11

machine parts

rigid body

mechanisms

1 1

A
B
C
BC

1 1

machinery

12

13

driverfollower

direct contact

sliding contact

1 2
P VP2 VP3 N N Pn

P VP2 VP3 T T
Pt2 Pt3

T
n

3
P

N
T

T
1 2

N
1 3

rolling contact

1 3
P VP2 VP3
P O2O3

intermediate connector

1 1

14
kinematic pair

pairs of elements
lower pairhigher pair

1 4

1 4

1 5

1 5

kinematic chain
chain

locked chain

1 6

kinematic chain

C
1
1 6

constrained chain

1 7 1 2 3 4
34

C
C"

C
C

D
3

D"

4
D

B
B

4'

2
2'

1
1 7

1 8

unconstrained chain
1 8
1 2 5

6 7

P N
3
N 2
2
3
P N 2
2
3
P N 2
2
P

1 2
2 3
3 4


1 N 1
N 3P 2

P11

N 2P 1
N 1P 0
N 2P 1
N 4P 3

N 2P 1

N 5P 4

1
2

1 9

3
6

4
5

1 9

N 6P 7

N2

627

N2

2
10

 1 1
1 1

pivot

H
K

FKH

F K

11

1 10

1 10

3 2

12

13

CNC

14

15

16

21
screwthread

2 1 AC
DA C AB'
CB AB'
lead AB lead angle
helix angle
L D
2 1

tan

L Dtan

tan

L Dcot

2 2

O
B'

A
D

2 1

18

 2 2a
2 2bc

2 2

L D
tan

tan

tan

tan

22

2 3

major diameter
outside diameterfull diameter
19

2 3

core diameter

pitch diameter

pitch
P

lead
L

thread angle

lead angle

20

helix angle

crest

root

thread depth

2 4

2 4

2 5ab

2 5

DIY

21

2 6

2 6

23

2 7a

RRH

2 7b

LLH
22

b
2 7

2 8a

2 8bcd

L nP
L P
L 2P 180
L 3P 120
23

 L 4P 90
L
P

1
a

L
P

1
b
2
1 2

L
P

1
c

1 2 3

L
P

1
d

3
4

1234

2 8

24

2 9a

2 9b

b
2 9

V V V

55 V 60
2 10

2 11

2 12
25

1. V

P
60
30
H

H 0.866P

2.
NCNFNEF

H 0.866P
60

30

3.

UNCUNFUNEF
H 0.866P

60

30

26

2 10

4.
CNS
M

H 0.866P

60
30

5.

55
27.5

0.6403P
r 0.1373P

6.

DIN
Rd

P
P
r

r
r

2 10

27

1.

2.

3.

H 0.75P

Bu

45

4.

29 30

TrJIS TW TM
P

29

H 0.5P 0.01"
F 0.3707P
T 0.3707P
0.0052"

F
30

T
2 11

28

H 0.5P
0.254mm
F 0.366P
T
0.366P 0.13mm

1.

55
PFNPSPS

27
.5

5
27.

r
r

H 0.960491 P

r 0.137329 P

2.
55 60 T 116

r
.5

55
P

90
16

2 12

27

H 0.960237 P

r 0.137278 P

29

V
60

90

120

180
V

24

2N

M20 2

6H/6g
6H 6g
20mm 2mm

ANSI LH
L

2N

M20 2 1
1

2
13

30


2 1 2 2
2 1

CNS

GH

45678

GH

45678

egh

468

egh

3456789

2 2

JIS

3A

2A

1A

3B

2B

1B

L 2NM8 1 1

M12

8mm

25

mechanical advantage
force ratio
31

 2 3

2 13

F Wsin
F

Fcos Wsin
F Wtan

W
Wsin
a

Fcos
W
Wsin
b

2 13

F
2 4

csc

F
2 5

cot

mechanical efficiency
2 6

32

100

100
100

M 1
M 1
M 1
1
1

M M1

M2
2

M3
3

1
45
2 4

2
EP ES
Ef
ES EP Ef

2 6

30

3
33

26

2 14 KRF
LWK 2 R
W L M

W
R

2 7

F2 RWL
M

L F

F 2 R 1 X W L
F2 R WL
2 14

34

 2 8

1 X

principle of work

3
2 14 10mm R
200mm 50N

L 10mm

R 200mm F 50N

2 7
W

6280N

125.6

4
300mm 20 4mm
0.1kN kN
R 300mm

L 4mm F 0.1kN X 20

2 8
W

1 X

12 kN

35

differential screw
2 15

N
L L1 L2 L1 L2 N
L1 L2 N
L L1 L2M

W 2 R

L M
F
L

K
2 15

compound screw
2 16

N
L L1 L2 N

K
2 16

36

5
2 16 L1 10mm L2 8mm K
N
L1 10mm

L2 8mm

L L1 L2 10 8 18mm

6
2 17
L1 5mmL2 3mm
12mm

2 17

L1 5mm

L2 3mm

L L1 L2 5 3 2mm

2mm 12mm
12

2 6

12mm 10mm
mm

22 11 6

170N
47cm 31400N 15700N
N

85

150

170

314
37

180
120

V 55 60
60 30 29 55 60

38

M 1
M 1
M 1
1
1

M
M M1 M2 M3
1 2 3

39

RH

SH

LH

FH

60

55

29

30

60

55

29

30

2mm 20mm
tan

R L P

90

120

180

360

90 90 80
65

40

27

90

80

UNF

M60 2 60mm

60

120

90

30

M8 1

CNC

Acme

30 35mm
83

63

54

74 mm

1 L1 3mm L2 2mm
0.5 1 2.5 5
mm

L 2mm

L 3mm

41

2 L1 5mm L2 3mm D
50mm

15

20

25

30

3 F 20

W 60mm L1 5mm

L2

2.5

3.5 mm

4 10mm

R 25cm
20 20N F B
W N
3.14

3140

2512

3000

3500

40 P
R

42

5
100cm 500N W
100kN 55
17.3

18.6

13.2

25.1 mm

F
5

43

L 2N M16 1 L
2N

L 3N M30 3 6H7H/5g6g
8

3 11UNC 2

10mm 200N
300mm 20 N

L1 25mmL2 20mm
350N m 60
kN

44

31

bolt
screw
6.35mm
6.35mm

through bolt

3 1

tap bolt

3 2

stud bolt
3 3

cylinder headchest cover

3 1

46

3 2

3 3

3 4 a

bc

aT

c
3 4

cap screw

3 5

3
82

L'

L'

L'

L'

L'

30

LL'
3 5

47

machine screw

DIY

3 6

3 6

set screw

3 7

wood screw

3 8

48

b
3 7

b
3 8

tapping screw

3 9
self drillingself tapping

3 10

49

3 9

3 10

6.35

10

12.7 mm

32

3 11

50


hexagon nut

square nut

round nut

ring nut

wing nut

butterfly
nut

cover nut

washer based nut

flage
nut

castle nut

slotted
nut

3 11

51

W 1 D D D
2
3

2D 6mm D

W 1 D 3mm D
2
4

D 2D 6mm
30

45

30

3 12

3 12

M182

50 S20C

M
18 18mm
2 2mm
50
50mm

S20C
0.20

52

locking device

locking nut 3 13 a

DT1

helical spring locking washer 3 13b

locking screw 3 13c

T

T T
T

b
3 13

53

slotted nut 3 13 d

elastic locking nut 3 13 e

3 13 f

f
3 13

54

cotter pin 3 14 ab

castle nut 3 14c

spring wire locking 3 14 d

S

d
3 14

55

upturn washer 3 14e

N

M8 1.25 50 1

8 8mm

50 50mm

1 1mm

33

washer

ASA
12

56

plain washer
3 15

3 15

spring washer
3 16

3 16

57

tooth locking washer

3 17

3 17

58

helical spring locking washer

3 13 b

59

6.35mm 6.35mm

ASA
12

60

M15 1.5 30
1.5mm

15mm

30mm

15mm

D D D D
D

washer

61

L 2N M8 1.25 50 1 1.25

62

12 12

6.35mm

DD

L 2N M8 1.25 50L
M

50

2N
1.25

63

64

41
key
hub 4 1
W

1
D
4

4 1

b
4 2

square key
4 2ab

66

key set

key way
5 5 15
flat key
4 3 ab

12 8 30

4 3

taper key
4 4 a

1100 1

4 4 bc

gib head taper key

1100
b
h

1100

c
4 4

67

woodruff key
4 5 ab
1

4
2

3
1
W
3

D 4 19

b
4 5

saddle key
4 6ab

1100

1100
a
4 6

slide key
4 7 abcfeather key

68

a
b

c
4 7

barth key
4 8 ab

b
4 8

69

tangent key
4 9 abLewis key
1100
2 120

120

a
4 9

spline key
4 10abc spline
shaft

a b

70

4 10

Kennedy key
4 11
90
90
b
1100

b
4 11

D
4

D
5

round key
4 12 ab

b
4 12

71

42
4 13

d'
f'

d
f
c

b
H

c'

D
c

b
W

4 13

T
4 1

TF

P
4 2

72

TN m

a'
e'
b'

Lmm
Wmm
Hmm
Dmm

aee'a' cff 'c' c

4 3

eff ' e'

4 4

4 5

W H
4 6

4 1 4 6
TN mm

FN

PkW

Nrpm

N / mm2MPa

N / mm2MPa

Acmm2
As mm2

PS 4 2 T N m

73

1
20mm 5mm 5mm 15mm
15N m
MPa

D 2 0mm W H 5mm L 15mm

T 15N m 15000N mm

40MPa

20MPa

2
10cm 300rpm 31.4 kW 10cm
10MPa

D 10cm 0.1m N 300rpm

P 31.4kW L 10cm 100mm

10MPa

20000N

20mm

20cm 2cm 2cm 15cm

300rpm 47.1kW

8 MPa

74

43
50mm

pin

machine pin
dowel pin
4 14 ab

150mm

b
4 14

b
4 15

taper pin
4 15 ab
150 2cm

0.650mm

75

clevis pin

4 16ab

b
4 16 U

split pin
4 17 abcd

0.616mm

c
4 17

76

radial locking pin

grooved straight pin

4 18 a ASA

4 18 b

F
a
A

A
A

A
b
4 18

77

spring pin
4 19ab

b
4 19

quick release pin

4 20

4 20

78

4 21ab

b
4 21

79

80

120

125

150

1100

1cm

1mm

2cm

2mm

12 8 30 8

81

130

140

150

120

2
3

1
2

1
4

82

83

1 500mm 30mm
20mm 5mm
50MPa N
30

500

mm

80mm 720N m 10cm

15MPa 20MPa

84

51
spring

52
wire spring
flat spring

86

helical spring

compression spring
5 1 ab

5080 5 1 c

c
5 1

87

extension spring
5 2 a

5 2 b

b
5 2

88

torsion spring
5 3abc

5 3 d

d
5 3

conical spring
5 4ab

5 4

5 5
89

simple plate spring

disk spring

belleville

1

lamellar spring
leaf spring

90

5 5

volute spring

D1

D2

t
W

L
D

power spring and ring spring

b C

5 5

91

53

5 6

L
5 6

92

Do Do Dm d

Di Di Dm d

Dm Dm

Nt

Na 3

Do d


5 1

Na Nt x1 x2x1x2
5 1
5 2

x1 x2 1

Na Nt 2

3
5 1
4

5 3

x1 x2

3
4

Na Nt 1.5

CDmd

5 4

KF

5 5

FK

93

5 7 ab 1

5 5

5 6

K
F
b

a
5 7

5 8 abc 1

K
K

b
5 8

F F1 F2 5 5 K K1 1 K2
5 7

K K1 K2
94

1
30N/mm 60N/mm 1800N

F 1800N

K1 30N/mm K2 60N/mm

K K1 K2 30 60 90N/mm
5 5 K

20mm

2
5 9 K1 6N/mmK2 2N/mmK3
4N/mm

K
M
5 9

K2K3

K' K2 K3

K1 K'

3N/mm

3
40
5 10 K1 2 N/mmK2 3 N/mmK3
0.5 N/mm
K4

mm

40mm

120mm
40N

5 10

95

MA 0

FB 160 40 40 0

FB 10N
40

120

Fy 0 FA 10 40 0
40N

FA 30N
K1K2
KA

23
1.2N/mm
23

30
25mm
1.2

K3K4 KB

KB 0.4N/mm
0.4

K4 2N/mm

K1K2

K1 K2

K1 K2

K
M

5 11 K
K1 K2

96

5 11

54

SUP

SWP

0.650.95

97

5080

CDmd
C

K F
K

98


1 2 n

1 2 n
K K1 K2 Kn

99

AB A 20N/mmB
30N/mm
A 600N 30mm
12N/mm
600N 50mm

A 1.5

K W

100

100N 50mm
5mm

10

11

15N/mm 10N/mm
150N

10

20

1 M
K

25 mm

4K

2K

K
K

K
M

2K1 10N/mmK2 20N/mmK3

10N/mmK4 10N/mm N/mm
15

20

30

35

101

3 K1 K2 K3 1

K
K
F
3

K1K2K3

102

4 K
K
K

K
M

10N/mm 20N/mm
600N mm

200N/mm 4000N
40mm 10mm

103

5 200mm

400mm

2kN/m A B N

250mm

B
5

104

61

bearing

6 1

106

radial bearing

sliding bearing

6 1

thrust bearing

rolling bearing

radial sliding bearing

solid bearing 6 2

6 2

split bearing 6 3

6 3

107

quarter box bearing 6 4

6 4

sliding thrust bearing

step bearing 6 5

6 5

6 6

collar bearing 6 6

108

porous bearing 6 7
25

6 7

6 8

oilless bearing 6 8

6 9

6 9

109

deep groove ball bearings 6 10

D
d
B

b
6 10

self aligning ball bearings 6 11

b
6 11

110

D
d
B

c 112

angular contact ball bearings 6 12 ab

6 12cde

D
d
B

2B

6
cDT

dDB
6 12

eDF

111

single row thrust ball bearings 6 13

d
d

D
H

D1
d
d1
D

D
6 13

double row thrust ball bearings 6 14

D1
d
B

D
a

b
6 14

angular contact thrust ball bearings 6 15

b
6 15

112


ceramic bearing 6 16

LCD

b
6 16

cylindrical roller bearings 6 17

straight roller bearings

a
6 17

a
6 18

tapered roller bearings 6 18

spherical roller bearings 6 19

900mm

113

D
B

b
6 19

cylindrical roller thrust bearings 6 20

straight roller thrust bearings

D
d

H
D

d
a

b
6 20

tapered roller thrust bearings 6 21

b
6 21

114

spherical roller thrust bearings 6 22

d
d

D
D
b

a
6 22

6 6

needle bearings 6 23
15mm 5.849.8mm

b
6 23

115

needle thrust bearings 6 24

6 24

116

62

extra lightlightmediumheavy
extra heavy 01234 100200300400500
6 25ab

100 200

300

400

500

100 200

400

500

6 25

300

ISO
0123

4 6 26
2 3 23

4
3

31
32
33

30

23

22

20

13

12

02
03
04

10

2
1
0

6 26

117


6 1 6 2
6 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
NNU
NFNJ
NHNN
UCP
UCFC
UCFL

FI
LI
PB
Y
V

ZZ
LLB
LLC
LLU

K
N
NR

DB
DF
DT

C1
C2
C3
C4

C2

C3

P6
P5
B5
A7

JIS6
JIS5
ABEC5RBEC5
ABEC7

6 2

118

E
EC
F
TK
TS

JIS B1513

JIS B1513

10 22
15

22 32
30

32 45
40

24 32

 10mm
00 10mm01 12mm02 15mm03
17mm 049620mm500mm 5
500mm
/28 28mm

1
TK 7206C LI DB

TK

7206C

LI DB

22
6 5 30mm
02 0 2

2
62/28N
62 / 28 N

28mm
02 0 2

119

6207

20

35

63

mm

TK 7206C

TK

06 30mm

22

63

couplings

120

rigid couplings

sleeve or collar couplings

6 27abc

3d3.5cm

0.4d+1cm

c
6 27

flange couplings
6 28ab

25mm

121

b
6 28

Seller's cone couplings

6 29

122

1
10

1
6.5
6 29

friction clip couplings

6 30

6 30

6 31

split sleeve couplings

6 31 box couplings

123

flexible couplings

Oldham's couplings
6 32ab

b
6 32

universal joints
6 33 Hooke's jointscross
joints

cos

5 30

124

 6 34
ab

6 33

b
6 34

125

elastic material bonded couplings

6 35ab

b
6 35

126

chain couplings
6 36ab

b
6 36

flexible gear type couplings

6 37ab

b
6 37

127

flexible disk couplings

6 38

6 38

flexible toroidal spring couplings

6 39

elastic material bushed couplings

6 40

6 39

6 40

fluid couplings
hydraulic couplings 6 41

128

50
6 41

129

64

clutch

positive clutchs
jaw clutchs

square jaw clutchs

6 42a

spiral jaw clutchs

6 42b
6 42c

b
6 42

130

friction clutchs

disk clutchs
plate clutchs
6 43a

hydraulic torque converter

6 43b

Fa

Fa

b
6 43

131

Fa N Z
rm
Dm

Pm N/mm2MPa
A mm2
T N mm

6 1

6 2

Z
T F a rm Z

3
0.4 80mm 40mm
7200N mm N
0.4

D1 80mm D2 40mm T 7200N mm

6 2

132

Fa Dm

600N

60mm

cone clutchs
6 44abc

814
12.5

c
6 44

Fn
rm

b mm

mm

P N/mm2MPa
A mm2
133

6 3

Fn Fncos
6 4

Fa Fnsin Fncos

Fa Fnsin cos

6 5

6 3

6 6

4
6 44b 12.5 10
100 0.2 0.1MPa
sin12.5 0.2164cos12.5 0.9762
b 10cm 100mm

Dm 100cm 1000mm

0.2 P 0.1MPa

Fn P A P Dmb 0.1 3.14 1000 100 31400N

6 4

Fa Fnsin cos
314000.2164 0.2 0.9762 12925.5N

134

band clutchs
6 45

b
6 45

centrifugal clutchs
6 46

6 46

135

magnetic clutchs
6 47

6 47

overrunning clutchs
6 48 free whee1s

6 48

fluid clutchs
6 49

136

6 49

collar

6 50 safety collar

6 50

137

shifter

6 51

6 51

15.5

12.5

10.5

8.5

138

139

10mm 500mm
00 10mm01 12mm02
15mm03 17mm 0496 5

5
30

8 12.5

140

6208

40mm

30217 17

No.0308 08

32

36

40 mm

10

15

20

25
15.5

12.5

10.5

8.5

141

A 6310 B 6210

A B

l0

30

142

150mm 250mm N
200rpm Pm 0.2MPa 0.3
kW

1.75

2.86

3.94

4.27

12.5 10cm 50cm

0.2 0.2MPa
sin12.5 0.2164cos12.5 0.9762
6800

8170

10750

12925 N

143

628C2P6

120mm 80mm
6MPa 0.2 N mm

12.5 240mm
1080N N msin12.5 0.216 0.3

12.5 10cm 80cm

0.3 0.1MPa
Nsin12.5 0.2164cos12.5 0.9762

144

71

flexible
transmission
beltropechains

7 1
Adriver
Bfollower

23

7 1

146

72

pulleys

leather belts

fabric belts

rubber belts

steel belts
0.31.1mm 15250mm
147

flat belts
7 2 10

30 20 /
85

30

120

7 2

wax

V V belts
7 3

148

7 3

V MABCDE M
E 7 1 A
600mm V A 600mm
40 V
40
34 38

7 1 V JIS
a

mmmmmm2 N/mm2
M
A
B
C
D
E

10.0
12.5
16.5
22.0
31.5
38.0

5.5
9.0
11.0
14.0
19.0
25.5

44.0
83.0
137.5
236.7
467.1
732.3

40
40
40
40
40
40

1000
1800
3000
5000
10000
15000

K6323

N/mm2
800
1400
2400
4000
8000
12000

N/mm2
100
180
300
500
1000
1500

round belts
7 4

149

7 4

positive drive belts

7 5 timing belts

V
1520

7 5

7 6
150

8090

7 6

151

7 7

1
1

50 100

rim

152

7 7

open belt drives

7 8

7 8

crossed belt drives

7 9

7 9

quarter turn

belt 7 10a
law of belting
A a B
b
153


irreversible drives 7 10b guide
pulleyreversible
drives 7 11
A

A
X

A
b

b
a

b
7 10

7 11

154

73

2.54 120 l

155

7 12
n

7 12

7 1

7 2
1

120

7 13

156

b
o

7 13

7 3

7 4
1

7 1 7 3

7 5

157

1
200cm D 70cmd 30cm

D 70cm

d 30cm C 200cm

7 1

157 400 2 559cm

7 3

157 400 12.5 569.5cm

2
400mm 200mm 1000mm

D 400mm

d 200mm C 1000mm

7 5

80mm

3
100cm 20cm 80cm

D 100cm

d 20cm C 80cm

7 2

158

900mm 600mm
1500mm mm
390

360

420

330

74
t

7 14

7 14
D1
D2
N1rpm
N2rpm
t
V

D1 t D2 t

7 6

159

 t D

7 7

23
23
7 8

7 9

7 15
A

C
B

7 15

160

 7 10

4
20cm 30cm 200rpm

7 7

200

30
300rpm
20

5
60mm 1500rpm
150mm

7 7

1500

60
150

600rpm

161

6
A 20cmB 50cm A
505rpm 0.5cmB

7 6

7
15cm 30cm
200rpm 2

7 9

200

15
1 2
30

8
7 15 ABCD A D
A 25cmB 60cmC 15cmD 75cm A
1800rpm D

25 15
150rpm
1800
60 75

7 10

162

A 22cmB 45cm A
700rpmB 350rpm

0.25

0.5

1.5 cm

75

7 16
stepped pulley
7 16

7 16 A B D2 2 d1
1 N n1

nx

163

 7 11

7 16

7 16 D2 d1 7 1

Dx dx

164

 7 12

7 16

7 13

N rpm

7 17

D2 d9
D4 d7
D6 d5

D8 d3

D10 d1

7 17

165

D2 d9D10 d1

7 14

7 15

7 16

9
7 18

N 200rpm

200rpm 160rpm

7 18

N 200rpm

n5 160rpm

7 14n1 n5 N2

166

10
180rpm 360rpm

N 180rpm

n1 360rpm

7 14n1 n9 N2

n1n9 36090 41

initial tension
7 19 T0 T1
T2 T P
e T1 T0 T2

7 19

167

 7 17

T T1 T2

7 18

P T1 T2
7 19

T0

1
T1 T2
2

7 20

7 20a
tension pulley 7 20b
T1

7
T
3 2

7 21

168

7 20

7 22

1kW 1.36

T Nt N
V /m/sec
D m
N /rpm

11
800N 200N 20cm
250rpm

T1 800N

T2 200N D 20cm 0.2m N 250rpm

7 17
T T1 T2 800 200 600N
V DN 3.14 0.2 250 157m/min
7 18

P T1 T2 800 200 1000N

7 22

169

12
20cm 500rpm 15kW
600N 31
D 20cm 0.2m

N 500rpm Te 600N/cm P 15kW T1 3T2

V DN 3.14 0.2 500 314m/min 5.23m/sec

7 22

7 17
T T1 T2

2868 T1

1
T
3 1

T1 4302N
7 21
W

7.2cm

160rpm 250rpm

210rpm

205rpm

200rpm

900N 400N
30cm 300rpm
3.14

1.57

2.36

4.71 kW

T0 T1 T2
T0 T1 T2

170

195rpm

T1 T2 T0

T1 T0 T2

T2 T1 T0

76

1030m

1025m/sec 35m/sec

7 21
7 6 6 7

7 21

7 23

TN

Dm
n
Nrpm
Vm/sec

171

13
20 m/sec 300N
150N 10
V 20m/sec

T1 300N T2 150N n 10

7 23
kW

10 300 150 20
30
1000

6 77

172

7mm

7mm

23

V MABCDE M
E

173

T T1 T2
P T1 T2
T0

1
T1 T2
2

174

30

40

36

34

V
4045

2025

2530

3540

T1 T2

T1 T2

T1 T2

T2 T1

20N/mm
2000N 800N 50cm 500rpm

20.8

2800
19.8
100

2000
15.7

50

1200
14.6

40

1000

20 mm

175

39.24 26.16 13.08 11.21 m/sec

60cm 80cm 420rpm

560

460

315

215 rpm

A C

ABCDE

D B

V MABCDE

V 40

M V

T1 T2e
T1

T1 T2

T1 T2

T2

T2 0

100rpm
50rpm

80

160

200

360 rpm

120
20 361
301

241

48cm 16cm 20cm

181

89.8

152.6

159.27

209.12 cm

A 20cm B
50cm 505rpm 0.5cm
B rpm
1245

176

1255

205

215

200m/min
900N

6 kW

30cm 200rpm 3.14kW

550

650

1000

1500

20cm 10cm 0.2cm

1000rpm 2
rpm

876

1011

1821

1941

500mm 800mm 1m
mm
550

400

500

600

1A 20cm
1200rpm C.W. B 30cm B
800rpm C.C.W.

800rpm C.W.

1800rpm C.C.W.

1800rpm

C.W.C.W.C.C.W.

177

T1 T2

180rpm
n3 90rpm n1 n2 rpm

300rpm 14.13kW
900N

40cm 750rpm 15.7kW

250N 73

178

81

chain transmission 8 1

8 1

180

17 15

120

30 50
20

17
120

9598

8 2
resonance

8 2

181

120

100

90

60

82

hoisting chain

plain link chain

8 3 coil chain

8 4 2030
8 5

8 3

182

 8 4

8 5

stud link chain

8 6

8 6

conveying chain

hook link chain

8 7

8 7

183

closed link chain

8 8abclosed end pintle chain

power transmission chain

block chain
8 9

4045 cm/sec

b
8 8

8 9

roller chain
8 10ab

8 11

184

T
T

T
H
W

Dr

Dr
D

D
L L
M M

h
p

b
8 10

8 11

185

silent chain
inverted tooth chain

1530 m/sec

8 12

Renold inverted tooth chain

8 13 Morse rocker

joint chain

ac

8 12

8 13

186

83

D1
D2
N1rpm
N2rpm
T1
T2
V1
V2

PC

V1 V2

N1D1 N2D2

187

 8 1

PCT1N1 PCT2N2D

8 2

FN
Vm/sec

8 3
8 3

kW

1
50 15
75 60

T1 50

T2 15

N1 75rpm D 60 0.6

8 2

N2 N1

75

250rpm

V DN 0.6 250 150 / 9 /

188

2
18000
20 kW

F 18000N

V 20m/min

m/sec

8 3
kW

7 3 7 1
8 4

D d 2C

C
Dd

8 14 P LP
P

8
8 14

8 5

LP

189

 8 5
1

PC P
D

8 4 8 5

8 6

LP

1
T1 T2
2

8 15

PC AB 2AH

8 7

PC 2 Rsin Dsin

8 8

A
H

PC 2AH
2Rsin
Dsin
D

R
R

190

8 15

2 5

3
180cm 3cm 60 30

C 180cm

P 3cm T1 60

T2 30

8 6
1
T1 T2

2
1

60 30
2

LP

180

45 120 0.38 165.38

166

60 13 130rpm

600

100

130

390 rpm

L 166 3 498cm

1600N 15 m/min
kW

0.2

0.4

191

120

DT

kW
kW

FNVm/sec

LLPPD
T LP

192

1664

1767

1976

1560

193

4060

2040

3050

5070

20cm 300rpm
500N 20

1.26

1.57

3.14

kW

180cm 57cm
29cm

437

457

477

497

cm

A B A 300rpm
20 20mm
m/sec

1.0

1.5

2.0

0.5

194

60cm 60
20 10
113

56.5

28.2

14.1 m

A 27 200rpm 54 B
2 B

98

400

100

396 rpm

195

50 25
400

60 2cm cm
sin3 0.052sin6 0.104

100cm 2cm 52
20

196

91
frictional force
friction
wheels
F'

normal

n'

pressure
coefficient of friction 9 1
AB A

F n
9 1

n B B
n'
Fn F n
F
F'
9 1

F' F nF'

B F F'
n 0 F
n
9 1
9 1 Morin

198

9 1

0.30.5

0.200.48

0.220.44

0.140.16

0.30.4

0.020.10

0.6

0.200.62

0.1

0.100.16

0.62

0.30.5

0.13

0.200.34

0.15

0.150.24

0.150.24

0.110.16

0.070.08

0.040.06

0.62

0.56

0.30

0.36

0.27

0.23

0.13

0.15

199

92

cylindrical friction wheels

9 2

200

external
contact friction wheels

b
B A

b A B
S S1
SS1

C
R
R1 C R R1

a AB
S S1 SS1

C
AB C
R R1

internal
contact friction wheels

A
B

N
N

9 2

201

cone friction wheels

cone frustum of cone

9 3ab

N
N

K
S
P

b
9 3

9 3b

O


9 3b
90 9 4 S

90 9 5 S

202

P
O N

R
S

R
S

9 4

90

9 5

90

9 6

P
O
N
N

9 6

9 7

90

9 7 9 8 9 4 9 5

203

grooved friction wheels

9 9

3040

N
P
N
O

9 8

90

9 9

disk and roller

9 10 9 3b

90
A S B S1

G S1

204


B
A B
A
B

S
N

B
B
A
N

c
b

S
B
R
a
G
9 10

9 11

sphere and rolling cylinder

9 11 ac

A a B
ac B

B c
A B B
c c1 R

205

Evans friction cones

9 12 A B

CA B
C

9 12

hollow disk and roller

9 13 C D

E
B

B
D

A B C D

F
E

B E A

A
B

F
9 13

206

rolling contact of noncircular surface

elliptical friction wheels

9 14

T
H

C
T

lobeb wheels

9 14

9 15a A
B F H
B 9 15a
9 15bcd

H
A

C
a

90

180
90

180

9 15

207

45

45

60

60

9 15

n
9 2

50 60

208

2030 30 40

40 50

93

1 1 1

9 16

V
C

V1
R

9 16

R1
N rpm
N1rpm
C
V V1
2 RN 2 R1N1
9 3

9 4

C R R1

209

C R R1
R1 C R

R CR
9 5

9 6

R1

9 17
R

C
A

B
C

9 7

C R R1
9 17

9 8

9 9

R1
1 9 89 9 1 1

210

1
50cm 20cm
100rpm rpm

D1 20cm N 100rpm

D 50cm

9 3

N1

rpm

2
200mm 31
mm
C 200mm

9 3

D1 3D
9 4
C R R1

D D1 200

D D1 2 200 400

D 3D 400
D 100mm

D1 3D 3 100 300mm

211

3
AB 400mmA 40
B 120 mm

NA 40rpm NB 120rpm

C 400mm

9 3

DA DB

DA 3DB
9 7
C RA RB

DA DB 400

DA DB 2 400 800

DB 400

3DB DB 800
RB 200mm
DA 3DB 3 400 1200

RA 600mm

9 18
N

V V1
R

R R1

9 18

212

R OPsin R1 OPsin

9 10

9 10

cos
cos

tan

cos sin

9 11

tan

9 12

tan

213

 9 19
90

N
O
S

N
P
S

9 19

90

sin sin90 1
cos cos90 0
9 11 9 12
9 13

tan
9 14

tan

9 20

9 10

214

 9 15

tan

9 16

tan

N
N
P

9 20

4
A 1732rpmB 3000rpm
AB
NA 1732rpm

NB 3000rpm

9 13
tan

1.732

tan 11.732 60
90 90 60 30

215

5
A 45 B 30

45

30

9 10

0.5
0.707
0.707

9 21

Q2Q4 P

4
C

Q2P PB Q2P PQ4 FF1 HH1

2 N24
N4

H
9 21

F H

F1 H1

F1F H1H 1

9 17

216

max

min

6
A B 2a 2b
c
c

9 17
max

min

7
10cm 6cmA 90rpm
B
a

5cm

3cm

NA 90rpm

10cm
c

9 17

NB

10rpm

V/
F
D

Nrpm
n

217


9 18

kW

1kW=1000W=1.36PS

8
500 10 1500
0.2
N 500rpm

n 1500N

D 10cm 0.1m
0.2

9 18
kW

0.2 1500 3.14 0.1 500

1000 60
0.785

218

NA
NB

tan

tan

tan

tan

4
0.4

0.25

0.2

420mmA
30rpmB 120rpm B

240

200

160

140 mm

50cm 1000 0.2

3.14kW
700

600

650

750 N

219

3040

VV1 DN

220

221

n F

2n

222

200mm
300

31 mm
100

50

150

30
1.732

2.000

0.500

0.577

50cm 600rpm
3000N 0.2 kW
8.36

9.42

7.26

12.56

1 S T
AB
CE

E C
CE

E
S

T
B

DC 60mmDE 50mm
DC 58.73mmDE 51.27mm

80mm

30mm

DC 61.14mmDE 48.86mm
DC 62.86mmDE 47.14mm

223

2 S T
3 R

120

100

150 mm

80

200mm

R
S

A B VA 3VBVAVB
NBNA 12DADB
32

23

31

53

224

50cm 20cm 200

A 48cm B
A 4

60cm
80rpm 20rpm cm

400mm A
600rpmB 200rpm 2500
0.2

31
30

225

101

gearstooth

bevel gears

10 1

spur gears 10 2

crown gears

spiral bevel gears

180

90
90

straight bevel gears

plain bevel gears
90
11
miter gears

10

10 1

external gears

internal gears

annular
pinion

helical gears
twisted spur gears

1525

10 2

herringbone gears

pin gears

rack and pinion

10

skew gears
hyperboloidal gears
skew bevel gears 10 3

hypoid gears
10 4

10 3

10 4

crossed helical gears

screw gears 10 5

10 5

worm and worm wheel

10 6ab

10 6b

Nw Ng Tg
Tw

10 1

Tw 1

Tw 2

10

Tw 3

b
10 6

101 5001

1
30 10

Tw 3

Tg 30

Ng 10rpm

10 1

30 10cm
60cm 3
45

36

24

18

102

10 7ab 10 8

DO
D

10 7

10 8

pitch surface

10

pitch circle
P

pitch point

pitch diameter
D

addendum circle
DO 2
10 2

DO D 2ha

1T M 10 5
2DO MT 2DO MT 1.6

addendum
ha
ha Mha 0.8M

dedendum
hb

dedendum circle
Di 2
10 3

Di D 2hb

tooth thickness

tooth space

Pc

10 4 0.05mm

face of tooth

10

flank of tooth

face width

backlash

10 9

10 9

clearance

working depth
hk

whole depth of tooth

10

circular pitch
Pc

D T

11

 10 4

module

M
10 5

diametral pitch
Pd

10 6

10 7

10 8

10 9

in

mm

12

line of action

Q2

pressure angle

pressure
line 10 10

Q1

P
e

10 10

14.522.5

10 10

CNS 20

angle of approach
10 10

1 2

angle of recess
10 10

1 2

arc of approach
10 10

arc of recess
10 10

angle of action

10

10 10 1 2

arc of action
10 10

path of contact

13

10 10

base circle
Db

10 11
10 10

cos

10 11

contact ratio
Mc 1

1.4
Mc 1.4 1.4

14

center distance
CD1D2 T1T2
10 11

2
160mm 40
D 160mm

T 40

10 4

10 5M

160
4mm/
40

3
16 8
160mm
T1 16

M 8 C 160mm

10 11C

160

T2 24
10 5D2 MT2 8 24 192mm

10

4
2
Pd 2

10 9

15

10 10
T1

T2

N1rpm N2rpm
D1

D2

10 12

D1N1 D2N2
10 13

10 14

10 12 10 13 10 14
10 15

16

 10 16

5
10 12

A 32 B 64 C 20
5 A mm

10 12

TA 32

TB 64

TC 20

10 13NB

M 5 NA 1

NATA 132 1
NC

TB
64
2

10 5DC MTC 520 100mm

A S DCNC 3.14100

1
157mm
2

6
AB A 20 600 B
150 B
NA 600rpm

NB 150rpm TA 20

10 16

10

7
30cm 40 12
160rpm 40
C 30cm 300mm

T1 40

10 11

M 12 N2 160rpm

17

10 16

210

315

420 mm
1

4 25 20 mm
sin

cos

100cos20

sin

2.54mm//
25.4

105

D T PdPc

45 60 6.28mm

T2 10

9.8

2.54

10

160mm 32

15.7

9.6

6.5

2 mm

240mm 8 15

18

21

10

50

31

41

51

5
300mm
1
100

500

mm

103

10 13
T

S
1

O2

O1

P
2

W
b

10 13

12 O1 O2 ab

| |

ab

ab

P 1 2

10 17

pitch point

10

conjugate actionconjugate

curves

11

19

104
involute
cycloid

10 14

10 14 A1 T1

10 15

Q T
interferenceQ T
interference point T Q

O1

A2
T2
T

T1

A1

A 0T 0

10 14

20

10 15

O2

T
QT

cycloid

10 16

10 16

10 17

epicycloid

10

10 17

hypocycloid

10 17
21

 10 1
10 1

22

105

14.5 20
20 10 2
10 2

20

20

20

0.8M

1.157M

1.25M

2M

2M

1.6M

2.157M

2.25M

1.8M

1.57M

1.57M

1.57M

1.57M

1.57M

1.57M

0.157M

0.25M

0.2M

0.236M

0.236M

0.3M

10

23

10 3
10 3

14.5Brown
20
&Sharpe

14.5

20

20

14.5

Fellows

10 2 10 3
M
Pd
T

Pd1
Pd2

24

8
40 200mm

T 40

D 200mm

ha 0.8M

hb M 5mm
hk 1.6M
1.57M

DO D 2ha 200 24 208mm

14.5 20

10 30T

10 mm

Pd1

10

25

1525

26

PcPdM

14.522.5
20

27

11

Fellows

Pd1

Pd2

28

14.5

15

20

22.5

T D

180

29

90

30

180

45

1A B
AB

A
A
1

30

ha hb
h b ha

ha hb

2ha

ha hb

15.7cm 50
0.5

Fellows
Pd2 6

0.2

Pd1 6Pd2 8

Pd 0.8

Pd1 8

Pd 1.25

D
sin

tan

cos

cos

31

32

T D

33

60 4

2 31
100mm

M 3 60
mm

600mm
30 21

34

11 1

train of wheels 11 1ab

driving wheel
driven
wheel

45

b2

b
2

a2

B
A

c2

C2

3
c
a

d2

d1

C
d

c1

b
11 1

ordinary trains
fixed center trains 11 1a
epicyclic trains
planetary trains 11 1b

36

11 2

simple trains

BC
idler wheel

C
NB

NA

NC

compound trains

BC
intermediate wheel

NB
NA
A

NC
C

ND
D

11

reverted gear trains

A D

A
11 2

37

112

train value e

11 2 ABCDNANBNCND

TATBTCTD DADBDCDD

38

 11 1

11 2 ABCD
NANBNCND TATBTCTD DADBDC
DD

B C

NB NC

11 2

11

11 3 NAND
DADBDCDD

39

 11 3

B
C

11 3

11 4 NAND
TATB DCDD

11 4

40

S1
S2
S3
A

C
D
B
A

11 4

16

1
11 5 A
30rpm C

A
100T

B
75T

C
25T

11 5

NA 30rpm

TA 100

TC 25

11 1

11

120rpm

41

2
11 6

A 100 B 50 C 125 D 25
C

4 A 25rpm

B 50T

A
C

AD
100T

25T

125T

11 6

NA 25rpm

TA 100

TC 125

TB 50

TD 25

M4

11 2

rpm

AD
CAB
CBD

300mm
300mm

CAD CAB CBD 300 300 600mm

3
11 7

A 600mmB
C

200mmC 900mmD
300mm

A
C

11 7

42

 DA 600mm

DB 200mm DC 900mm DD 300mm

11 3

4
11 8 A 100 B 50 C 300mm
D 100mm A 25rpm D

B
C

11 8

TA 100

TB 50

DC 300mm DD 100mm NA 25rpm

11 4

rpm

11

11 9 NA 240rpm ND
60rpm

120rpm

240rpm

960rpm

43

A
30T

B
60T

C
30T

D
60T

11 9

144rpm

24rpm

864rpm

864rpm

24rpm

11 10 A 20 B 40
C 100 A 400rpm C
rpm
80rpm

40rpm

40rpm

80rpm
C

A
B

11 10

113

11 11 B C
44

 h D
11 11a A C D D A
11 11b A B C
D D A 11 11
cB C A D
A
B

A
C

A
C

C
h

11 11

1 4

reverted gear trains 11 12

11 12

P 1 2 3 4 S

11

11 5

45

T1 T2 T3 T4

5
11 12 T1 40 T2 120 T3 40 T4
120 1 1800rpm 4
11 5

O
P

11 13 P S A

30T
8T A
60T

30 2 1

8T

A 60 M C
AC eAC

64T

64

8
60

8T

28
42

8T
42T

8
64

1
1

12
12
D G 96 C

8 12 D

46

H F C E C

28T

1
1

60
60

C F eCF

64T

D
P

G
W
96T

11 13

 D 6 D
12

21T

11 14

25T

A
BC E F

B
100T

K R N

11 14

84T

11 6

W 2RNA 2R 1

F
DNE
D
e

6
11 14 R 300mm D 300mm
W 3200N F N
11 2

11 6

11

47


11 15

N
3

2
R

2 B
N

1 M

H
1 F

D
2 E

1 2 3 R
M F B E N M J
A
MK

QA

MK

QA

DE

DF

NK
NA

TATF
TDTM

BK

NK
NA

TATE
TDTB

QA

DH
e

NK
NA

NK
NA

TATH
TDTM

K NK NA
Q

11 15

48

QABK


1
11 16 n
11 7

n
B

A
B

C
D E
B

T
A

D
F

11 16

11 17

11 17

11

11 8

NF TATCTE

NA TBTDTF

49

7
1 16T

11 18

1 2000rpm
6

3
4

40T

25T

6
40T

50T

11 18

T1 16

T2 40

N1 2000rpm

T4 40

T5 2

20rpm

11 19 1 4

T6 50

11 8

T3 25

11 20 A D T
e

B
C
1
2

A
4
11 19

D
11 20

TA 50 TB 28 TD 40
TC 62 38 25 18

50

11 21 R 200mm D
100mm 10% F 200N W
13620 12800 11520 10640
A

21T
D 24T
E

C 36T
R

25T

F
B

B 54T

100T

F 15T
84T

A 30T
11 22

11 21

11 22

6 6

A 600 F
50 100 200 300 rpm

114

epicyclic
trainsplanetary trains

b2

B
m

2
a2
d2

c2

C2

c1

2 C

C
d

d1

11 23 B

11

a1
C1
b1

3
m

11 23

51

11 24abc
m

A
B

B
m

m
A

m'
C'

b
11 24

11 25ab

4 5
2

5
3

2
m

m
2

a
11 25

m'

