 82% of its strength after
90 days aging.
Page 65
References
Applications - Fiber Reinforced Concrete Association - FRCA

www.fiberreinforced.org/pages/applications.aspx
Concrete Technology
By M.S.Shetty
Concrete Technology
By P.D.Kulkarni
Developments in Strategic Materials and Computational Design V

Waltraud M. Kriven
Development of Glass/Jute Fibers Reinforced

www.hindawi.com/journals/ijms/2013/675264/
Engineering Materials: Research, Applications

K.M.Gupta
Fibre Reinforced Cementitous Composites

Arnon Bentur
Fiber Reinforced Concrete

www.ce.berkeley.edu/~paulmont/241/fibers.pdf
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)

courses.washington.edu/cm425/frc.pdf
Fiber Reinforcement of Concrete Structures

www.uritc.uri.edu/media/finalreportspdf/536101.pdf
High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites

By Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos, Hans W. Reinhard
Jute reinforced Composite Technology

www.ijira.org/old_html/jutereinforced.htm
Jute - Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jute
Jute Reinforced Composite Technology - World Jute

www.worldjute.com Diversification
Mechanical Behaviour of Jute Fibre Reinforced

www.iitg.ernet.in/aimtdr2014/PROCEEDINGS/papers/289.pdf
Methods of Curing Concrete - Curing types and Techniques

www.aboutcivil.org ... Hard Concrete Properties
Page 66
Properties and Applications of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

www.kau.edu.sa/Files/135/Researches/54118_24595.pdf
Textile-reinforced concrete - Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile-reinforced concrete
Types of Reinforced Concrete: Glass Fiber, Steel Fiber

www.brighthubengineering.com
Page 67

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DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR INTRODUCTION

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR INTRODUCTION

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR INTRODUCTION

Chemical modification of jute fiber.

Characterization of unmodified and chemically modified jute fiber.

Fabrication of jute reinforced cubic blocks & beams.

Testing and characterization of jute fiber reinforced cement

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR INTRODUCTION

1.3 Deliverables of this project

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR INTRODUCTION

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review

2.1 General Characteristics

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review

2.2 Typical properties of fiber:

Table 1: Typical properties of fiber

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review

2.3 Advantages of Jute Mortar

Jute Mortar is Aesthetically pleasing.

It has very high shear strength as block.

Jute mortar cab be used in decorative moulds and blockwork.

Required machinery is readily available even with poor farmers.

Jute mortar cab be used for simple furniture in homes.

2.4 Dis-Advantages of Jute Mortar

Modification of jute requires an expertise.

Chemicals are required which may not be easily available.

When it comes to moisture resistance, Jute Mortar behaves poor.

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review

Chemical Composition of Jute Fiber

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review

Figure 3: Nonwood fibers from herbaceous plants

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review

2.7 Chemistry:Chemical Composition of Jute Fibre:

Its three dimensional structure

and mechanical properties are resultant of various physical, chemical,

Figure 5: Lignocellulosic materials

Table 2: Chemical composition of Jute

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar

DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED REINFORCED JUTE MORTAR Literature Review

2.8 Physical Properties of Jute:

Table 3: Physical properties of Jute

Macro & Micro Structure

Ultimate Cell Breadth (B)

Transverse Swelling in water

Specific Torsional Rigidity

Specific work of Rupture

Single (gauge length-1

30-50 gm /tex;0.29 0.48 N /

0.4 0.5mN.mm2 / tex2

1.36 x 103 J kg-1 , K-1

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar