ROC Crim Pro

11/9/2015
Codals,etal.Rules110127:RevisedRulesofCriminalProcedure
Codals,etal.
CaseSearchMnemonicGeneratorComments,SuggestionsandInquiries
DECEMBER1,2000
Rules110127:RevisedRules
ofCriminalProcedure
THEREVISEDRULESOFCRIMINALPROCEDURE
(Asamended,December1,2000)
RULE110
ProsecutionofOffenses
Section1.Institutionofcriminalactions.Criminalactionsshallbeinstitutedas
follows:
(a)Foroffenseswhereapreliminaryinvestigationisrequiredpursuanttosection1of
Rule112,byfilingthecomplaintwiththeproperofficerforthepurposeofconducting
therequisitepreliminaryinvestigation.
(b)Forallotheroffenses,byfilingthecomplaintorinformationdirectlywiththe
MunicipalTrialCourtsandMunicipalCircuitTrialCourts,orthecomplaintwiththe
officeoftheprosecutor.InManilaandothercharteredcities,thecomplaintshallbe
filedwiththeofficeoftheprosecutorunlessotherwiseprovidedintheircharters.
Theinstitutionofthecriminalactionshallinterrupttherunningperiodof
prescriptionoftheoffensechargedunlessotherwiseprovidedinspeciallaws.(1a)
Section2.TheComplaintorinformation.Thecomplaintorinformationshallbe
inwriting,inthenameofthePeopleofthePhilippinesandagainstallpersonswho
appeartoberesponsiblefortheoffenseinvolved.(2a)
Section3.Complaintdefined.Acomplaintisaswornwrittenstatementcharging
apersonwithanoffense,subscribedbytheoffendedparty,anypeaceofficer,or
otherpublicofficerchargedwiththeenforcementofthelawviolated.(3)
Section4.Informationdefined.Aninformationisanaccusationinwriting
chargingapersonwithanoffense,subscribedbytheprosecutorandfiledwiththe
court.(4a)
Section5.Whomustprosecutecriminalactions.Allcriminalactionscommenced
byacomplaintorinformationshallbeprosecutedunderthedirectionandcontrolof
theprosecutor.However,inMunicipalTrialCourtsorMunicipalCircuitTrialCourts
whentheprosecutorassignedtheretoortothecaseisnotavailable,theoffended
party,anypeaceofficer,orpublicofficerchargedwiththeenforcementofthelaw
violatedmayprosecutethecase.Thisauthorityceaseuponactualinterventionofthe
prosecutororuponelevationofthecasetotheRegionalTrialCourt.(ThisSection
wasrepealedbyA.M.No.02207SCeffectiveMay1,2002)
file:///C:/Users/Riabelle/Documents/Acads/Extras/Lughs/Rules%20of%20Court%20110127%20(Criminal%20Procedure).html
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Thecrimesofadulteryandconcubinageshallnotbeprosecutedexceptupona
complaintfiledbytheoffendedspouse.Theoffendedpartycannotinstitutecriminal
prosecutionwithoutincludingtheguiltyparties,ifbothalive,nor,inanycase,ifthe
offendedpartyhasconsentedtotheoffenseorpardonedtheoffenders.
Theoffensesofseduction,abductionandactsoflasciviousnessshallnotbe
prosecutedexceptuponacomplaintfiledbytheoffendedpartyorherparents,
grandparentsorguardian,nor,inanycase,iftheoffenderhasbeenexpressly
pardonedbyanyofthem.Iftheoffendedpartydiesorbecomesincapacitatedbefore
shecanfilethecomplaint,andshehasnoknownparents,grandparentsorguardian,
theStateshallinitiatethecriminalactioninherbehalf.
Theoffendedparty,evenifaminor,hastherighttoinitiatetheprosecutionofthe
offensesofseduction,abductionandactsoflasciviousnessindependentlyofher
parents,grandparents,orguardian,unlesssheisincompetentorincapableofdoing
so.Wheretheoffendedparty,whoisaminor,failstofilethecomplaint,herparents,
grandparents,orguardianmayfilethesame.Therighttofiletheactiongrantedto
parents,grandparentsorguardianshallbeexclusiveofallotherpersonsandshallbe
exercisedsuccessivelyintheorderhereinprovided,exceptasstatedinthepreceding
paragraph.
Nocriminalactionfordefamationwhichconsistsintheimputationoftheoffenses
mentionedaboveshallbebroughtexceptattheinstanceofanduponcomplaintfiled
bytheoffendedparty.(5a)
Theprosecutionforviolationofspeciallawsshallbegovernedbytheprovisions
thereof.(n)
Section6.Sufficiencyofcomplaintorinformation.Acomplaintorinformationis
sufficientifitstatesthenameoftheaccusedthedesignationoftheoffensegivenby
thestatutetheactsoromissionscomplainedofasconstitutingtheoffensethename
oftheoffendedpartytheapproximatedateofthecommissionoftheoffenseandthe
placewheretheoffensewascommitted.
Whenanoffenseiscommittedbymorethanoneperson,allofthemshallbeincluded
inthecomplaintorinformation.(6a)
Section7.Nameoftheaccused.Thecomplaintorinformationmuststatethe
nameandsurnameoftheaccusedoranyappellationornicknamebywhichhehas
beenorisknown.Ifhisnamecannotbeascertained,hemustbedescribedundera
fictitiousnamewithastatementthathistruenameisunknown.
Ifthetruenameoftheaccusedisthereafterdisclosedbyhimorappearsinsome
othermannertothecourt,suchtruenameshallbeinsertedinthecomplaintor
informationandrecord.(7a)
Section8.Designationoftheoffense.Thecomplaintorinformationshallstate
thedesignationoftheoffensegivenbythestatute,avertheactsoromissions
constitutingtheoffense,andspecifyitsqualifyingandaggravatingcircumstances.If
thereisnodesignationoftheoffense,referenceshallbemadetothesectionor
subsectionofthestatutepunishingit.(8a)
Section9.Causeoftheaccusation.Theactsoromissionscomplainedofas
constitutingtheoffenseandthequalifyingandaggravatingcircumstancesmustbe
statedinordinaryandconciselanguageandnotnecessarilyinthelanguageusedin
thestatutebutintermssufficienttoenableapersonofcommonunderstandingto
knowwhatoffenseisbeingchargedaswellasitsqualifyingandaggravating
circumstancesandforthecourttopronouncejudgment.(9a)
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Section10.Placeofcommissionoftheoffense.Thecomplaintorinformationis
sufficientifitcanbeunderstoodfromitsallegationsthattheoffensewascommitted
orsomeoftheessentialingredientsoccurredatsomeplacewithinthejurisdictionof
thecourt,unlesstheparticularplacewhereitwascommittedconstitutesanessential
elementoftheoffenseorisnecessaryforitsidentification.(10a)
Section11.Dateofcommissionoftheoffense.Itisnotnecessarytostateinthe
complaintorinformationtheprecisedatetheoffensewascommittedexceptwhenit
isamaterialingredientoftheoffense.Theoffensemaybeallegedtohavebeen
committedonadateasnearaspossibletotheactualdateofitscommission.(11a)
Section12.Nameoftheoffendedparty.Thecomplaintorinformationmust
statethenameandsurnameofthepersonagainstwhomoragainstwhoseproperty
theoffensewascommitted,oranyappellationornicknamebywhichsuchpersonhas
beenorisknown.Ifthereisnobetterwayofidentifyinghim,hemustbedescribed
underafictitiousname.
(a)Inoffensesagainstproperty,ifthenameoftheoffendedpartyisunknown,the
propertymustbedescribedwithsuchparticularityastoproperlyidentifytheoffense
charged.
(b)Ifthetruenameoftheofthepersonagainstwhomoragainstwhoseproperlythe
offensewascommittedisthereafterdisclosedorascertained,thecourtmustcause
thetruenametobeinsertedinthecomplaintorinformationandtherecord.
(c)Iftheoffendedpartyisajuridicalperson,itissufficienttostateitsname,orany
nameordesignationbywhichitisknownorbywhichitmaybeidentified,without
needofaverringthatitisajuridicalpersonorthatitisorganizedinaccordancewith
law.(12a)
Section13.Duplicityoftheoffense.Acomplaintorinformationmustchargebut
oneoffense,exceptwhenthelawprescribesasinglepunishmentforvariousoffenses.
(13a)
Section14.Amendmentorsubstitution.Acomplaintorinformationmaybe
amended,informorinsubstance,withoutleaveofcourt,atanytimebeforethe
accusedentershisplea.Afterthepleaandduringthetrial,aformalamendmentmay
onlybemadewithleaveofcourtandwhenitcanbedonewithoutcausingprejudiceto
therightsoftheaccused.
However,anyamendmentbeforeplea,whichdowngradesthenatureoftheoffense
chargedinorexcludesanyaccusedfromthecomplaintorinformation,canbemade
onlyuponmotionbytheprosecutor,withnoticetotheoffendedpartyandwithleave
ofcourt.Thecourtshallstateitsreasonsinresolvingthemotionandcopiesofits
ordershallbefurnishedallparties,especiallytheoffendedparty.(n)
Ifitappearsatanytimebeforejudgmentthatamistakehasbeenmadeinchargingthe
properoffense,thecourtshalldismisstheoriginalcomplaintorinformationuponthe
filingofanewonechargingtheproperoffenseinaccordancewithsection19,Rule
119,providedtheaccusedshallnotbeplacedindoublejeopardy.Thecourtmay
requirethewitnessestogivebailfortheirappearanceatthetrial.(14a)
Section15.Placewhereactionistobeinstituted.
(a)Subjecttoexistinglaws,thecriminalactionshallbeinstitutedandtriedinthe
courtofthemunicipalityorterritorywheretheoffensewascommittedorwhereany
ofitsessentialingredientsoccurred.
(b)Whereanoffenseiscommittedinatrain,aircraft,orotherpublicorprivate
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vehiclewhileinthecourseofitstrip,thecriminalactionshallbeinstitutedandtried
inthecourtofanymunicipalityorterritorywheresuchtrain,aircraftorothervehicle
passedduringsuchitstrip,includingtheplaceofitsdepartureandarrival.
(c)Whereanoffenseiscommittedonboardavesselinthecourseofitsvoyage,the
criminalactionshallbeinstitutedandtriedinthecourtofthefirstportofentryorof
anymunicipalityorterritorywherethevesselpassedduringsuchvoyage,subjectto
thegenerallyacceptedprinciplesofinternationallaw.
(d)CrimescommittedoutsidethePhilippinesbutpunishableunderArticle2ofthe
RevisedPenalCodeshallbecognizablebythecourtwherethecriminalactionisfirst
filed.(15a)
Section16.Interventionoftheoffendedpartyincriminalaction.Wherethecivil
actionforrecoveryofcivilliabilityisinstitutedinthecriminalactionpursuanttoRule
111,theoffendedpartymayintervenebycounselintheprosecutionoftheoffense.
(16a)
RULE111
ProsecutionofCivilAction
Section1.Institutionofcriminalandcivilactions.(a)Whenacriminalactionis
instituted,thecivilactionfortherecoveryofcivilliabilityarisingfromtheoffense
chargedshallbedeemedinstitutedwiththecriminalactionunlesstheoffendedparty
waivesthecivilaction,reservestherighttoinstituteitseparatelyorinstitutesthecivil
actionpriortothecriminalaction.
Thereservationoftherighttoinstituteseparatelythecivilactionshallbemade
beforetheprosecutionstartspresentingitsevidenceandundercircumstances
affordingtheoffendedpartyareasonableopportunitytomakesuchreservation.
Whentheoffendedpartyseekstoenforcecivilliabilityagainsttheaccusedbywayof
moral,nominal,temperate,orexemplarydamageswithoutspecifyingtheamount
thereofinthecomplaintorinformation,thefilingfeesthereofshallconstituteafirst
lienonthejudgmentawardingsuchdamages.
Wheretheamountofdamages,otherthanactual,isspecifiedinthecomplaintor
information,thecorrespondingfilingfeesshallbepaidbytheoffendedpartyupon
thefilingthereofincourt.
ExceptasotherwiseprovidedintheseRules,nofilingfeesshallberequiredforactual
damages.
Nocounterclaim,crossclaimorthirdpartycomplaintmaybefiledbytheaccusedin
thecriminalcase,butanycauseofactionwhichcouldhavebeenthesubjectthereof
maybelitigatedinaseparatecivilaction.(1a)
(b)ThecriminalactionforviolationofBatasPambansaBlg.22shallbedeemedto
includethecorrespondingcivilaction.Noreservationtofilesuchcivilaction
separatelyshallbeallowed.
Uponfilingoftheaforesaidjointcriminalandcivilactions,theoffendedpartyshall
payinfullthefilingfeesbasedontheamountofthecheckinvolved,whichshallbe
consideredastheactualdamagesclaimed.Wherethecomplaintorinformationalso
seekstorecoverliquidated,moral,nominal,temperateorexemplarydamages,the
offendedpartyshallpayadditionalfilingfeesbasedontheamountsallegedtherein.If
theamountsarenotsoallegedbutanyofthesedamagesaresubsequentlyawardedby
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thecourt,thefilingfeesbasedontheamountawardedshallconstituteafirstlienon
thejudgment.
Wherethecivilactionhasbeenfiledseparatelyandtrialthereofhasnotyet
commenced,itmaybeconsolidatedwiththecriminalactionuponapplicationwiththe
courttryingthelattercase.Iftheapplicationisgranted,thetrialofbothactionsshall
proceedinaccordancewithsection2ofthisRulegoverningconsolidationofthecivil
andcriminalactions.(cir.5797)
Section2.Whenseparatecivilactionissuspended.Afterthecriminalactionhas
beencommenced,theseparatecivilactionarisingtherefromcannotbeinstituted
untilfinaljudgmenthasbeenenteredinthecriminalaction.
Ifthecriminalactionisfiledafterthesaidcivilactionhasalreadybeeninstituted,the
lattershallbesuspendedinwhateverstageitmaybefoundbeforejudgmentonthe
merits.Thesuspensionshalllastuntilfinaljudgmentisrenderedinthecriminal
action.Nevertheless,beforejudgmentonthemeritsisrenderedinthecivilaction,the
samemay,uponmotionoftheoffendedparty,beconsolidatedwiththecriminal
actioninthecourttryingthecriminalaction.Incaseofconsolidation,theevidence
alreadyadducedinthecivilactionshallbedeemedautomaticallyreproducedinthe
criminalactionwithoutprejudicetotherightoftheprosecutiontocrossexaminethe
witnessespresentedbytheoffendedpartyinthecriminalcaseandofthepartiesto
presentadditionalevidence.Theconsolidatedcriminalandcivilactionsshallbetried
anddecidedjointly.
Duringthependencyofthecriminalaction,therunningoftheperiodofprescription
ofthecivilactionwhichcannotbeinstitutedseparatelyorwhoseproceedinghasbeen
suspendedshallbetolled.(n)
Theextinctionofthepenalactiondoesnotcarrywithitextinctionofthecivilaction.
However,thecivilactionbasedondelictshallbedeemedextinguishedifthereisa
findinginafinaljudgmentinthecriminalactionthattheactoromissionfromwhich
thecivilliabilitymayarisedidnotexist.(2a)
Section3.Whencivilactionmayproceededindependently.Inthecasesprovided
forinArticles32,33,34and2176oftheCivilCodeofthePhilippines,the
independentcivilactionmaybebroughtbytheoffendedparty.Itshallproceed
independentlyofthecriminalactionandshallrequireonlyapreponderanceof
evidence.Innocase,however,maytheoffendedpartyrecoverdamagestwiceforthe
sameactoromissionchargedinthecriminalaction.(3a)
Section4.Effectofdeathoncivilactions.Thedeathoftheaccusedafter
arraignmentandduringthependencyofthecriminalactionshallextinguishthecivil
liabilityarisingfromthedelict.However,theindependentcivilactioninstituted
undersection3ofthisRuleorwhichthereafterisinstitutedtoenforceliabilityarising
fromothersourcesofobligationmaybecontinuedagainsttheestateorlegal
representativeoftheaccusedafterpropersubstitutionoragainstsaidestate,asthe
casemaybe.Theheirsoftheaccusedmaybesubstitutedforthedeceasedwithout
requiringtheappointmentofanexecutororadministratorandthecourtmayappoint
aguardianadlitemfortheminorheirs.
Thecourtshallforthwithordersaidlegalrepresentativeorrepresentativestoappear
andbesubstitutedwithinaperiodofthirty(30)daysfromnotice.
Afinaljudgmententeredinfavoroftheoffendedpartyshallbeenforcedinthe
mannerespeciallyprovidedintheserulesforprosecutingclaimsagainsttheestateof
thedeceased.
Iftheaccuseddiesbeforearraignment,thecaseshallbedismissedwithoutprejudice
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toanycivilactiontheoffendedpartymayfileagainsttheestateofthedeceased.(n)
Section5.Judgmentincivilactionnotabar.Afinaljudgmentrenderedinacivil
actionabsolvingthedefendantfromcivilliabilityisnotabartoacriminalaction
againstthedefendantforthesameactoromissionsubjectofthecivilaction.(4a)
Section6.Suspensionbyreasonofprejudicialquestion.Apetitionfor
suspensionofthecriminalactionbaseduponthependencyofaprejudicialquestion
inacivilactionmaybefiledintheofficeoftheprosecutororthecourtconductingthe
preliminaryinvestigation.Whenthecriminalactionhasbeenfiledincourtfortrial,
thepetitiontosuspendshallbefiledinthesamecriminalactionatanytimebefore
theprosecutionrests.(6a)
Section7.Elementsofprejudicialquestion.Theelementsofaprejudicial
questionare:(a)thepreviouslyinstitutedcivilactioninvolvesanissuesimilaror
intimatelyrelatedtotheissueraisedinthesubsequentcriminalaction,and(b)the
resolutionofsuchissuedetermineswhetherornotthecriminalactionmayproceed.
(5a)
RULE112
PreliminaryInvestigation
Section1.Preliminaryinvestigationdefinedwhenrequired.Preliminary
investigationisaninquiryorproceedingtodeterminewhetherthereissufficient
groundtoengenderawellfoundedbeliefthatacrimehasbeencommittedandthe
respondentisprobablyguiltythereof,andshouldbeheldfortrial.
Exceptasprovidedinsection7ofthisRule,apreliminaryinvestigationisrequiredto
beconductedbeforethefilingofacomplaintorinformationforanoffensewherethe
penaltyprescribedbylawisatleastfour(4)years,two(2)monthsandone(1)day
withoutregardtothefine.(1a)
Section2.Officersauthorizedtoconductpreliminaryinvestigations.
Thefollowingmayconductpreliminaryinvestigations:
(a)ProvincialorCityProsecutorsandtheirassistants
(b)JudgesoftheMunicipalTrialCourtsandMunicipalCircuitTrialCourts
(c)NationalandRegionalStateProsecutorsand
(d)Otherofficersasmaybeauthorizedbylaw.
Theirauthoritytoconductpreliminaryinvestigationsshallincludeallcrimes
cognizablebythepropercourtintheirrespectiveterritorialjurisdictions.(2a)
Section3.Procedure.Thepreliminaryinvestigationshallbeconductedinthe
followingmanner:
(a)Thecomplaintshallstatetheaddressoftherespondentandshallbeaccompanied
bytheaffidavitsofthecomplainantandhiswitnesses,aswellasothersupporting
documentstoestablishprobablecause.Theyshallbeinsuchnumberofcopiesas
therearerespondents,plustwo(2)copiesfortheofficialfile.Theaffidavitsshallbe
subscribedandsworntobeforeanyprosecutororgovernmentofficialauthorizedto
administeroath,or,intheirabsenceorunavailability,beforeanotarypublic,eachof
whomustcertifythathepersonallyexaminedtheaffiantsandthatheissatisfiedthat
theyvoluntarilyexecutedandunderstoodtheiraffidavits.
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(b)Withinten(10)daysafterthefilingofthecomplaint,theinvestigatingofficershall
eitherdismissitifhefindsnogroundtocontinuewiththeinvestigation,orissuea
subpoenatotherespondentattachingtoitacopyofthecomplaintanditssupporting
affidavitsanddocuments.
Therespondentshallhavetherighttoexaminetheevidencesubmittedbythe
complainantwhichhemaynothavebeenfurnishedandtocopythemathisexpense.
Iftheevidenceisvoluminous,thecomplainantmayberequiredtospecifythosewhich
heintendstopresentagainsttherespondent,andtheseshallbemadeavailablefor
examinationorcopyingbytherespondentathisexpense.
Objectsasevidenceneednotbefurnishedapartybutshallbemadeavailablefor
examination,copying,orphotographingattheexpenseoftherequestingparty.
(c)Withinten(10)daysfromreceiptofthesubpoenawiththecomplaintand
supportingaffidavitsanddocuments,therespondentshallsubmithiscounter
affidavitandthatofhiswitnessesandothersupportingdocumentsrelieduponforhis
defense.Thecounteraffidavitsshallbesubscribedandsworntoandcertifiedas
providedinparagraph(a)ofthissection,withcopiesthereoffurnishedbyhimtothe
complainant.Therespondentshallnotbeallowedtofileamotiontodismissinlieuof
acounteraffidavit.
(d)Iftherespondentcannotbesubpoenaed,orifsubpoenaed,doesnotsubmit
counteraffidavitswithintheten(10)dayperiod,theinvestigatingofficershall
resolvethecomplaintbasedontheevidencepresentedbythecomplainant.
(e)Theinvestigatingofficermaysetahearingiftherearefactsandissuestobe
clarifiedfromapartyorawitness.Thepartiescanbepresentatthehearingbut
withouttherighttoexamineorcrossexamine.Theymay,however,submittothe
investigatingofficerquestionswhichmaybeaskedtothepartyorwitnessconcerned.
Thehearingshallbeheldwithinten(10)daysfromsubmissionofthecounter
affidavitsandotherdocumentsorfromtheexpirationoftheperiodfortheir
submission.Itshallbeterminatedwithinfive(5)days.
(f)Withinten(10)daysaftertheinvestigation,theinvestigatingofficershall
determinewhetherornotthereissufficientgroundtoholdtherespondentfortrial.
(3a)
Section4.Resolutionofinvestigatingprosecutoranditsreview.Ifthe
investigatingprosecutorfindscausetoholdtherespondentfortrial,heshallprepare
theresolutionandinformation.Heshallcertifyunderoathintheinformationthathe,
orasshownbytherecord,anauthorizedofficer,haspersonallyexaminedthe
complainantandhiswitnessesthatthereisreasonablegroundtobelievethatacrime
hasbeencommittedandthattheaccusedisprobablyguiltythereofthattheaccused
wasinformedofthecomplaintandoftheevidencesubmittedagainsthimandthathe
wasgivenanopportunitytosubmitcontrovertingevidence.Otherwise,heshall
recommendthedismissalofthecomplaint.
Withinfive(5)daysfromhisresolution,heshallforwardtherecordofthecasetothe
provincialorcityprosecutororchiefstateprosecutor,ortotheOmbudsmanorhis
deputyincasesofoffensescognizablebytheSandiganbayanintheexerciseofits
originaljurisdiction.Theyshallactontheresolutionwithinten(10)daysfromtheir
receiptthereofandshallimmediatelyinformthepartiesofsuchaction.
Nocomplaintorinformationmaybefiledordismissedbyaninvestigatingprosecutor
withoutthepriorwrittenauthorityorapprovaloftheprovincialorcityprosecutoror
chiefstateprosecutorortheOmbudsmanorhisdeputy.
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Wheretheinvestigatingprosecutorrecommendsthedismissalofthecomplaintbut
hisrecommendationisdisapprovedbytheprovincialorcityprosecutororchiefstate
prosecutorortheOmbudsmanorhisdeputyonthegroundthataprobablecause
exists,thelattermay,byhimself,filetheinformationagainsttherespondent,or
directanyotherassistantprosecutororstateprosecutortodosowithoutconducting
anotherpreliminaryinvestigation.
IfuponpetitionbyaproperpartyundersuchrulesastheDepartmentofJusticemay
prescribeormotuproprio,theSecretaryofJusticereversesormodifiesthe
resolutionoftheprovincialorcityprosecutororchiefstateprosecutor,heshalldirect
theprosecutorconcernedeithertofilethecorrespondinginformationwithout
conductinganotherpreliminaryinvestigation,ortodismissormovefordismissalof
thecomplaintorinformationwithnoticetotheparties.Thesameruleshallapplyin
preliminaryinvestigationsconductedbytheofficersoftheOfficeoftheOmbudsman.
(4a)
Section5.Resolutionofinvestigatingjudgeanditsreview.Withinten(10)days
afterthepreliminaryinvestigation,theinvestigatingjudgeshalltransmitthe
resolutionofthecasetotheprovincialorcityprosecutor,ortotheOmbudsmanor
hisdeputyincasesofoffensescognizablebytheSandiganbayanintheexerciseofits
originaljurisdiction,forappropriateaction.Theresolutionshallstatethefindingsof
factsandthelawsupportinghisaction,togetherwiththerecordofthecasewhich
shallinclude:(a)thewarrant,ifthearrestisbyvirtueofawarrant(b)theaffidavits,
counteraffidavitsandothersupportingevidenceoftheparties(c)theundertakingor
bailoftheaccusedandtheorderforhisrelease(d)thetranscriptsoftheproceedings
duringthepreliminaryinvestigationand(e)theorderofcancellationofhisbail
bond,iftheresolutionisforthedismissalofthecomplaint.
Withinthirty(30)daysfromreceiptoftherecords,theprovincialorcityprosecutor,
ortheOmbudsmanorhisdeputy,asthecasemaybe,shallreviewtheresolutionof
theinvestigatingjudgeontheexistenceofprobablecause.Theirrulingshallexpressly
andclearlystatethefactsandthelawonwhichitisbasedandthepartiesshallbe
furnishedwithcopiesthereof.Theyshallorderthereleaseofanaccusedwhois
detainedifnoprobablecauseisfoundagainsthim.(5a)
Section6.Whenwarrantofarrestmayissue.(a)BytheRegionalTrialCourt.
Withinten(10)daysfromthefilingofthecomplaintorinformation,thejudgeshall
personallyevaluatetheresolutionoftheprosecutoranditssupportingevidence.He
mayimmediatelydismissthecaseiftheevidenceonrecordclearlyfailstoestablish
probablecause.Ifhefindsprobablecause,heshallissueawarrantofarrest,ora
commitmentorderiftheaccusedhasalreadybeenarrestedpursuanttoawarrant
issuedbythejudgewhoconductedthepreliminaryinvestigationorwhenthe
complaintorinformationwasfiledpursuanttosection7ofthisRule.Incaseofdoubt
ontheexistenceofprobablecause,thejudgemayordertheprosecutortopresent
additionalevidencewithinfive(5)daysfromnoticeandtheissuemustberesolvedby
thecourtwithinthirty(30)daysfromthefilingofthecomplaintofinformation.
(b)BytheMunicipalTrialCourt.Whenrequiredpursuanttothesecondparagraph
ofsection1ofthisRule,thepreliminaryinvestigationofcasesfallingunderthe
originaljurisdictionoftheMetropolitanTrialCourt,MunicipalTrialCourtinCities,
MunicipalTrialCourt,orMunicipalCircuitTrialCourtmaybeconductedbyeither
thejudgeortheprosecutor.Whenconductedbytheprosecutor,theprocedurefor
theissuanceofawarrantorarrestbythejudgeshallbegovernedbyparagraph(a)of
thissection.Whentheinvestigationisconductedbythejudgehimself,heshallfollow
theprocedureprovidedinsection3ofthisRule.Ifthefindingsandrecommendations
areaffirmedbytheprovincialorcityprosecutor,orbytheOmbudsmanorhisdeputy,
andthecorrespondinginformationisfiled,heshallissueawarrantofarrest.
However,withoutwaitingfortheconclusionoftheinvestigation,thejudgemayissue
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awarrantofarrestifhefindsafteranexaminationinwritingandunderoathofthe
complainantandhiswitnessesintheformofsearchingquestionandanswers,thata
probablecauseexistsandthatthereisanecessityofplacingtherespondentunder
immediatecustodyinordernottofrustratetheendsofjustice.
(c)Whenwarrantofarrestnotnecessary.Awarrantofarrestshallnotissueifthe
accusedisalreadyunderdetentionpursuanttoawarrantissuedbythemunicipaltrial
courtinaccordancewithparagraph(b)ofthissection,orifthecomplaintor
informationwasfiledpursuanttosection7ofthisRuleorisforanoffensepenalized
byfineonly.Thecourtshallthenproceedintheexerciseofitsoriginaljurisdiction.
(6a)
Section7.Whenaccusedlawfullyarrestedwithoutwarrant.Whenapersonis
lawfullyarrestedwithoutawarrantinvolvinganoffensewhichrequiresapreliminary
investigation,thecomplaintorinformationmaybefiledbyaprosecutorwithoutneed
ofsuchinvestigationprovidedaninquesthasbeenconductedinaccordancewith
existingrules.Intheabsenceorunavailabilityofaninquestprosecutor,thecomplaint
maybefiledbytheoffendedpartyorapeaceofficedirectlywiththepropercourton
thebasisoftheaffidavitoftheoffendedpartyorarrestingofficerorperson.
Beforethecomplaintorinformationisfiled,thepersonarrestedmayaskfora
preliminaryinvestigationinaccordancewiththisRule,buthemustsignawaiverof
theprovisionsofArticle125oftheRevisedPenalCode,asamended,inthepresence
ofhiscounsel.Notwithstandingthewaiver,hemayapplyforbailandthe
investigationmustbeterminatedwithinfifteen(15)daysfromitsinception.
Afterthefilingofthecomplaintorinformationincourtwithoutapreliminary
investigation,theaccusedmay,withinfive(5)daysfromthetimehelearnsofits
filing,askforapreliminaryinvestigationwiththesamerighttoadduceevidenceinhis
defenseasprovidedinthisRule.(7asec.2,R.A.No.7438)
Section8.Records.(a)Recordssupportingtheinformationorcomplaint.An
informationorcomplaintfiledincourtshallbesupportedbytheaffidavitsand
counteraffidavitsofthepartiesandtheirwitnesses,togetherwiththeother
supportingevidenceandtheresolutiononthecase.
(b)Recordofpreliminaryinvestigation.Therecordofthepreliminary
investigation,whetherconductedbyajudgeorafiscal,shallnotformpartofthe
recordofthecase.However,thecourt,onitsowninitiativeoronmotionofanyparty,
mayordertheproductionoftherecordoranyitspartwhennecessaryinthe
resolutionofthecaseoranyincidenttherein,orwhenitistobeintroducedasan
evidenceinthecasebytherequestingparty.(8a)
Section9.CasesnotrequiringapreliminaryinvestigationnorcoveredbytheRule
onSummaryProcedure.
(a)Iffiledwiththeprosecutor.Ifthecomplaintisfileddirectlywiththeprosecutor
involvinganoffensepunishablebyimprisonmentoflessfour(4)years,two(2)
monthsandone(1)day,theprocedureoutlinedinsection3(a)ofthisRuleshallbe
observed.Theprosecutorshallactonthecomplaintbasedontheaffidavitsandother
supportingdocumentssubmittedbythecomplainantwithinten(10)daysfromits
filing.
(b)IffiledwiththeMunicipalTrialCourt.Ifthecomplaintorinformationisfiled
directlywiththeMunicipalTrialCourtorMunicipalCircuitTrialCourtforanoffense
coveredbythissection,theprocedureinsection3(a)ofthisRuleshallbeobserved.If
withinten(10)daysafterthefilingofthecomplaintorinformation,thejudgefindsno
probablecauseafterpersonallyevaluatingtheevidence,orafterpersonally
examininginwritingandunderoaththecomplainantandhiswitnessesintheformof
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searchingquestionandanswers,heshalldismissthesame.Hemay,however,require
thesubmissionofadditionalevidence,withinten(10)daysfromnotice,todetermine
furthertheexistenceofprobablecause.Ifthejudgestillfindsnoprobablecause
despitetheadditionalevidence,heshall,withinten(10)daysfromitssubmissionor
expirationofsaidperiod,dismissthecase.Whenhefindsprobablecause,heshall
issueawarrantofarrest,oracommitmentorderiftheaccusedhadalreadybeen
arrested,andholdhimfortrial.However,ifthejudgeissatisfiedthatthereisno
necessityforplacingtheaccusedundercustody,hemayissuesummonsinsteadofa
warrantofarrest.(9a)
RULE113
Arrest
Section1.Definitionofarrest.Arrestisthetakingofapersonintocustodyin
orderthathemaybeboundtoanswerforthecommissionofanoffense.(1)
Section2.Arresthowmade.Anarrestismadebyanactualrestraintofaperson
tobearrested,orbyhissubmissiontothecustodyofthepersonmakingthearrest.
Noviolenceorunnecessaryforceshallbeusedinmakinganarrest.Theperson
arrestedshallnotbesubjecttoagreaterrestraintthanisnecessaryforhisdetention.
(2a)
Section3.Dutyofarrestingofficer.Itshallbethedutyoftheofficerexecuting
thewarranttoarresttheaccusedandtodeliverhimtothenearestpolicestationor
jailwithoutunnecessarydelay.(3a)
Section4.Executionofwarrant.Theheadoftheofficetowhomthewarrantof
arrestwasdeliveredforexecutionshallcausethewarranttobeexecutedwithinten
(10)daysfromitsreceipt.Withinten(10)daysaftertheexpirationoftheperiod,the
officertowhomitwasassignedforexecutionshallmakeareporttothejudgewho
issuedthewarrant.Incaseofhisfailuretoexecutethewarrant,heshallstatethe
reasonstherefor.(4a)
Section5.Arrestwithoutwarrantwhenlawful.Apeaceofficeroraprivate
personmay,withoutawarrant,arrestaperson:
(a)When,inhispresence,thepersontobearrestedhascommitted,isactually
committing,orisattemptingtocommitanoffense
(b)Whenanoffensehasjustbeencommitted,andhehasprobablecausetobelieve
basedonpersonalknowledgeoffactsorcircumstancesthatthepersontobearrested
hascommitteditand
(c)Whenthepersontobearrestedisaprisonerwhohasescapedfromapenal
establishmentorplacewhereheisservingfinaljudgmentoristemporarilyconfined
whilehiscaseispending,orhasescapedwhilebeingtransferredfromone
confinementtoanother.
Incasesfallingunderparagraph(a)and(b)above,thepersonarrestedwithouta
warrantshallbeforthwithdeliveredtothenearestpolicestationorjailandshallbe
proceededagainstinaccordancewithsection7ofRule112.(5a)
Section6.Timeofmakingarrest.Anarrestmaybemadeonanydayandatany
timeofthedayornight.(6)
Section7.Methodofarrestbyofficerbyvirtueofwarrant.Whenmakingan
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arrestbyvirtueofawarrant,theofficershallinformthepersontobearrestedofthe
causeofthearrestandofthefactthatawarranthasbeenissuedforhisarrest,except
whenhefleesorforciblyresistsbeforetheofficerhasopportunitytosoinformhim,
orwhenthegivingofsuchinformationwillimperilthearrest.Theofficerneednot
havethewarrantinhispossessionatthetimeofthearrestbutafterthearrest,ifthe
personarrestedsorequires,thewarrantshallbeshowntohimassoonaspracticable.
(7a)
Section8.Methodofarrestbyofficerwithoutwarrant.Whenmakinganarrest
withoutawarrant,theofficershallinformthepersontobearrestedofhisauthority
andthecauseofthearrest,unlessthelatteriseitherengagedinthecommissionofan
offense,ispursuedimmediatelyafteritscommission,hasescaped,fleesorforcibly
resistsbeforetheofficerhasopportunitysotoinformhim,orwhenthegivingofsuch
informationwillimperilthearrest.(8a)
Section9.Methodofarrestbyprivateperson.Whenmakinganarrest,aprivate
personshallinformthepersontobearrestedoftheintentiontoarresthimandcause
ofthearrest,unlessthelatteriseitherengagedinthecommissionofanoffense,is
pursuedimmediatelyafteritscommission,orhasescaped,flees,orforciblyresists
beforethepersonmakingthearresthasopportunitytosoinformhim,orwhenthe
givingofsuchinformationwillimperilthearrest.(9a)
Section10.Officermaysummonassistance.Anofficermakingalawfularrest
mayorallysummonasmanypersonsashedeemsnecessarytoassisthimineffecting
thearrest.Everypersonsosummonedbyanofficershallassisthimineffectingthe
arrestwhenhecanrendersuchassistancewithoutdetrimenttohimself.(10a)
Section11.Rightofofficertobreakintobuildingorenclosure.Anofficer,in
ordertomakeanarresteitherbyvirtueofawarrant,orwithoutawarrantas
providedinsection5,maybreakintoanybuildingorenclosurewherethepersonto
bearrestedisorisreasonablybelievedtobe,ifheisrefusedadmittancethereto,after
announcinghisauthorityandpurpose.(11a)
Section12.Righttobreakoutfrombuildingorenclosure.Wheneveranofficer
hasenteredthebuildingorenclosureinaccordancewiththeprecedingsection,he
maybreakouttherefromwhennecessarytoliberatehimself.(12a)
Section13.Arrestafterescapeorrescue.Ifapersonlawfullyarrestedescapesor
isrescued,anypersonmayimmediatelypursueorretakehimwithoutawarrantat
anytimeandinanyplacewithinthePhilippines.(13)
Section14.Rightofattorneyorrelativetovisitpersonarrested.Anymemberof
thePhilippineBarshall,attherequestofthepersonarrestedorofanotheractingin
hisbehalf,havetherighttovisitandconferprivatelywithsuchpersoninthejailor
anyotherplaceofcustodyatanyhourofthedayornight.Subjecttoreasonable
regulations,arelativeofthepersonarrestedcanalsoexercisethesameright.(14a)
RULE114
Bail
Section1.Baildefined.Bailisthesecuritygivenforthereleaseofapersonin
custodyofthelaw,furnishedbyhimorabondsman,toguaranteehisappearance
beforeanycourtasrequiredundertheconditionshereinafterspecified.Bailmaybe
givenintheformofcorporatesurety,propertybond,cashdeposit,orrecognizance.
(1a)
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Section2.Conditionsofthebailrequirements.Allkindsofbailaresubjecttothe
followingconditions:
(a)Theundertakingshallbeeffectiveuponapproval,andunlesscancelled,shall
remaininforceatallstagesofthecaseuntilpromulgationofthejudgmentofthe
RegionalTrialCourt,irrespectiveofwhetherthecasewasoriginallyfiledinor
appealedtoit
(b)Theaccusedshallappearbeforethepropercourtwheneverrequiredbythecourt
oftheseRules
(c)Thefailureoftheaccusedtoappearatthetrialwithoutjustificationanddespite
duenoticeshallbedeemedawaiverofhisrighttobepresentthereat.Insuchcase,
thetrialmayproceedinabsentiaand
(d)Thebondsmanshallsurrendertheaccusedtothecourtforexecutionofthefinal
judgment.
Theoriginalpapersshallstatethefullnameandaddressoftheaccused,theamount
oftheundertakingandtheconditionshereinrequired.Photographs(passportsize)
takenwithinthelastsix(6)monthsshowingtheface,leftandrightprofilesofthe
accusedmustbeattachedtothebail.(2a)
Section3.Noreleaseortransferexceptoncourtorderorbail.Nopersonunder
detentionbylegalprocessshallbereleasedortransferredexceptuponorderofthe
courtorwhenheisadmittedtobail.(3a)
Section4.Bail,amatterofrightexception.Allpersonsincustodyshallbe
admittedtobailasamatterofright,withsufficientsureties,orreleasedonrecognize
asprescribedbylaworthisRule(a)beforeorafterconvictionbytheMetropolitan
TrialCourt,MunicipalTrialCourt,MunicipalTrialCourtinCities,orMunicipal
CircuitTrialCourt,and(b)beforeconvictionbytheRegionalTrialCourtofan
offensenotpunishablebydeath,reclusionperpetua,orlifeimprisonment.(4a)
Section5.Bail,whendiscretionary.UponconvictionbytheRegionalTrialCourt
ofanoffensenotpunishablebydeath,reclusionperpetua,orlifeimprisonment,
admissiontobailisdiscretionary.Theapplicationforbailmaybefiledandacted
uponbythetrialcourtdespitethefilingofanoticeofappeal,providedithasnot
transmittedtheoriginalrecordtotheappellatecourt.However,ifthedecisionofthe
trialcourtconvictingtheaccusedchangedthenatureoftheoffensefromnonbailable
tobailable,theapplicationforbailcanonlybefiledwithandresolvedbytheappellate
court.
Shouldthecourtgranttheapplication,theaccusedmaybeallowedtocontinueon
provisionallibertyduringthependencyoftheappealunderthesamebailsubjectto
theconsentofthebondsman.
Ifthepenaltyimposedbythetrialcourtisimprisonmentexceedingsix(6)years,the
accusedshallbedeniedbail,orhisbailshallbecancelleduponashowingbythe
prosecution,withnoticetotheaccused,ofthefollowingorothersimilar
circumstances:
(a)Thatheisarecidivist,quasirecidivist,orhabitualdelinquent,orhascommitted
thecrimeaggravatedbythecircumstanceofreiteration
(b)Thathehaspreviouslyescapedfromlegalconfinement,evadedsentence,or
violatedtheconditionsofhisbailwithoutvalidjustification
(c)Thathecommittedtheoffensewhileunderprobation,parole,orconditional
pardon
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(d)Thatthecircumstancesofhiscaseindicatetheprobabilityofflightifreleasedon
bailor
(e)Thatthereisundueriskthathemaycommitanothercrimeduringthependencyof
theappeal.
Theappellatecourtmay,motupropriooronmotionofanyparty,reviewthe
resolutionoftheRegionalTrialCourtafternoticetotheadversepartyineithercase.
(5a)
Section6.Capitaloffensedefined.Acapitaloffenseisanoffensewhich,under
thelawexistingatthetimeofitscommissionandoftheapplicationforadmissionto
bail,maybepunishedwithdeath.(6a)
Section7.Capitaloffenseofanoffensepunishablebyreclusionperpetuaorlife
imprisonment,notbailable.Nopersonchargedwithacapitaloffense,oran
offensepunishablebyreclusionperpetuaorlifeimprisonment,shallbeadmittedto
bailwhenevidenceofguiltisstrong,regardlessofthestageofthecriminal
prosecution.(7a)
Section8.Burdenofproofinbailapplication.Atthehearingofanapplicationfor
bailfiledbyapersonwhoisincustodyforthecommissionofanoffensepunishable
bydeath,reclusionperpetua,orlifeimprisonment,theprosecutionhastheburdenof
showingthatevidenceofguiltisstrong.Theevidencepresentedduringthebail
hearingshallbeconsideredautomaticallyreproducedatthetrial,butuponmotionof
eitherparty,thecourtmayrecallanywitnessforadditionalexaminationunlessthe
latterisdead,outsidethePhilippines,orotherwiseunabletotestify.(8a)
Section9.Amountofbailguidelines.Thejudgewhoissuedthewarrantor
grantedtheapplicationshallfixareasonableamountofbailconsideringprimarily,
butnotlimitedto,thefollowingfactors:
(a)Financialabilityoftheaccusedtogivebail
(b)Natureandcircumstancesoftheoffense
(c)Penaltyfortheoffensecharged
(d)Characterandreputationoftheaccused
(e)Ageandhealthoftheaccused
(f)Weightoftheevidenceagainsttheaccused
(g)Probabilityoftheaccusedappearingatthetrial
(h)Forfeitureofotherbail
(i)Thefactthataccusedwasafugitivefromjusticewhenarrestedand
(j)Pendencyofothercaseswheretheaccusedisonbail.
Excessivebailshallnotberequired.(9a)
Section10.Corporatesurety.Anydomesticorforeigncorporation,licensedasa
suretyinaccordancewithlawandcurrentlyauthorizedtoactassuch,mayprovide
bailbyabondsubscribedjointlybytheaccusedandanofficerofthecorporationduly
authorizedbyitsboardofdirectors.(10a)
Section11.Propertybond,howposted.Apropertybondisanundertaking
constitutedaslienontherealpropertygivenassecurityfortheamountofthebail.
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Withinten(10)daysaftertheapprovalofthebond,theaccusedshallcausethe
annotationofthelienonthecertificateoftitleonfilewiththeRegisterofDeedsifthe
landisregistered,orifunregistered,intheRegistrationBookonthespaceprovided
therefor,intheRegistryofDeedsfortheprovinceorcitywherethelandlies,andon
thecorrespondingtaxdeclarationintheofficeoftheprovincial,cityandmunicipal
assessorconcerned.
Withinthesameperiod,theaccusedshallsubmittothecourthiscomplianceandhis
failuretodososhallbesufficientcauseforthecancellationofthepropertybondand
hisrearrestanddetention.(11a)
Section12.Qualificationsofsuretiesinpropertybond.Thequalificationof
suretiesinapropertybondshallbeasfollows:
(a)EachmustbearesidentownerofrealestatewithinthePhilippines
(b)Wherethereisonlyonesurety,hisrealestatemustbeworthatleasttheamount
oftheundertaking
(c)Iftherearetwoormoresureties,eachmayjustifyinanamountlessthanthat
expressedintheundertakingbuttheaggregateofthejustifiedsumsmustbe
equivalenttothewholeamountofbaildemanded.
Inallcases,everysuretymustbeworththeamountspecifiedinhisownundertaking
overandabovealljustdebts,obligationsandpropertiesexemptfromexecution.
(12a)
Section13.Justificationofsureties.Everysuretyshalljustifybyaffidavittaken
beforethejudgethathepossessesthequalificationsprescribedinthepreceding
section.Heshalldescribethepropertygivenassecurity,statingthenatureofhistitle,
itsencumbrances,thenumberandamountofotherbailsenteredintobyhimandstill
undischarged,andhisotherliabilities.Thecourtmayexaminethesuretiesuponoath
concerningtheirsufficiencyinsuchmannerasitmaydeemproper.Nobailshallbe
approvedunlessthesuretyisqualified.(13a)
Section14.Depositofcashasbail.Theaccusedoranypersonactinginhisbehalf
maydepositincashwiththenearestcollectororinternalrevenueorprovincial,city,
ormunicipaltreasurertheamountofbailfixedbythecourt,orrecommendedbythe
prosecutorwhoinvestigatedorfiledthecase.Uponsubmissionofapropercertificate
ofdepositandawrittenundertakingshowingcompliancewiththerequirementsof
section2ofthisRule,theaccusedshallbedischargedfromcustody.Themoney
depositedshallbeconsideredasbailandappliedtothepaymentoffineandcosts
whiletheexcess,ifany,shallbereturnedtotheaccusedortowhoevermadethe
deposit.(14a)
Section15.Recognizance.WheneverallowedbylawortheseRules,thecourt
mayreleaseapersonincustodytohisownrecognizanceorthatofaresponsible
person.(15a)
Section16.Bail,whennotrequiredreducedbailorrecognizance.Nobailshall
berequiredwhenthelawortheseRulessoprovide.
Whenapersonhasbeenincustodyforaperiodequaltoormorethanthepossible
maximumimprisonmentprescribefortheoffensecharged,heshallbereleased
immediately,withoutprejudicetothecontinuationofthetrialortheproceedingson
appeal.Ifthemaximumpenaltytowhichtheaccusedmaybesentencedisdestierro,
heshallbereleasedafterthirty(30)daysofpreventiveimprisonment.
Apersonincustodyforaperiodequaltoormorethantheminimumoftheprincipal
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penaltyprescribedfortheoffensecharged,withoutapplicationoftheIndeterminate
SentenceLaworanymodifyingcircumstance,shallbereleasedonareducedbailor
onhisownrecognizance,atthediscretionofthecourt.(16a)
Section17.Bail,wherefiled.(a)Bailintheamountfixedmaybefiledwiththe
courtwherethecaseispending,orintheabsenceorunavailabilityofthejudge
thereof,withanyregionaltrialjudge,metropolitantrialjudge,municipaltrialjudge,
ormunicipalcircuittrialjudgeintheprovince,city,ormunicipality.Iftheaccusedis
arrestedinaprovince,city,ormunicipalityotherthanwherethecaseispending,bail
mayalsobefiledwithanyregionaltrialcourtofsaidplace,orifnojudgethereofis
available,withanymetropolitantrialjudge,municipaltrialjudge,ormunicipalcircuit
trialjudgetherein.
(b)Wherethegrantofbailisamatterofdiscretion,ortheaccusedseekstobe
releasedonrecognizance,theapplicationmayonlybefiledinthecourtwherethecase
ispending,whetheronpreliminaryinvestigation,trial,oronappeal.
(c)Anypersonincustodywhoisnotyetchargedincourtmayapplyforbailwithany
courtintheprovince,city,ormunicipalitywhereheisheld.(17a)
Section18.Noticeofapplicationtoprosecutor.Intheapplicationforbailunder
section8ofthisRule,thecourtmustgivereasonablenoticeofthehearingtothe
prosecutororrequirehimtosubmithisrecommendation.(18a)
Section19.Releaseonbail.Theaccusedmustbedischargeduponapprovalofthe
bailbythejudgewithwhomitwasfiledinaccordancewithsection17ofthisRule.
Wheneverbailisfiledwithacourtotherthanwherethecaseispending,thejudge
whoacceptedthebailshallforwardit,togetherwiththeorderofreleaseandother
supportingpapers,tothecourtwherethecaseispending,whichmay,forgood
reason,requireadifferentonetobefiled.(19a)
Section20.Increaseorreductionofbail.Aftertheaccusedisadmittedtobail,
thecourtmay,upongoodcause,eitherincreaseorreduceitsamount.When
increased,theaccusedmaybecommittedtocustodyifhedoesnotgivebailinthe
increasedamountwithinareasonableperiod.Anaccusedheldtoansweracriminal
charge,whoisreleasedwithoutbailuponfilingofthecomplaintorinformation,may,
atanysubsequentstageoftheproceedingsandwheneverastrongshowingofguilt
appearstothecourt,berequiredtogivebailintheamountfixed,orinlieuthereof,
committedtocustody.(20a)
Section21.Forfeitureofbond.Whenthepresenceoftheaccusedisrequiredby
thecourtortheseRules,hisbondsmenshallbenotifiedtoproducehimbeforethe
courtonagivendateandtime.Iftheaccusedfailstoappearinpersonasrequired,his
bailshallbedeclaredforfeitedandthebondsmengiventhirty(30)dayswithinwhich
toproducetheirprincipalandtoshowcausewhynojudgmentshouldberendered
againstthemfortheamountoftheirbail.Withinthesaidperiod,thebondsmenmust:
(a)producethebodyoftheirprincipalorgivethereasonforhisnonproductionand
(b)explainwhytheaccuseddidnotappearbeforethecourtwhenfirstrequiredtodo
so.
Failinginthesetworequisites,ajudgmentshallberenderedagainstthebondsmen,
jointlyandseverally,fortheamountofthebail.Thecourtshallnotreduceor
otherwisemitigatetheliabilityofthebondsmen,unlesstheaccusedhasbeen
surrenderedorisacquitted.(21a)
Section22.Cancellationofbail.Uponapplicationofthebondsmen,withdue
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noticetotheprosecutor,thebailmaybecancelleduponsurrenderoftheaccusedor
proofofhisdeath.
Thebailshallbedeemedautomaticallycancelleduponacquittaloftheaccused,
dismissalofthecase,orexecutionofthejudgmentofconviction.
Inallinstances,thecancellationshallbewithoutprejudicetoanyliabilityonthe
bond.(22a)
Section23.Arrestofaccusedoutonbail.Forthepurposeofsurrenderingthe
accused,thebondsmenmayarresthimor,uponwrittenauthorityendorsedona
certifiedcopyoftheundertaking,causehimtobearrestedbyapoliceofficerorany
otherpersonofsuitableageanddiscretion.
Anaccusedreleasedonbailmayberearrestedwithoutthenecessityofawarrantif
heattemptstodepartfromthePhilippineswithoutpermissionofthecourtwherethe
caseispending.(23a)
Section24.Nobailafterfinaljudgmentexception.Nobailshallbeallowedafter
thejudgmentofconvictionhasbecomefinal.Ifbeforesuchfinality,theaccusedhas
appliesforprobation,hemaybeallowedtemporarylibertyunderhisbail.Whenno
bailwasfiledortheaccusedisincapableoffilingone,thecourtmayallowhisrelease
onrecognizancetothecustodyofaresponsiblememberofthecommunity.Innocase
shallbailbeallowedaftertheaccusedhascommencedtoservesentence.(24a)
Section25.Courtsupervisionofdetainees.Thecourtshallexercisesupervision
overallpersonsincustodyforthepurposeofeliminatingunnecessarydetention.The
executivejudgesoftheRegionalTrialCourtsshallconductmonthlypersonal
inspectionsofprovincial,city,andmunicipaljailsandtheirprisonerswithintheir
respectivejurisdictions.Theyshallascertainthenumberofdetainees,inquireon
theirproperaccommodationandhealthandexaminetheconditionofthejail
facilities.Theyshallorderthesegregationofsexesandofminorsfromadults,ensure
theobservanceoftherightofdetaineestoconferprivatelywithcounsel,andstriveto
eliminateconditionsinimicaltothedetainees.
IncitiesandmunicipalitiestobespecifiedbytheSupremeCourt,themunicipaltrial
judgesormunicipalcircuittrialjudgesshallconductmonthlypersonalinspectionsof
themunicipaljailsintheirrespectivemunicipalitiesandsubmitareporttothe
executivejudgeoftheRegionalTrialCourthavingjurisdictiontherein.
Amonthlyreportofsuchvisitationshallbesubmittedbytheexecutivejudgestothe
CourtAdministratorwhichshallstatethetotalnumberofdetainees,thenamesof
thoseheldformorethanthirty(30)days,thedurationofdetention,thecrime
charged,thestatusofthecase,thecausefordetention,andotherpertinent
information.(25a)
Section26.Bailnotabartoobjectionsonillegalarrest,lackoforirregular
preliminaryinvestigation.Anapplicationfororadmissiontobailshallnotbarthe
accusedfromchallengingthevalidityofhisarrestorthelegalityofthewarrantissued
therefor,orfromassailingtheregularityorquestioningtheabsenceofapreliminary
investigationofthechargeagainsthim,providedthatheraisesthembeforeentering
hisplea.Thecourtshallresolvethematterasearlyaspracticablebutnotlaterthan
thestartofthetrialofthecase.(n)
RULE115
RightsofAccused
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Section1.Rightsofaccusedatthetrial.Inallcriminalprosecutions,theaccused
shallbeentitledtothefollowingrights:
(a)Tobepresumedinnocentuntilthecontraryisprovedbeyondreasonabledoubt.
(b)Tobeinformedofthenatureandcauseoftheaccusationagainsthim.
(c)Tobepresentanddefendinpersonandbycounselateverystageofthe
proceedings,fromarraignmenttopromulgationofthejudgment.Theaccusedmay,
however,waivehispresenceatthetrialpursuanttothestipulationssetforthinhis
bail,unlesshispresenceisspecificallyorderedbythecourtforpurposesof
identification.Theabsenceoftheaccusedwithoutjustifiablecauseatthetrialof
whichhehadnoticeshallbeconsideredawaiverofhisrighttobepresentthereat.
Whenanaccusedundercustodyescapes,heshallbedeemedtohavewaivedhisright
tobepresentonallsubsequenttrialdatesuntilcustodyoverhimisregained.Upon
motion,theaccusedmaybeallowedtodefendhimselfinpersonwhenitsufficiently
appearstothecourtthathecanproperlyprotecthisrightwithouttheassistanceof
counsel.
(d)Totestifyasawitnessinhisownbehalfbutsubjecttocrossexaminationon
matterscoveredbydirectexamination.Hissilenceshallnotinanymannerprejudice
him.
(e)Tobeexemptfrombeingcompelledtobeawitnessagainsthimself.
(f)Toconfrontandcrossexaminethewitnessesagainsthimatthetrial.Eitherparty
mayutilizeaspartofitsevidencethetestimonyofawitnesswhoisdeceased,outofor
cannotwithduediligencebefoundinthePhilippines,unavailableorotherwise
unabletotestify,giveninanothercaseorproceeding,judicialoradministrative,
involvingthesamepartiesandsubjectmatter,theadversepartyhavingthe
opportunitytocrossexaminehim.
(g)Tohavecompulsoryprocessissuedtosecuretheattendanceofwitnessesand
productionofotherevidenceinhisbehalf.
(h)Tohavespeedy,impartialandpublictrial.
(i)Toappealinallcasesallowedandinthemannerprescribedbylaw.(1a)
RULE116
ArraignmentandPlea
Section1.Arraignmentandpleahowmade.
(a)Theaccusedmustbearraignedbeforethecourtwherethecomplaintor
informationwasfiledorassignedfortrial.Thearraignmentshallbemadeinopen
courtbythejudgeorclerkbyfurnishingtheaccusedwithacopyofthecomplaintor
information,readingthesameinthelanguageordialectknowntohim,andasking
himwhetherhepleadsguiltyornotguilty.Theprosecutionmaycallatthetrial
witnessesotherthanthosenamedinthecomplaintorinformation.
(b)Theaccusedmustbepresentatthearraignmentandmustpersonallyenterhis
plea.Botharraignmentandpleashallbemadeofrecord,butfailuretodososhallnot
affectthevalidityoftheproceedings.
(c)Whentheaccusedrefusestopleadormakesaconditionalplea,apleaofnotguilty
shallbeenteredforhim.(1a)
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(d)Whentheaccusedpleadsguiltybutpresentsexculpatoryevidence,hispleashall
bedeemedwithdrawnandapleaofnotguiltyshallbeenteredforhim.(n)
(e)Whentheaccusedisunderpreventivedetention,hiscaseshallberaffledandits
recordstransmittedtothejudgetowhomthecasewasraffledwithinthree(3)days
fromthefilingoftheinformationorcomplaint.Theaccusedshallbearraignedwithin
ten(10)daysfromthedateoftheraffle.Thepretrialconferenceofhiscaseshallbe
heldwithinten(10)daysafterarraignment.(n)
(f)Theprivateoffendedpartyshallberequiredtoappearatthearraignmentfor
purposesofpleabargaining,determinationofcivilliability,andothermatters
requiringhispresence.Incaseoffailureoftheoffendedpartytoappeardespitedue
notice,thecourtmayallowtheaccusedtoenterapleaofguiltytoalesseroffense
whichisnecessarilyincludedintheoffensechargedwiththeconformityofthetrial
prosecutoralone.(cir.189)
(g)UnlessashorterperiodisprovidedbyspeciallaworSupremeCourtcircular,the
arraignmentshallbeheldwithinthirty(30)daysfromthedatethecourtacquires
jurisdictionoverthepersonoftheaccused.Thetimeofthependencyofamotionto
quashorforabillofparticularsorothercausesjustifyingsuspensionofthe
arraignmentshallbeexcludedincomputingtheperiod.(sec.2,cir.3898)
Section2.Pleaofguiltytoalesseroffense.Atarraignment,theaccused,withthe
consentoftheoffendedpartyandtheprosecutor,maybeallowedbythetrialcourtto
pleadguiltytoalesseroffensewhichisnecessarilyincludedintheoffensecharged.
Afterarraignmentbutbeforetrial,theaccusedmaystillbeallowedtopleadguiltyto
saidlesseroffenseafterwithdrawinghispleaofnotguilty.Noamendmentofthe
complaintorinformationisnecessary.(sec.4,circ.3898)
Section3.Pleaofguiltytocapitaloffensereceptionofevidence.Whenthe
accusedpleadsguiltytoacapitaloffense,thecourtshallconductasearchinginquiry
intothevoluntarinessandfullcomprehensionoftheconsequencesofhispleaand
requiretheprosecutiontoprovehisguiltandtheprecisedegreeofculpability.The
accusedmaypresentevidenceinhisbehalf.(3a)
Section4.Pleaofguiltytononcapitaloffensereceptionofevidence,
discretionary.Whentheaccusedpleadsguiltytoanoncapitaloffense,thecourt
mayreceiveevidencefromthepartiestodeterminethepenaltytobeimposed.(4)
Section5.Withdrawalofimprovidentpleaofguilty.Atanytimebeforethe
judgmentofconvictionbecomesfinal,thecourtmaypermitanimprovidentpleaof
guiltytobewithdrawnandbesubstitutedbyapleaofnotguilty.(5)
Section6.Dutyofcourttoinformaccusedofhisrighttocounsel.Before
arraignment,thecourtshallinformtheaccusedofhisrighttocounselandaskhimif
hedesirestohaveone.Unlesstheaccusedisallowedtodefendhimselfinpersonor
hasemployedacounselofhischoice,thecourtmustassignacounseldeoficioto
defendhim.(6a)
Section7.Appointmentofcounseldeoficio.Thecourt,consideringthegravityof
theoffenseandthedifficultyofthequestionsthatmayarise,shallappointascounsel
deoficioonlysuchmembersofthebaringoodstandingwho,byreasonoftheir
experienceandability,cancompetentlydefendtheaccused.Butinlocalitieswhere
suchmembersofthebararenotavailable,thecourtmayappointanyperson,
residentoftheprovinceandofgoodreputeforprobityandability,todefendthe
accused.(7a)
Section8.Timeforcounseldeoficiotoprepareforarraignment.Whenevera
counseldeoficioisappointedbythecourttodefendtheaccusedatthearraignment,
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heshallbegivenareasonabletimetoconsultwiththeaccusedastohispleabefore
proceedingwiththearraignment.(8)
Section9.Billofparticulars.Theaccusedmay,beforearraignment,movefora
billofparticularstoenablehimproperlytopleadandtopreparefortrial.Themotion
shallspecifytheallegeddefectsofthecomplaintorinformationandthedetails
desired.(10a)
Section10.Productionorinspectionofmaterialevidenceinpossessionof
prosecution.Uponmotionoftheaccusedshowinggoodcauseandwithnoticeto
theparties,thecourt,inordertopreventsurprise,suppression,oralteration,may
ordertheprosecutiontoproduceandpermittheinspectionandcopyingor
photographingofanywrittenstatementgivenbythecomplainantandotherwitnesses
inanyinvestigationoftheoffenseconductedbytheprosecutionorother
investigatingofficers,aswellasanydesignateddocuments,papers,books,accounts,
letters,photographs,objectsortangiblethingsnototherwiseprivileged,which
constituteorcontainevidencematerialtoanymatterinvolvedinthecaseandwhich
areinthepossessionorunderthecontroloftheprosecution,police,orotherlaw
investigatingagencies.(11a)
Section11.Suspensionofarraignment.Uponmotionbytheproperparty,the
arraignmentshallbesuspendedinthefollowingcases:
(a)Theaccusedappearstobesufferingfromanunsoundmentalconditionwhich
effectiverendershimunabletofullyunderstandthechargeagainsthimandtoplead
intelligentlythereto.Insuchcase,thecourtshallorderhismentalexaminationand,if
necessary,hisconfinementforsuchpurpose
(b)Thereexistsaprejudicialquestionand
(c)Apetitionforreviewoftheresolutionoftheprosecutorispendingateitherthe
DepartmentofJustice,ortheOfficeofthePresidentprovided,thattheperiodof
suspensionshallnotexceedsixty(60)dayscountedfromthefilingofthepetition
withthereviewingoffice.(12a)
RULE117
MotiontoQuash
Section1.Timetomovetoquash.Atanytimebeforeenteringhisplea,the
accusedmaymovetoquashthecomplaintorinformation.(1)
Section2.Formandcontents.Themotiontoquashshallbeinwriting,signedby
theaccusedorhiscounselandshalldistinctlyspecifyitsfactualandlegalgrounds.
Thecourtshallconsidernogroundotherthanthosestatedinthemotion,exceptlack
ofjurisdictionovertheoffensecharged.(2a)
Section3.Grounds.Theaccusedmaymovetoquashthecomplaintor
informationonanyofthefollowinggrounds:
(a)Thatthefactschargeddonotconstituteanoffense
(b)Thatthecourttryingthecasehasnojurisdictionovertheoffensecharged
(c)Thatthecourttryingthecasehasnojurisdictionoverthepersonoftheaccused
(d)Thattheofficerwhofiledtheinformationhadnoauthoritytodoso
(e)Thatitdoesnotconformsubstantiallytotheprescribedform
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(f)Thatmorethanoneoffenseischargedexceptwhenasinglepunishmentfor
variousoffensesisprescribedbylaw
(g)Thatthecriminalactionorliabilityhasbeenextinguished
(h)Thatitcontainsavermentswhich,iftrue,wouldconstitutealegalexcuseor
justificationand
(i)Thattheaccusedhasbeenpreviouslyconvictedoracquittedoftheoffense
charged,orthecaseagainsthimwasdismissedorotherwiseterminatedwithouthis
expressconsent.(3a)
Section4.Amendmentofthecomplaintorinformation.Ifthemotiontoquashis
basedonanallegeddefectofthecomplaintorinformationwhichcanbecuredby
amendment,thecourtshallorderthatanamendmentbemade.(4a)
Ifitisbasedonthegroundthatthefactschargeddonotconstituteanoffense,the
prosecutionshallbegivenbythecourtanopportunitytocorrectthedefectby
amendment.Themotionshallbegrantediftheprosecutionfailstomakethe
amendment,orthecomplaintorinformationstillsuffersfromthesamedefect
despitetheamendment.(n)
Section5.Effectofsustainingthemotiontoquash.Ifthemotiontoquashis
sustained,thecourtmayorderthatanothercomplaintorinformationbefiledexcept
asprovidedinsection6ofthisrule.Iftheorderismade,theaccused,ifincustody,
shallnotbedischargedunlessadmittedtobail.Ifnoorderismadeorifhavingbeen
made,nonewinformationisfiledwithinthetimespecifiedintheorderorwithinsuch
furthertimeasthecourtmayallowforgoodcause,theaccused,ifincustody,shallbe
dischargedunlessheisalsoincustodyforanothercharge.(5a)
Section6.Ordersustainingthemotiontoquashnotabartoanotherprosecution
exception.Anordersustainingthemotiontoquashisnotabartoanother
prosecutionforthesameoffenseunlessthemotionwasbasedonthegrounds
specifiedinsection3(g)and(i)ofthisRule.(6a)
Section7.Formerconvictionoracquittaldoublejeopardy.Whenanaccusedhas
beenconvictedoracquitted,orthecaseagainsthimdismissedorotherwise
terminatedwithouthisexpressconsentbyacourtofcompetentjurisdiction,upona
validcomplaintorinformationorotherformalchargesufficientinformand
substancetosustainaconvictionandaftertheaccusedhadpleadedtothecharge,the
convictionoracquittaloftheaccusedorthedismissalofthecaseshallbeabarto
anotherprosecutionfortheoffensecharged,orforanyattempttocommitthesame
orfrustrationthereof,orforanyoffensewhichnecessarilyincludesorisnecessarily
includedintheoffensechargedintheformercomplaintorinformation.
However,theconvictionoftheaccusedshallnotbeabartoanotherprosecutionfor
anoffensewhichnecessarilyincludestheoffensechargedintheformercomplaintor
informationunderanyofthefollowinginstances:
(a)thegraveroffensedevelopedduetosuperveningfactsarisingfromthesameactor
omissionconstitutingtheformercharge
(b)thefactsconstitutingthegraverchargebecameknownorwerediscoveredonly
afterapleawasenteredintheformercomplaintorinformationor
(c)thepleaofguiltytothelesseroffensewasmadewithouttheconsentofthe
prosecutorandoftheoffendedpartyexceptasprovidedinsection1(f)ofRule116.
Inanyoftheforegoingcases,wheretheaccusedsatisfiesorservesinwholeorinpart
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thejudgment,heshallbecreditedwiththesameintheeventofconvictionforthe
graveroffense.(7a)
Section8.Provisionaldismissal.Acaseshallnotbeprovisionallydismissed
exceptwiththeexpressconsentoftheaccusedandwithnoticetotheoffendedparty.
Theprovisionaldismissalofoffensespunishablebyimprisonmentnotexceedingsix
(6)yearsorafineofanyamount,orboth,shallbecomepermanentone(1)yearafter
issuanceoftheorderwithoutthecasehavingbeenrevived.Withrespecttooffenses
punishablebyimprisonmentofmorethansix(6)years,theirprovisionaldismissal
shallbecomepermanenttwo(2)yearsafterissuanceoftheorderwithoutthecase
havingbeenrevived.(n)
Section9.Failuretomovetoquashortoallegeanygroundtherefor.Thefailure
oftheaccusedtoassertanygroundofamotiontoquashbeforehepleadstothe
complaintorinformation,eitherbecausehedidnotfileamotiontoquashorfailedto
allegethesameinsaidmotion,shallbedeemedawaiverofanyobjectionsbasedon
thegroundsprovidedforinparagraphs(a),(b),(g),and(i)ofsection3ofthisRule.
(8)
RULE118
PreTrial
Section1.Pretrialmandatoryincriminalcases.Inallcriminalcasescognizable
bytheSandiganbayan,RegionalTrialCourt,MetropolitanTrialCourt,Municipal
TrialCourtinCities,MunicipalTrialCourtandMunicipalCircuitTrialCourt,the
courtshallafterarraignmentandwithinthirty(30)daysfromthedatethecourt
acquiresjurisdictionoverthepersonoftheaccused,unlessashorterperiodis
providedforinspeciallawsorcircularsoftheSupremeCourt,orderapretrial
conferencetoconsiderthefollowing:
(a)pleabargaining
(b)stipulationoffacts
(c)markingforidentificationofevidenceoftheparties
(d)waiverofobjectionstoadmissibilityofevidence
(e)modificationoftheorderoftrialiftheaccusedadmitsthechargebutinterposesa
lawfuldefenseand
(f)suchothermattersaswillpromoteafairandexpeditioustrialofthecriminaland
civilaspectsofthecase.(secs.2and3,cir.3898)
Section2.Pretrialagreement.Allagreementsoradmissionsmadeorentered
duringthepretrialconferenceshallbereducedinwritingandsignedbytheaccused
andcounsel,otherwise,theycannotbeusedagainsttheaccused.Theagreements
coveringthemattersreferredtoinsection1ofthisRuleshallbeapprovedbythe
court.(sec.4,cir.3898)
Section3.Nonappearanceatpretrialconference.Ifthecounselfortheaccused
ortheprosecutordoesnotappearatthepretrialconferenceanddoesnotofferan
acceptableexcuseforhislackofcooperation,thecourtmayimposepropersanctions
orpenalties.(se.5,cir.3898)
Section4.Pretrialorder.Afterthepretrialconference,thecourtshallissuean
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orderrecitingtheactionstaken,thefactsstipulated,andevidencemarked.Suchorder
shallbindtheparties,limitthetrialtomattersnotdisposedof,andcontrolthecourse
oftheactionduringthetrial,unlessmodifiedbythecourttopreventmanifest
injustice.(3)
RULE119
Trial
Section1.Timetopreparefortrial.Afterapleaofnotguiltyisentered,the
accusedshallhaveatleastfifteen(15)daystopreparefortrial.Thetrialshall
commencewithinthirty(30)daysfromreceiptofthepretrialorder.(sec.6,cir.38
98)
Section2.Continuoustrialuntilterminatedpostponements.Trialonce
commencedshallcontinuefromdaytodayasfaraspracticableuntilterminated.It
maybepostponedforareasonableperiodoftimeforgoodcause.(2a)
Thecourtshall,afterconsultationwiththeprosecutoranddefensecounsel,setthe
caseforcontinuoustrialonaweeklyorothershorttermtrialcalendarattheearliest
possibletimesoastoensurespeedytrial.Innocaseshalltheentiretrialperiod
exceedonehundredeighty(180)daysfromthefirstdayoftrial,exceptasotherwise
authorizedbytheSupremeCourt.(sec.8,cir.3898).
Thetimelimitationsprovidedunderthissectionandtheprecedingsectionshallnot
applywherespeciallawsorcircularsoftheSupremeCourtprovideforashorter
periodoftrial.(n)
Section3.Exclusions.Thefollowingperiodsofdelayshallbeexcludedin
computingthetimewithinwhichtrialmustcommence:
(a)Anyperiodofdelayresultingfromotherproceedingsconcerningtheaccused,
includingbutnotlimitedtothefollowing:
(1)Delayresultingfromanexaminationofthephysicalandmentalconditionofthe
accused
(2)Delayresultingfromproceedingswithrespecttoothercriminalchargesagainst
theaccused
(3)Delayresultingfromextraordinaryremediesagainstinterlocutoryorders
(4)Delayresultingfrompretrialproceedingsprovided,thatthedelaydoesnot
exceedthirty(30)days
(5)Delayresultingfromordersofinhibition,orproceedingsrelatingtochangeof
venueofcasesortransferfromothercourts
(6)Delayresultingfromafindingoftheexistenceofaprejudicialquestionand
(7)Delayreasonablyattributabletoanyperiod,notexceedthirty(30)days,during
whichanyproceedingwhichanyproceedingconcerningtheaccusedisactuallyunder
advisement.
(b)Anyperiodofdelayresultingfromtheabsenceorunavailabilityofanessential
witness.
Forpurposesofthissubparagraph,anessentialwitnessshallbeconsideredabsent
whenhiswhereaboutsareunknownorhiswhereaboutscannotbedeterminedbydue
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diligence.Heshallbeconsideredunavailablewheneverhiswhereaboutsareknown
buthispresencefortrialcannotbeobtainedbyduediligence.
(c)Anyperiodofdelayresultingfromthementalincompetenceorphysicalinability
oftheaccusedtostandtrial.
(d)Iftheinformationisdismisseduponmotionoftheprosecutionandthereaftera
chargeisfiledagainsttheaccusedforthesameoffense,anyperiodofdelayfromthe
datethechargewasdismissedtothedatethetimelimitationwouldcommencetorun
astothesubsequentchargehadtherebeennopreviouscharge.
(e)Areasonableperiodofdelaywhentheaccusedisjoinedfortrialwithacoaccused
overwhomthecourthasnotacquiredjurisdiction,or,astowhomthetimefortrial
hasnotrunandnomotionforseparatetrialhasbeengranted.
(f)Anyperiodofdelayresultingfromacontinuancegrantedbyanycourtmotu
proprio,oronmotionofeithertheaccusedorhiscounsel,ortheprosecution,ifthe
courtgrantedthecontinuanceonthebasisofitsfindingssetforthintheorderthat
theendsofjusticeservedbytakingsuchactionoutweighthebestinterestofthe
publicandtheaccusedinaspeedytrial.(sec.9,cir.3898)
Section4.Factorsforgrantingcontinuance.Thefollowingfactors,among
others,shallbeconsideredbyacourtindeterminingwhethertograntacontinuance
undersection3(f)ofthisRule.
(a)Whetherornotthefailuretograntacontinuanceintheproceedingwouldlikely
makeacontinuationofsuchproceedingimpossibleorresultinamiscarriageof
justiceand
(b)Whetherornotthecasetakenasawholeissonovel,unusualandcomplex,dueto
thenumberofaccusedorthenatureoftheprosecution,orthatitisunreasonableto
expectadequatepreparationwithintheperiodsoftimeestablishedtherein.
Inaddition,nocontinuanceundersection3(f)ofthisRuleshallbegrantedbecauseof
congestionofthecourtscalendarorlackofdiligentpreparationorfailuretoobtain
availablewitnessesonthepartoftheprosecutor.(sec.10,cir.3898)
Section5.Timelimitfollowinganorderfornewtrial.Iftheaccusedistobetried
againpursuanttoanorderforanewtrial,thetrialshallcommencewithinthirty(30)
daysfromnoticeoftheorder,providedthatiftheperiodbecomesimpracticaldueto
unavailabilityofwitnessesandotherfactors,thecourtmayextenditbutnotto
exceedonehundredeighty(180)daysfromnoticeofsaidorderforanewtrial.(sec.
11,cir.3898)
Section6.Extendedtimelimit.Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsection1(g),
Rule116andtheprecedingsection1,forthefirsttwelvecalendarmonthperiod
followingitseffectivityonSeptember15,1998,thetimelimitwithrespecttothe
periodfromarraignmenttotrialimposedbysaidprovisionshallbeonehundred
eighty(180)days.Forthesecondtwelvemonthperiod,thelimitshallbeonehundred
twenty(120)days,andforthethirdtwelvemonthperiod,thetimelimitshallbe
eighty(80)days.(sec.7,cir.3898)
Section7.Publicattorneysdutieswhereaccusedisimprisoned.Ifthepublic
attorneyassignedtodefendapersonchargedwithacrimeknowsthatthelatteris
preventivelydetained,eitherbecauseheischargedwithabailablecrimebuthasno
meanstopostbail,or,ischargedwithanonbailablecrime,or,isservingatermof
imprisonmentinanypenalinstitution,itshallbehisdutytodothefollowing:
(a)Shallpromptlyundertaketoobtainthepresenceoftheprisonerfortrialorcausea
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noticetobeservedonthepersonhavingcustodyoftheprisonerrequiringsuch
persontosoadvisetheprisonerofhisrighttodemandtrial.
(b)Uponreceiptofthatnotice,thecustodianoftheprisonershallpromptlyadvise
theprisonerofthechargeandofhisrighttodemandtrial.Ifatanytimethereafterthe
prisonerinformshiscustodianthathedemandssuchtrial,thelattershallcausenotice
tothateffecttosentpromptlytothepublicattorney.
(c)Uponreceiptofsuchnotice,thepublicattorneyshallpromptlyseektoobtainthe
presenceoftheprisonerfortrial.
(d)Whenthecustodianoftheprisonerreceivesfromthepublicattorneyaproperly
supportedrequestfortheavailabilityoftheprisonerforpurposesoftrial,the
prisonershallbemadeavailableaccordingly.(sec.12,cir.3898)
Section8.Sanctions.Inanycaseinwhichprivatecounselfortheaccused,the
publicattorney,ortheprosecutor.
(a)Knowinglyallowsthecasetobesetfortrialwithoutdisclosingthatanecessary
witnesswouldbeunavailablefortrial
(b)Filesamotionsolelyfordelaywhichheknowsistotallyfrivolousandwithout
merit
(c)Makesastatementforthepurposeofobtainingcontinuancewhichheknowstobe
falseandwhichismaterialtothegrantingofacontinuanceor
(d)Willfullyfailstoproceedtotrialwithoutjustificationconsistentwiththe
provisionshereof,thecourtmaypunishsuchcounsel,attorney,orprosecution,as
follows:
(1)Byimposingonacounselprivatelyretainedinconnectionwiththedefenseofan
accused,afinenotexceedingtwentythousandpesos(P20,000.00)
(2)Byimposingonanyappointedcounseldeoficio,publicattorney,orprosecutora
finenotexceedingfivethousandpesos(P5,000.00)and
(3)Bydenyinganydefensecounselorprosecutortherighttopracticebeforethe
courttryingthecaseforaperiodnotexceedingthirty(30)days.Thepunishment
providedforbythissectionshallbewithoutprejudicetoanyappropriatecriminal
actionorothersanctionauthorizedundertheserules.(sec.13,cir.3898)
Section9.Remedywhereaccusedisnotbroughttotrialwithinthetimelimit.If
theaccusedisnotbroughttotrialwithinthetimelimitrequiredbySection1(g),Rule
116andSection1,asextendedbySection6ofthisrule,theinformationmaybe
dismissedonmotionoftheaccusedonthegroundofdenialofhisrightofspeedy
trial.Theaccusedshallhavetheburdenofprovingthemotionbuttheprosecution
shallhavetheburdenofgoingforwardwiththeevidencetoestablishtheexclusionof
timeundersection3ofthisrule.Thedismissalshallbesubjecttotherulesondouble
jeopardy.
Failureoftheaccusedtomovefordismissalpriortotrialshallconstituteawaiverof
therighttodismissunderthissection.(sec.14,cir.3898)
Section10.Lawonspeedytrialnotabartoprovisiononspeedytrialinthe
Constitution.Noprovisionoflawonspeedytrialandnoruleimplementingthe
sameshallbeinterpretedasabartoanychargeofdenialoftherighttospeedytrial
guaranteedbysection14(2),articleIII,ofthe1987Constitution.(sec.15,cir.3898)
Section11.Orderoftrial.Thetrialshallproceedinthefollowingorder:
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(a)Theprosecutionshallpresentevidencetoprovethechargeand,intheproper
case,thecivilliability.
(b)Theaccusedmaypresentevidencetoprovehisdefense,anddamages,ifany,
arisingfromtheissuanceofaprovisionalremedyinthecase.
(c)Theprosecutionandthedefensemay,inthatorder,presentrebuttalandsur
rebuttalevidenceunlessthecourt,infurtheranceofjustice,permitsthemtopresent
additionalevidencebearinguponthemainissue.
(d)Uponadmissionoftheevidenceoftheparties,thecaseshallbedeemedsubmitted
fordecisionunlessthecourtdirectsthemtoargueorallyortosubmitwritten
memoranda.
(e)Whentheaccusedadmitstheactoromissionchargedinthecomplaintor
informationbutinterposesalawfuldefense,theorderoftrialmaybemodified.(3a)
Section12.Applicationforexaminationofwitnessforaccusedbeforetrial.
Whentheaccusedhasbeenheldtoanswerforanoffense,hemay,uponmotionwith
noticetotheotherparties,havewitnessesconditionallyexaminedinhisbehalf.The
motionshallstate:(a)thenameandresidenceofthewitness(b)thesubstanceofhis
testimonyand(c)thatthewitnessissickorinfirmastoaffordreasonablegroundfor
believingthathewillnotbeabletoattendthetrial,orresidesmorethanonehundred
(100)kilometersfromtheplaceoftrialandhasnomeanstoattendthesame,orthat
othersimilarcircumstancesexistthatwouldmakehimunavailableorpreventhim
fromattendingthetrial.Themotionshallbesupportedbyanaffidavitoftheaccused
andsuchotherevidenceasthecourtmayrequire.(4a)
Section13.Examinationofdefensewitnesshowmade.Ifthecourtissatisfied
thattheexaminationofawitnessfortheaccusedisnecessary,anorderwillbemade
directingthatthewitnessbeexaminedataspecifieddate,timeandplaceandthata
copyoftheorderbeservedontheprosecutoratleastthree(3)daysbeforethe
scheduledexamination.Theexaminationshallbetakenbeforeajudge,or,ifnot
practicable,amemberoftheBaringoodstandingsodesignatedbythejudgeinthe
order,oriftheorderbemadebyacourtofsuperiorjurisdiction,beforeaninferior
courttobedesignatedtherein.Theexaminationshallproceednotwithstandingthe
absenceoftheprosecutorprovidedhewasdulynotifiedofthehearing.Awritten
recordofthetestimonyshallbetaken.(5a)
Section14.Bailtosecureappearanceofmaterialwitness.Whenthecourtis
satisfied,uponprooforoath,thatamaterialwitnesswillnottestifywhenrequired,it
may,uponmotionofeitherparty,orderthewitnesstopostbailinsuchsumasmay
bedeemedproper.Uponrefusaltopostbail,thecourtshallcommithimtoprison
untilhecompliesorislegallydischargedafterhistestimonyhasbeentaken.(6a)
Section15.Examinationofwitnessfortheprosecution.Whenitsatisfactorily
appearsthatawitnessfortheprosecutionistoosickorinfirmtoappearatthetrialas
directedbytheorderofthecourt,orhastoleavethePhilippineswithnodefinitedate
ofreturning,hemayforthwithbeconditionallyexaminedbeforethecourtwherethe
caseispending.Suchexamination,inthepresenceoftheaccused,orinhisabsence
afterreasonablenoticetoattendtheexaminationhasbeenservedonhim,shallbe
conductedinthesamemannerasanexaminationatthetrial.Failureorrefusalofthe
accusedtoattendtheexaminationafternoticeshallbeconsideredawaiver.The
statementtakenmaybeadmittedinbehalfoforagainsttheaccused.(7a)
Section16.Trialofseveralaccused.Whentwoormoreaccusedarejointly
chargedwithanyoffense,theyshallbetriedjointlyunlessthecourt,initsdiscretion
anduponmotionoftheprosecutororanyaccused,ordersseparatetrialforoneor
moreaccused.(8a)
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Section17.Dischargeofaccusedtobestatewitness.Whentwoormorepersons
arejointlychargedwiththecommissionofanyoffense,uponmotionofthe
prosecutionbeforerestingitscase,thecourtmaydirectoneormoreoftheaccusedto
bedischargedwiththeirconsentsothattheymaybewitnessesforthestatewhen,
afterrequiringtheprosecutiontopresentevidenceandtheswornstatementofeach
proposedstatewitnessatahearinginsupportofthedischarge,thecourtissatisfied
that:
(a)Thereisabsolutenecessityforthetestimonyoftheaccusedwhosedischargeis
requested
(b)Theisnootherdirectevidenceavailablefortheproperprosecutionoftheoffense
committed,exceptthetestimonyofsaidaccused
(c)Thetestimonyofsaidaccusedcanbesubstantiallycorroboratedinitsmaterial
points
(d)Saidaccuseddoesnotappeartobethemostguiltyand
(e)Saidaccusedhasnotatanytimebeenconvictedofanyoffenseinvolvingmoral
turpitude.
Evidenceadducedinsupportofthedischargeshallautomaticallyformpartofthe
trial.Ifthecourtdeniesthemotionfordischargeoftheaccusedasstatewitness,his
swornstatementshallbeinadmissibleinevidence.(9a)
Section18.Dischargeofaccusedoperatesasacquittal.Theorderindicatedin
theprecedingsectionshallamounttoanacquittalofthedischargedaccusedandshall
beabartofutureprosecutionforthesameoffense,unlesstheaccusedfailsorrefuses
totestifyagainsthiscoaccusedinaccordancewithhisswornstatementconstituting
thebasisforthedischarge.(10a)
Section19.Whenmistakehasbeenmadeinchargingtheproperoffense.When
itbecomesmanifestatanytimebeforejudgmentthatamistakehasbeenmadein
chargingtheproperoffenseandtheaccusedcannotbeconvictedoftheoffense
chargedoranyotheroffensenecessarilyincludedtherein,theaccusedshallnotbe
dischargedifthereappearsgoodcausetodetainhim.Insuchcase,thecourtshall
committheaccusedtoanswerfortheproperoffenseanddismisstheoriginalcase
uponthefilingoftheproperinformation.(11a)
Section20.Appointmentofactingprosecutor.Whenaprosecutor,hisassistant
ordeputyisdisqualifiedtoactduetoanyofthegroundsstatedinsection1ofRule
137orforanyotherreasons,thejudgeortheprosecutorshallcommunicatewiththe
SecretaryofJusticeinorderthatthelattermayappointanactingprosecutor.(12a)
Section21.Exclusionofthepublic.Thejudgemay,motuproprio,excludethe
publicfromthecourtroomiftheevidencetobeproducedduringthetrialisoffensive
todecencyorpublicmorals.Hemayalso,onmotionoftheaccused,excludethe
publicfromthetrial,exceptcourtpersonnelandthecounseloftheparties.(13a)
Section22.Consolidationoftrialsofrelatedoffenses.Chargesforoffenses
foundedonthesamefactsorformingpartofaseriesofoffensesofsimilarcharacter
maybetriedjointlyatthediscretionofthecourt.(14a)
Section23.Demurrertoevidence.Aftertheprosecutionrestsitscase,thecourt
maydismisstheactiononthegroundofinsufficiencyofevidence(1)onitsown
initiativeaftergivingtheprosecutiontheopportunitytobeheardor(2)upon
demurrertoevidencefiledbytheaccusedwithorwithoutleaveofcourt.
Ifthecourtdeniesthedemurrertoevidencefiledwithleaveofcourt,theaccusedmay
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adduceevidenceinhisdefense.Whenthedemurrertoevidenceisfiledwithoutleave
ofcourt,theaccusedwaivestherighttopresentevidenceandsubmitsthecasefor
judgmentonthebasisoftheevidencefortheprosecution.(15a)
Themotionforleaveofcourttofiledemurrertoevidenceshallspecificallystateits
groundsandshallbefiledwithinanonextendibleperiodoffive(5)daysafterthe
prosecutionrestsitscase.Theprosecutionmayopposethemotionwithinanon
extendibleperiodoffive(5)daysfromitsreceipt.
Ifleaveofcourtisgranted,theaccusedshallfilethedemurrertoevidencewithina
nonextendibleperiodoften(10)daysfromnotice.Theprosecutionmayopposethe
demurrertoevidencewithinasimilarperiodfromitsreceipt.
Theorderdenyingthemotionforleaveofcourttofiledemurrertoevidenceorthe
demurreritselfshallnotbereviewablebyappealorbycertioraribeforejudgment.
(n)
Section24.Reopening.Atanytimebeforefinalityofthejudgmentofconviction,
thejudgemay,motupropriooruponmotion,withhearingineithercase,reopenthe
proceedingstoavoidamiscarrageofjustice.Theproceedingsshallbeterminated
withinthirty(30)daysfromtheordergratingit.(n)
RULE120
Judgment
Section1.Judgmentdefinitionandform.Judgmentistheadjudicationbythe
courtthattheaccusedisguiltyornotguiltyoftheoffensechargedandtheimposition
onhimoftheproperpenaltyandcivilliability,ifany.Itmustbewrittenintheofficial
language,personallyanddirectlypreparedbythejudgeandsignedbyhimandshall
containclearlyanddistinctlyastatementofthefactsandthelawuponwhichitis
based.(1a)
Section2.Contentsofthejudgment.Ifthejudgmentisofconviction,itshallstate
(1)thelegalqualificationoftheoffenseconstitutedbytheactscommittedbythe
accusedandtheaggravatingormitigatingcircumstanceswhichattendedits
commission(2)theparticipationoftheaccusedintheoffense,whetherasprincipal,
accomplice,oraccessoryafterthefact(3)thepenaltyimposedupontheaccusedand
(4)thecivilliabilityordamagescausedbyhiswrongfulactoromissiontobe
recoveredfromtheaccusedbytheoffendedparty,ifthereisany,unlessthe
enforcementofthecivilliabilitybyaseparatecivilactionhasbeenreservedor
waived.
Incasethejudgmentisofacquittal,itshallstatewhethertheevidenceofthe
prosecutionabsolutelyfailedtoprovetheguiltoftheaccusedormerelyfailedto
provehisguiltbeyondreasonabledoubt.Ineithercase,thejudgmentshalldetermine
iftheactoromissionfromwhichthecivilliabilitymightarisedidnotexist.(2a)
Section3.Judgmentfortwoormoreoffenses.Whentwoormoreoffensesare
chargedinasinglecomplaintorinformationbuttheaccusedfailstoobjecttoit
beforetrial,thecourtmayconvicthimofasmanyoffensesasarechargedandproved,
andimposeonhimthepenaltyforeachoffense,settingoutseparatelythefindingsof
factandlawineachoffense.(3a)
Section4.Judgmentincaseofvariancebetweenallegationandproof.When
thereisvariancebetweentheoffensechargedinthecomplaintorinformationand
thatproved,andtheoffenseaschargedisincludedinornecessarilyincludesthe
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offenseproved,theaccusedshallbeconvictedoftheoffenseprovedwhichisincluded
intheoffensecharged,oroftheoffensechargedwhichisincludedintheoffense
proved.(4a)
Section5.Whenanoffenseincludesorisincludedinanother.Anoffensecharged
necessarilyincludestheoffenseprovedwhensomeoftheessentialelementsor
ingredientsoftheformer,asallegedinthecomplaintorinformation,constitutethe
latter.Andanoffensechargedisnecessarilyincludedintheoffenseproved,whenthe
essentialingredientsoftheformerconstituteorformapartofthoseconstitutingthe
latter.(5a)
Section6.Promulgationofjudgment.Thejudgmentispromulgatedbyreadingit
inthepresenceoftheaccusedandanyjudgeofthecourtinwhichitwasrendered.
However,iftheconvictionisforalightoffense,thejudgmentmaybepronouncedin
thepresenceofhiscounselorrepresentative.Whenthejudgeisabsentoroutsideof
theprovinceorcity,thejudgmentmaybepromulgatedbytheclerkofcourt.
Iftheaccusedisconfinedordetainedinanotherprovinceorcity,thejudgmentmay
bepromulgatedbytheexecutivejudgeoftheRegionalTrialCourthavingjurisdiction
overtheplaceofconfinementordetentionuponrequestofthecourtwhichrendered
thejudgment.Thecourtpromulgatingthejudgmentshallhaveauthoritytoacceptthe
noticeofappealandtoapprovethebailbondpendingappealprovided,thatifthe
decisionofthetrialcourtconvictingtheaccusedchangedthenatureoftheoffense
fromnonbailabletobailable,theapplicationforbailcanonlybefiledandresolved
bytheappellatecourt.
Theproperclerkofcourtshallgivenoticetotheaccusedpersonallyorthroughhis
bondsmanorwardenandcounsel,requiringhimtobepresentatthepromulgationof
thedecision.Iftheaccusedtriedinabsentiabecausehejumpedbailorescapedfrom
prison,thenoticetohimshallbeservedathislastknownaddress.
Incasetheaccusedfailstoappearatthescheduleddateofpromulgationofjudgment
despitenotice,thepromulgationshallbemadebyrecordingthejudgmentinthe
criminaldocketandservinghimacopythereofathislastknownaddressorthruhis
counsel.
Ifthejudgmentisforconvictionandthefailureoftheaccusedtoappearwaswithout
justifiablecause,heshalllosetheremediesavailableintheserulesagainstthe
judgmentandthecourtshallorderhisarrest.Withinfifteen(15)daysfrom
promulgationofjudgment,however,theaccusedmaysurrenderandfileamotionfor
leaveofcourttoavailoftheseremedies.Heshallstatethereasonsforhisabsenceat
thescheduledpromulgationandifheprovesthathisabsencewasforajustifiable
cause,heshallbeallowedtoavailofsaidremedieswithinfifteen(15)daysfrom
notice.(6a)
Section7.Modificationofjudgment.Ajudgmentofconvictionmay,uponmotion
oftheaccused,bemodifiedorsetasidebeforeitbecomesfinalorbeforeappealis
perfected.Exceptwherethedeathpenaltyisimposed,ajudgmentbecomesfinalafter
thelapseoftheperiodforperfectinganappeal,orwhenthesentencehasbeen
partiallyortotallysatisfiedorserved,orwhentheaccusedhaswaivedinwritinghis
righttoappeal,orhasappliedforprobation.(7a)
Section8.Entryofjudgment.Afterajudgmenthasbecomefinal,itshallbe
enteredinaccordancewithRule36.(8)
Section9.Existingprovisionsgoverningsuspensionofsentence,probationand
parolenotaffectedbythisRule.NothinginthisRuleshallaffectanyexisting
provisionsinthelawsgoverningsuspensionofsentence,probationorparole.(9a)
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RULE121
NewTrialorReconsideration
Section1.Newtrialorreconsideration.Atanytimebeforeajudgmentof
convictionbecomesfinal,thecourtmay,onmotionoftheaccusedoratitsown
instancebutwiththeconsentoftheaccused,grantanewtrialorreconsideration.(1a)
Section2.Groundsforanewtrial.Thecourtshallgrantanewtrialonanyofthe
followinggrounds:
(a)Theerrorsoflaworirregularitiesprejudicialtothesubstantialrightsofthe
accusedhavebeencommittedduringthetrial
(b)Thenewandmaterialevidencehasbeendiscoveredwhichtheaccusedcouldnot
withreasonablediligencehavediscoveredandproducedatthetrialandwhichif
introducedandadmittedwouldprobablychangethejudgment.(2a)
Section3.Groundforreconsideration.Thecourtshallgrantreconsiderationon
thegroundoferrorsoflaworfactinthejudgment,whichrequiresnofurther
proceedings.(3a)
Section4.Formofmotionandnoticetotheprosecutor.Themotionforanew
trialorreconsiderationshallbeinwritingandshallstatethegroundsonwhichitis
based.Ifbasedonanewlydiscoveredevidence,themotionmustbesupportedby
affidavitsofwitnessesbywhomsuchevidenceisexpectedtobegivenorbyduly
authenticatedcopiesofdocumentswhichareproposedtobeintroducedinevidence.
Noticeofthemotionfornewtrialorreconsiderationshallbegiventotheprosecutor.
(4a)
Section5.Hearingonmotion.Whereamotionforanewtrialcallsforresolution
ofanyquestionoffact,thecourtmayhearevidencethereonbyaffidavitsor
otherwise.(5a)
Section6.Effectsofgrantinganewtrialorreconsideration.Theeffectsof
grantinganewtrialorreconsiderationarethefollowing:
(a)Whenanewtrialisgrantedonthegroundoferrorsoflaworirregularities
committedduringthetrial,allproceedingsandevidenceaffectedtherebyshallbeset
asideandtakenanew.Thecourtmay,intheinterestofjustice,allowtheintroduction
ofadditionalevidence.
(b)Whenanewtrialisgrantedonthegroundofnewlydiscoveredevidence,the
evidencealreadyadducedshallstandandthenewlydiscoveredandsuchother
evidenceasthecourtmay,intheinterestofjustice,allowtobeintroducedshallbe
takenandconsideredtogetherwiththeevidencealreadyintherecord.
(c)Inallcases,whenthecourtgrantsnewtrialorreconsideration,theoriginal
judgmentshallbesetasideorvacatedandanewjudgmentrenderedaccordingly.(6a)
RULE122
Appeal
Section1.Whomayappeal.Anypartymayappealfromajudgmentorfinal
order,unlesstheaccusedwillbeplacedindoublejeopardy.(2a)
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Section2.Wheretoappeal.Theappealmaybetakenasfollows:
(a)TotheRegionalTrialCourt,incasesdecidedbytheMetropolitanTrialCourt,
MunicipalTrialCourtinCities,MunicipalTrialCourt,orMunicipalCircuitTrial
Court
(b)TotheCourtofAppealsortotheSupremeCourtinthepropercasesprovidedby
law,incasesdecidedbytheRegionalTrialCourtand
(c)TotheSupremeCourt,incasesdecidedbytheCourtofAppeals.(1a)
Section3.Howappealtaken.
(a)TheappealtotheRegionalTrialCourt,ortotheCourtofAppealsincasesdecided
bytheRegionalTrialCourtintheexerciseofitsoriginaljurisdiction,shallbetakenby
filinganoticeofappealwiththecourtwhichrenderedthejudgmentorfinalorder
appealedfromandbyservingacopythereofupontheadverseparty.
(b)TheappealtotheCourtofAppealsincasesdecidedbytheRegionalTrialCourtin
theexerciseofitsappellatejurisdictionshallbebypetitionforreviewunderRule42.
(c)TheappealtotheSupremeCourtincaseswherethepenaltyimposedbythe
RegionalTrialCourtisdeath,reclusionperpetua,orlifeimprisonment,orwherea
lesserpenaltyisimposedbutforoffensescommittedonthesameoccasionorwhich
aroseoutofthesameoccurrencethatgaverisetothemoreseriousoffenseforwhich
thepenaltyofdeath,reclusionperpetua,orlifeimprisonmentisimposed,shallbeby
filinganoticeofappealinaccordancewithparagraph(a)ofthissection.
(d)Nonoticeofappealisnecessaryincaseswherethedeathpenaltyisimposedbythe
RegionalTrialCourt.ThesameshallbeautomaticallyreviewedbytheSupremeCourt
asprovidedinsection10ofthisRule.
(e)Exceptasprovidedinthelastparagraphofsection13,Rule124,allotherappeals
totheSupremeCourtshallbebypetitionforreviewoncertiorariunderRules45.
(3a)
Section4.Publicationofnoticeofappeal.Ifpersonalserviceofthecopyofthe
noticeofappealcannotbemadeupontheadversepartyorhiscounsel,servicemay
bedonebyregisteredmailorbysubstitutedservicepursuanttosections7and8of
Rule13.(4a)
Section5.Waiverofnotice.Theappelleemaywaivehisrighttoanoticethatan
appealhasbeentaken.Theappellatecourtmay,initsdiscretion,entertainanappeal
notwithstandingfailuretogivesuchnoticeiftheinterestsofjusticesorequire.(5a)
Section6.Whenappealtobetaken.Anappealmustbetakenwithinfifteen(15)
daysfrompromulgationofthejudgmentorfromnoticeofthefinalorderappealed
from.Thisperiodforperfectinganappealshallbesuspendedfromthetimeamotion
fornewtrialorreconsiderationisfileduntilnoticeoftheorderoverrulingthemotion
shallhavebeenservedupontheaccusedorhiscounselatwhichtimethebalanceof
theperiodbeginstorun.(6a)
Section7.Transcribingandfilingnotesofstenographicreporteruponappeal.
Whennoticeofappealisfiledbytheaccused,thetrialcourtshalldirectthe
stenographicreportertotranscribehisnotesoftheproceedings.Whenfiledbythe
PeopleofthePhilippines,thetrialcourtshalldirectthestenographicreporterto
transcribesuchportionofhisnotesoftheproceedingsasthecourt,uponmotion,
shallspecifyinwriting.Thestenographicreportershallcertifytothecorrectnessof
thenotesandthetranscriptthereof,whichshallconsistoftheoriginalandfour
copies,andshallfiletheoriginalandfourcopieswiththeclerkwithoutunnecessary
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delay.
Ifdeathpenaltyisimposed,thestenographicreportershall,withinthirty(30)days
frompromulgationofthesentence,filewiththeclerkoriginalandfourcopiesofthe
dulycertifiedtranscriptofhisnotesoftheproceedings.Noextensionoftimefor
filingofsaidtranscriptofstenographicnotesshallbegrantedexceptbytheSupreme
Courtandonlyuponjustifiablegrounds.(7a)
Section8.Transmissionofpaperstoappellatecourtuponappeal.Withinfive(5)
daysfromthefilingofthenoticeofappeal,theclerkofthecourtwithwhomthe
noticeofappealwasfiledmusttransmittotheclerkofcourtoftheappellatecourtthe
completerecordofthecase,togetherwithsaidnotice.Theoriginalandthreecopies
ofthetranscriptofstenographicnotes,togetherwiththerecords,shallalsobe
transmittedtotheclerkoftheappellatecourtwithoutunduedelay.Theothercopyof
thetranscriptshallremaininthelowercourt.(8a)
Section9.AppealtotheRegionalTrialCourts.
(a)Withinfive(5)daysfromperfectionoftheappeal,theclerkofcourtshalltransmit
theoriginalrecordtotheappropriateRegionalTrialCourt.
(b)Uponreceiptofthecompleterecordofthecase,transcriptsandexhibits,theclerk
ofcourtoftheRegionalTrialCourtshallnotifythepartiesofsuchfact.
(c)Withinfifteen(15)daysfromreceiptofthesaidnotice,thepartiesmaysubmit
memorandaorbriefs,ormayberequiredbytheRegionalTrialCourttodoso.After
thesubmissionofsuchmemorandaorbriefs,orupontheexpirationoftheperiodto
filethesame,theRegionalTrialCourtshalldecidethecaseonthebasisoftheentire
recordofthecaseandofsuchmemorandaorbriefsasmayhavebeenfiled.(9a)
Section10.Transmissionofrecordsincaseofdeathpenalty.Inallcaseswhere
thedeathpenaltyisimposedbythetrialcourt,therecordsshallbeforwardedtothe
SupremeCourtforautomaticreviewandjudgmentwithinfive(5)daysafterthe
fifteenth(15)dayfollowingthepromulgationofthejudgmentornoticeofdenialofa
motionfornewtrialorreconsideration.Thetranscriptshallalsobeforwardedwithin
ten(10)daysafterthefilingthereofbythestenographicreporter.(10a)
Section11.Effectofappealbyanyofseveralaccused.
(a)Anappealtakenbyoneormoreofseveralaccusedshallnotaffectthosewhodid
notappeal,exceptinsofarasthejudgmentoftheappellatecourtisfavorableand
applicabletothelatter
(b)Theappealoftheoffendedpartyfromthecivilaspectshallnotaffectthecriminal
aspectofthejudgmentororderappealedfrom.
(c)Uponperfectionoftheappeal,theexecutionofthejudgmentorfinalorder
appealedfromshallbestayedastotheappealingparty.(11a)
Section12.Withdrawalofappeal.Notwithstandingtheperfectionoftheappeal,
theRegionalTrialCourt,MetropolitanTrialCourt,MunicipalTrialCourtinCities,
MunicipalTrialCourt,orMunicipalCircuitTrialCourt,asthecasemaybe,mayallow
theappellanttowithdrawhisappealbeforetherecordhasbeenforwardedbythe
clerkofcourttotheproperappellatecourtasprovidedinsection8,inwhichcasethe
judgmentshallbecomefinal.TheRegionalTrialCourtmayalso,initsdiscretion,
allowtheappellantfromthejudgmentofaMetropolitanTrialCourt,MunicipalTrial
CourtinCities,MunicipalTrialCourt,orMunicipalCircuitTrialCourttowithdraw
hisappeal,providedamotiontothateffectisfiledbeforerenditionofthejudgment
inthecaseonappeal,inwhichcasethejudgmentofthecourtoforiginshallbecome
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finalandthecaseshallberemandedtothelattercourtforexecutionofthejudgment.
(12a)
Section13.Appointmentofcounseldeoficioforaccusedonappeal.Itshallbe
thedutyoftheclerkofthetrialcourt,uponfilingofanoticeofappeal,toascertain
fromtheappellant,ifconfinedinprison,whetherhedesirestheRegionalTrialCourt,
CourtofAppealsortheSupremeCourttoappointacounseldeoficiotodefendhim
andtotransmitwiththerecordonaformtobepreparedbytheclerkofcourtofthe
appellatecourt,acertificateofcompliancewiththisdutyandoftheresponseofthe
appellanttohisinquiry.(13a)
RULE123
ProcedureintheMunicipalTrialCourts
Section1.UniformProcedure.TheproceduretobeobservedintheMetropolitan
TrialCourts,MunicipalTrialCourtsandMunicipalCircuitTrialCourtsshallbethe
sameasintheRegionalTrialCourts,exceptwhereaparticularprovisionappliesonly
toeitherofsaidcourtsandincriminalcasesgovernedbytheRevisedRuleon
SummaryProcedure.(1a)
RULE124
ProcedureintheCourtofAppeals
Section1.Titleofthecase.InallcriminalcasesappealedtotheCourtofAppeals,
thepartyappealingthecaseshallbecalledtheappellantandtheadversepartythe
appellee,butthetitleofthecaseshallremainasitwasinthecourtoforigin.(1a)
Section2.Appointmentofcounseldeoficiofortheaccused.Ifitappearsfrom
therecordofthecaseastransmittedthat(a)theaccusedisconfinedinprison,(b)is
withoutcounseldeparteonappeal,or(c)hassignedthenoticeofappealhimself,the
clerkofcourtoftheCourtofAppealsshalldesignateacounseldeoficio.
Anappellantwhoisnotconfinedinprisonmay,uponrequest,beassignedacounsel
deoficiowithinten(10)daysfromreceiptofthenoticetofilebriefandheestablishes
hisrightthereto.(2a)
Section3.Whenbriefforappellanttobefiled.Withinthirty(30)daysfrom
receiptbytheappellantorhiscounselofthenoticefromtheclerkofcourtofthe
CourtofAppealsthattheevidence,oralanddocumentary,isalreadyattachedtothe
record,theappellantshallfileseven(7)copiesofhisbriefwiththeclerkofcourt
whichshallbeaccompaniedbyproofofserviceoftwo(2)copiesthereofuponthe
appellee.(3a)
Section4.Whenbriefforappelleetobefiledreplybriefoftheappellant.Within
thirty(30)daysfromthereceiptofthebriefoftheappellant,theappelleeshallfile
seven(7)copiesofthebriefoftheappelleewiththeclerkofcourtwhichshallbe
accompaniedbyproofofserviceoftwo(2)copiesthereofupontheappellant.
Withintwenty(20)daysfromreceiptofthebriefoftheappellee,theappellantmay
fileareplybrieftraversingmattersraisedintheformerbutnotcoveredinthebriefof
theappellant.(4a)
Section5.Extensionoftimeforfilingbriefs.Extensionoftimeforthefilingof
briefswillnotbeallowedexceptforgoodandsufficientcauseandonlyifthemotion
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forextensionisfiledbeforetheexpirationofthetimesoughttobeextended.(5a)
Section6.Formofbriefs.Briefsshalleitherbeprinted,encodedortypewrittenin
doublespaceonthelegalsizegoodqualityunglazedpaper,330mm.inlengthby
216mm.inwidth.(6a)
Section7.Contentsofbrief.Thebriefsincriminalcasesshallhavethesame
contentsasprovidedinsections13and14ofRule44.Acertifiedtruecopyofthe
decisionorfinalorderappealedfromshallbeappendedtothebriefofappellant.(7a)
Section8.Dismissalofappealforabandonmentorfailuretoprosecute.The
CourtofAppealsmay,uponmotionoftheappelleeormotuproprioandwithnotice
totheappellantineithercase,dismisstheappealiftheappellantfailstofilehisbrief
withinthetimeprescribedbythisRule,exceptwheretheappellantisrepresentedby
acounseldeoficio.
TheCourtofAppealsmayalso,uponmotionoftheappelleeormotuproprio,dismiss
theappealiftheappellantescapesfromprisonorconfinement,jumpsbailorfleesto
aforeigncountryduringthependencyoftheappeal.(8a)
Section9.Promptdispositionofappeals.Appealsofaccusedwhoareunder
detentionshallbegivenprecedenceintheirdispositionoverotherappeals.TheCourt
ofAppealsshallhearanddecidetheappealattheearliestpracticabletimewithdue
regardtotherightsoftheparties.Theaccusedneednotbepresentincourtduring
thehearingoftheappeal.(9a)
Section10.Judgmentnottobereversedormodifiedexceptforsubstantialerror.
NojudgmentshallbereversedormodifiedunlesstheCourtofAppeals,afteran
examinationoftherecordandoftheevidenceadducedbytheparties,isofthe
opinionthaterrorwascommittedwhichinjuriouslyaffectedthesubstantialrightsof
theappellant.(10a)
Section11.Scopeofjudgment.TheCourtofAppealsmayreverse,affirm,or
modifythejudgmentandincreaseorreducethepenaltyimposedbythetrialcourt,
remandthecasetotheRegionalTrialCourtfornewtrialorretrial,ordismissthe
case.(11a)
Section12.PowertoreceiveevidenceTheCourtofAppealsshallhavethepower
totrycasesandconducthearings,receiveevidenceandperformanyandallacts
necessarytoresolvefactualissuesraisedincases(a)fallingwithinitsoriginal
jurisdiction,(b)involvingclaimsfordamagesarisingfromprovisionalremedies,or
(c)wherethecourtgrantsanewtrialbasedonlyonthegroundofnewlydiscovered
evidence.(12a)
Section13.QuorumofthecourtcertificationorappealofcasestoSupremeCourt.
Three(3)JusticesoftheCourtofAppealsshallconstituteaquorumforthe
sessionsofadivision.Theunanimousvoteofthethree(3)Justicesofadivisionshall
benecessaryforthepronouncementofajudgmentorfinalresolution,whichshallbe
reachedinconsultationbeforethewritingoftheopinionbyamemberofthedivision.
Intheeventthatthethree(3)Justicescannotreachaunanimousvote,thePresiding
JusticeshalldirecttherafflecommitteeoftheCourttodesignatetwo(2)additional
Justicestosittemporarilywiththem,formingaspecialdivisionoffive(5)members
andtheconcurrenceofamajorityofsuchdivisionshallbenecessaryforthe
pronouncementofajudgmentorfinalresolution.Thedesignationofsuchadditional
JusticesshallbemadestrictlybyraffleandrotationamongallotherJusticesofthe
CourtofAppeals.
WhenevertheCourtofAppealsfindsthatthepenaltyofdeath,reclusionperpetua,or
lifeimprisonmentshouldbeimposedinacase,thecourt,afterdiscussionofthe
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evidenceandthelawinvolved,shallrenderjudgmentimposingthepenaltyofdeath,
reclusionperpetua,orlifeimprisonmentasthecircumstanceswarrant.However,it
shallrefrainfromenteringthejudgmentandforthwithcertifythecaseandelevatethe
entirerecordthereoftotheSupremeCourtforreview.(13a)
Section14.Motionfornewtrial.Atanytimeaftertheappealfromthelower
courthasbeenperfectedandbeforethejudgmentoftheCourtofAppealsconvicting
theappellantbecomesfinal,thelattermaymoveforanewtrialonthegroundof
newlydiscoveredevidencematerialtohisdefense.Themotionshallconformwiththe
provisionsofsection4,Rule121.(14a)
Section15.Wherenewtrialconducted.Whenanewtrialisgranted,theCourtof
Appealsmayconductthehearingandreceiveevidenceasprovidedinsection12of
thisRuleorreferthetrialtothecourtoforigin.(15a)
Section16.Reconsideration.Amotionforreconsiderationshallbefiledwithin
fifteen(15)daysafterfromnoticeofthedecisionorfinalorderoftheCourtof
Appeals,withcopiesservedupontheadverseparty,settingforththegroundsin
supportthereof.Themittimusshallbestayedduringthependencyofthemotionfor
reconsideration.Nopartyshallbeallowedasecondmotionforreconsiderationofa
judgmentorfinalorder.(16a)
Section17.Judgmenttransmittedandfiledintrialcourt.Whentheentryof
judgmentoftheCourtofAppealsisissued,acertifiedtruecopyofthejudgmentshall
beattachedtotheoriginalrecordwhichshallberemandedtotheclerkofthecourt
fromwhichtheappealwastaken.(17a)
Section18.Applicationofcertainrulesinciviltocriminalcases.Theprovisions
ofRules42,44to46and48to56relatingtoprocedureintheCourtofAppealsandin
theSupremeCourtinoriginalandappealedcivilcasesshallbeappliedtocriminal
casesinsofarastheyareapplicableandnotinconsistentwiththeprovisionsofthis
Rule.(18a)
RULE125
ProcedureintheSupremeCourt
Section1.Uniformprocedure.UnlessotherwiseprovidedbytheConstitutionor
bylaw,theprocedureintheSupremeCourtinoriginalandinappealedcasesshallbe
thesameasintheCourtofAppeals.(1a)
Section2.ReviewofdecisionsoftheCourtofAppeals.Theprocedureforthe
reviewbytheSupremeCourtofdecisionsincriminalcasesrenderedbytheCourtof
Appealsshallbethesameasincivilcases.(2a)
Section3.Decisionifopinionisequallydivided.WhentheSupremeCourten
bancisequallydividedinopinionorthenecessarymajoritycannotbehadonwhether
toacquittheappellant,thecaseshallagainbedeliberateduponandifnodecisionis
reachedafterredeliberation,thejudgmentofconvictionofthelowercourtshallbe
reversedandtheaccusedacquitted.(3a)
RULE126
SearchandSeizure
Section1.Searchwarrantdefined.Asearchwarrantisanorderinwritingissued
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inthenameofthePeopleofthePhilippines,signedbyajudgeanddirectedtoapeace
officer,commandinghimtosearchforpersonalpropertydescribedthereinandbring
itbeforethecourt.(1)
Section2.Courtwhereapplicationforsearchwarrantshallbefiled.An
applicationforsearchwarrantshallbefiledwiththefollowing:
a)Anycourtwithinwhoseterritorialjurisdictionacrimewascommitted.
b)Forcompellingreasonsstatedintheapplication,anycourtwithinthejudicial
regionwherethecrimewascommittediftheplaceofthecommissionofthecrimeis
known,oranycourtwithinthejudicialregionwherethewarrantshallbeenforced.
However,ifthecriminalactionhasalreadybeenfiled,theapplicationshallonlybe
madeinthecourtwherethecriminalactionispending.(n)
Section3.Personalpropertytobeseized.Asearchwarrantmaybeissuedforthe
searchandseizureofpersonalproperty:
(a)Subjectoftheoffense
(b)Stolenorembezzledandotherproceeds,orfruitsoftheoffenseor
(c)Usedorintendedtobeusedasthemeansofcommittinganoffense.(2a)
Section4.Requisitesforissuingsearchwarrant.Asearchwarrantshallnotissue
exceptuponprobablecauseinconnectionwithonespecificoffensetobedetermined
personallybythejudgeafterexaminationunderoathoraffirmationofthe
complainantandthewitnesseshemayproduce,andparticularlydescribingtheplace
tobesearchedandthethingstobeseizedwhichmaybeanywhereinthePhilippines.
(3a)
Section5.Examinationofcomplainantrecord.Thejudgemust,beforeissuing
thewarrant,personallyexamineintheformofsearchingquestionsandanswers,in
writingandunderoath,thecomplainantandthewitnesseshemayproduceonfacts
personallyknowntothemandattachtotherecordtheirswornstatements,together
withtheaffidavitssubmitted.(4a)
Section6.Issuanceandformofsearchwarrant.Ifthejudgeissatisfiedofthe
existenceoffactsuponwhichtheapplicationisbasedorthatthereisprobablecause
tobelievethattheyexist,heshallissuethewarrant,whichmustbesubstantiallyinthe
formprescribedbytheseRules.(5a)
Section7.Righttobreakdoororwindowtoeffectsearch.Theofficer,ifrefused
admittancetotheplaceofdirectedsearchaftergivingnoticeofhispurposeand
authority,maybreakopenanyouterorinnerdoororwindowofahouseoranypart
ofahouseoranythingthereintoexecutethewarrantorliberatehimselforany
personlawfullyaidinghimwhenunlawfullydetainedtherein.(6)
Section8.Searchofhouse,room,orpremisetobemadeinpresenceoftwo
witnesses.Nosearchofahouse,room,oranyotherpremiseshallbemadeexcept
inthepresenceofthelawfuloccupantthereoforanymemberofhisfamilyorinthe
absenceofthelatter,twowitnessesofsufficientageanddiscretionresidinginthe
samelocality.(7a)
Section9.Timeofmakingsearch.Thewarrantmustdirectthatitbeservedinthe
daytime,unlesstheaffidavitassertsthatthepropertyisonthepersonorintheplace
orderedtobesearched,inwhichcaseadirectionmaybeinsertedthatitbeservedat
anytimeofthedayornight.(8)
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Section10.Validityofsearchwarrant.Asearchwarrantshallbevalidforten
(10)daysfromitsdate.Thereafteritshallbevoid.(9a)
Section11.Receiptforthepropertyseized.Theofficerseizingpropertyunderthe
warrantmustgiveadetailedreceiptforthesametothelawfuloccupantofthe
premisesinwhosepresencethesearchandseizureweremade,orintheabsenceof
suchoccupant,must,inthepresenceofatleasttwowitnessesofsufficientageand
discretionresidinginthesamelocality,leaveareceiptintheplaceinwhichhefound
theseizedproperty.(10a)
Section12.Deliveryofpropertyandinventorythereoftocourtreturnand
proceedingsthereon.(a)Theofficermustforthwithdeliverthepropertyseizedto
thejudgewhoissuedthewarrant,togetherwithatrueinventorythereofdulyverified
underoath.
(b)Ten(10)daysafterissuanceofthesearchwarrant,theissuingjudgeshallascertain
ifthereturnhasbeenmade,andifnone,shallsummonthepersontowhomthe
warrantwasissuedandrequirehimtoexplainwhynoreturnwasmade.Ifthereturn
hasbeenmade,thejudgeshallascertainwhethersection11ofthisRulehasbeen
complainedwithandshallrequirethatthepropertyseizedbedeliveredtohim.The
judgeshallseetoitthatsubsection(a)hereofhasbeencompliedwith.
(c)Thereturnonthesearchwarrantshallbefiledandkeptbythecustodianofthelog
bookonsearchwarrantswhoshallenterthereinthedateofthereturn,theresult,and
otheractionsofthejudge.
Aviolationofthissectionshallconstitutecontemptofcourt.(11a)
Section13.Searchincidenttolawfularrest.Apersonlawfullyarrestedmaybe
searchedfordangerousweaponsoranythingwhichmayhavebeenusedorconstitute
proofinthecommissionofanoffensewithoutasearchwarrant.(12a)
Section14.Motiontoquashasearchwarrantortosuppressevidencewhereto
file.Amotiontoquashasearchwarrantand/ortosuppressevidenceobtained
therebymaybefiledinandactedupononlybythecourtwheretheactionhasbeen
instituted.Ifnocriminalactionhasbeeninstituted,themotionmaybefiledinand
resolvedbythecourtthatissuedthesearchwarrant.However,ifsuchcourtfailedto
resolvethemotionandacriminalcaseissubsequentfiledinanothercourt,the
motionshallberesolvedbythelattercourt.(n)
RULE127
ProvisionalRemediesinCriminalCases
Section1.Availabilityofprovisionalremedies.Theprovisionalremediesincivil
actions,insofarastheyareapplicable,maybeavailedofinconnectionwiththecivil
actiondeemedinstitutedwiththecriminalaction.(1a)
Section2.Attachment.Whenthecivilactionisproperlyinstitutedinthecriminal
actionasprovidedinRule111,theoffendedpartymayhavethepropertyofthe
accusedattachedassecurityforthesatisfactionofanyjudgmentthatmaybe
recoveredfromtheaccusedinthefollowingcases:
(a)WhentheaccusedisabouttoabscondfromthePhilippines
(b)Whenthecriminalactionisbasedonaclaimformoneyorpropertyembezzledor
fraudulentlymisappliedorconvertedtotheuseoftheaccusedwhoisapublicofficer,
officerofacorporation,attorney,factor,broker,agent,orclerk,inthecourseofhis
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11/9/2015
employmentassuch,orbyanyotherpersoninafiduciarycapacity,orforawillful
violationofduty
(c)Whentheaccusedhasconcealed,removed,ordisposedofhisproperty,orisabout
todosoand
(d)WhentheaccusedresidesoutsidethePhilippines.(2a)
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