4
C'

11 26

11 26 m A B 34
B 2 A
52


11 27 NANm m
11 27 NA/m
NA/m NA Nm A m
NA/m NA Nm
NA Nm A m
A

C
m

11 27

11 28

11 28 C m
NC/m NC Nm
A m
NA/m=NA Nm

11

11 9

NC Nm
NA Nm

53

11 28

Nm
Nm 0
A NA NmC NA Nme

Nm

Nm

Nm

NA Nm

NA Nme

NA

Nm NA Nme

Nm

C
NC Nm NA Nme

11 9

54

8
A B

A
B

11 29 A 30 B 10
m

A m
10 B

11 29

TA 30

TB 10

Nm 10rpm NA 0

11 9

NB 10 30
NB 40rpm
B 40rpm

10

10

10

0 10 10 10
0

40

30

11

10

55

9
11 30 A

60T

3rpm m 5rpm

50T

40T

25T
m

A C

D
C

11 30

TA 50

TB 40 TC 60 TD 25 NA 3rpm Nm 5rpm

11 9

4NB 20 40 NB 15rpm NC

11 9

ND 5 24 ND 19rpm

B C

NA Nm

3 5 8
3

56

NA NmeAD

10
24

NA NmeAB

15

19

10
11 31 D50 B20

D
B

C10 A10

400rpm D 51rpm

A m

11 31

TA 10

TB 20

TD 50

TC 10

NA 400rpm ND 51rpm

11 9

Nm 10rpm

11 32 epic-

yclic bevel gear trains 4 6 3 7

2 A 34

11

567 A 5

5
2 3 4
6 2 3 4 6
6 2 3

57

5
A
2

5
11 32

2 N2 3 4
N3 6 7 N7 5
11 33

2 3
3

A M
4 5
M 3 6

40T

120T

30T

5
6

15T
7

11 33

11
11 32 N2 3rpmN3 4rpm
N7

N7 10rpm

12
11 33 7 39rpm 2 10rpm
A
e36

11 9

e36
6

58

NA 3rpm

 11 34 bevel gear differential

2
A

4
5

T
5

C
4

T
a

b
11 34

N4 N6

BC
A46
4 6 A

4 6

11 9

11

11 10

N4 N6 2NA

59


NBNB N4 NCNC N6
A

13

360rpm
180rpm rpm

NA N N 360rpm

N N 2NA
N 180 2360
N 540rpm

11 35

James Watt1736 1819

2 3

2 3
4 4 C
G 2

G
3

C
2

2 3 e
l BC

Nm 4 BC
2 11 9

60

11 35

3 4

N3 0

N2 2

11 36
S 2 S 3
4 4 6 4 M M A A
5 5 S 7
6 7 3 2 37

11 9

11 11

4
M
A

5
2

11

6
3

M
6

M
6
4
4
11 36

61

NA NC Nm
e

11 37 NA 3rpmNC 12rpm

C
B
120T

40T

60T

11 37

m
6rpm

62

6rpm

2rpm

2rpm

1.5

63

1
1
1

64

65

TA TC TB TD

TA TD TC TB

TA
T
D
TC
TB

TA TB TC TD

2 A 160rpm C

2560

640

40

10 rpm
A

48T

48T

12T

12T

m
C

30T
10T

3A 30 B 10 m 3rpm
A 2rpm B
18rpm

66

24rpm

18rpm

24rpm

4 D 320mm
R=300mm D W
60

63

66

69 mm

21T

A
25T

A
100T

84T
5

5 A 100 B 50 C 125 D 25
A D
10

0.1 1

20

6 A C
D ADB 90 20 30
n A A 3rpmn C C
5rpm B

16

19

21

25

rpm
D
C
A

67

7ABC 802040 m
3 rpmA 2 rpm BC

B
A

C
m

80T

40T
20T
7

68

8 A 400rpm

50

30
D 40

C
20
18

36
E

E18

C20

A30

D40

B50

F36

9A
100 B 50 C 24 D 8
A 25rpm

D
D

C
A

69

10A 100
B 20 m
10rpm rpm

m
A

10

11 A 30
200rpmB 20 250rpmC 90
m C

C
A

11

70

121
brake

122

V C

block brake

12 1ab

TFR
72

P
P

a
12 1

12 1

T FR NR
N

12 2
abc
L

F
N

a
12 2

L
a

12

73

12 2

12 3

12 4

F
12 5

F O P
12 6

12 7

74


12 3

12 3

1
12 2a

100mm a 150mmL 300mm T 24000N mm

P N
12 1 12 2

1500

300N

2
12 4

450

300N
200

40
0

N m
mm
12 4

P 300N L 1500mm a 450mm

450

300N

1500

200

12

R 400mm

O
F 0.25N
N

90000Nmm 90Nm

75

450
O
F

112500Nmm 112.5Nm

300N

1500

200

band brakes
12 5

R
F

F
1

12 5

P
L

12 8

F1 F2 e

F F1 F2
12 9

R F
76

12 1
12 1

PL F2a 0

F1
F1
P

F2

F1
O a

PL F1a F2a 0

P
F 2 or F 1

F 1 or F 2

self energizing brake

F1

0 PL F1a F2b 0 F1

F2

P 0
F1

F2 P

O
a

12

b
L

77

3
12 6 80mm
40kN mm

P
F 2 40

F1

40

N
O

200
mm
12 6

F2

40

200

F1 1750N F2 750N

40

1000N

F1

P 200N

4
12 7
240mmL 1000mma 200mm 252

F1 1800N P T

P
F2
F1

12 7

252

F2
78

rad

3
1800
600N
3

F2

F1

O
200

1000

P 1000 600 200 0

P 120N
T F1 F2 R
1800 600
144

Nmm 144Nm

internalshoe automotive brakes

12 8

12 8

12

79

 12 9

c
12 9

disk brake
12 10

12 10

80

electric and magnetic brake

234 1
12 11
4
3

4
3

2
5
6

1
M

5
6
M

234
5
6

b
12 11

2
1

12 12

12

12 12

800hp 2500hp

81

liquid brake

12 9

12 13 400mm 0.4
80kNmm
P

320

424

500
30

200

582

mm
12 13

82

764

123

12 2

12 2

0.150.20

3.5

0.200.25

0.49

0.21

0.77

0.56

0.23

0.15

12

0.35

0.32

0.35

0.25

0.49

2.1 4.2

83

84

F1 F2 R

F1 F2R

F1 F2R

F1F2R

F1R

85

T1 T2

1 T F
R N
T

T NR

NT R

86

2 40 cm
72000 N cm
P 1960N

0.32

0.38

0.45

40 cm

0.52

160 cm

20 cm

F1 F2 F

87

400mm T 300kN mm
5mmmm

252

6N/

3 80mma 30mm
300mm 40kNmm F1 2F2
P N

O
F2
F1
a
3

4T 150Nm 300mm
0.25 P N
1000

40

200

mm
4

88

131
cam

13 1
abcd

B
A

c
13 1

90

13 2

B
N

13 2

O
b

13 3

13 3 A B O
A B

base circle

pitch curvetheoretical curve

13

91

working curvecam profile

total lift
GD OG OD

angle of action

pressure angle
13 3

30

jerk

13 4 GD

13 4 B R NN

92

B
N

Rcos

G
T

a
D

Rsin

T
N

N
T

13 4

13 4 aG OG

13

93

132

plane cam

13 5

spatial cam

13 6

positive motion cam

13 7

94

O
B

A
B

13

13 5

95

96

13 6

180

A
1

e
d

180

4
a

C
B D
C

13

C
A

5
B

13 7

97

60

90

150

180

133

roller follower
13 8

point follower
13 9

98

s
s

13 8

13 9

flat follower
13 10

13

13 10

99

134

13 11

s
1
3
5
5
3
1

13 11

constant velocity
s
vt

modified uniform motion

100

simple harmonic motion

constant acceleration or deceleration

a s t2
t

13

135

101

13 12

13 12

13 13

13 13

135

102

1
13 14

B A

B
3
2
1

7'

A
1'
v
6'

2'

O
5'

w
B'
e

3'
d

13 14

O OA
Avw

O O1 Oa 1' O
O2O3 OB ObOdOe 2'3'

13

B'
A1'2'3' B'
s A B
B'5'6'7' A
103

2
1 13 15

B
3
2
1

1'

7'

6'

2'

5'

3'
d
B'
e

13 15

1 A1'2'
3'B'5'6'7'A

104

3
13 16

s O

5
4
3

v w O 1 2c d

r
D

8
6

h
E
j
B

13 16

8 O12345678

Ep

EnEm
E E1E2E3E4E5E6E7E8
wvutrpnm
wvutrpnm

13

105

cos

sin

106

107

108

10cm
5

40 cm

20 10

109

6cm

2cm

60rpm

0 180

45
90

110

135

180

2
a

t
a

111

112

141

link
linkage
kinematic
chain

structure

four link
mechanism 14 1 Q1 Q2
line of centers 1 2 4
crankrocker
360
3
connecting rodfloating link

114


80402015cm 14 1
3
4

2
1

Q1

14 1

Q2

2 4
2 2 3
2
dead point
14 2

1
1

b
14 2

14

115

142

crank and rocker mechanism

14 3 AB
AD CD

C C1 C2 CD
C
C2

C1

2
3

B2
A

B1

4
D

14 3

116

 14 1

ADCDABBC

14 2

BC ABCDAD

BCCDABAD

14 4
12 3

14 5

C
B
2

14 4

14 5

double rocker mechanism

AB
CD
AB1C1D AB2C2D

14

C2 C"

14 6
B

B"

B'
B1

C1
C'

B2

2
4

AB'C'D AB"C"D
AB CD

A
1

B1B2C'C"
14 6

117

BCAD

14 3

ADABBCCD

14 4

ADCDABBC

14 5

ABBCCDAD

ABCDADBC

14 7 ABCD
D B C A

14 8 A
B D

D
F

118

14 7

A
14 8

double crank mechanism

14 9 AB BC AD
360dranlink mechanism

C
D
B

14 9

14 6

CDBCABAD

14 7

ADCDABBC

14

14 8

ADBCABCD

119

14 10 Morgan ABCD AB CD
AD BC

14 11 ADABBC
CD A
hub A
B BC B
CD CD D

C
D
D

C B
14 11

14 10 Morgan

slider crank mechanism

14 12

B
2

3
C

D D
14 12

120

reciprocating slider crank mechanism

1

14 13 14 14 1
2 3 4 4

B
2

3
C

1
=2AB

D
A

14 13

14 14

revolving slider crank

2

mechanism

2
14 15 14 16

1
14 15

AB 2BC 3AC 1
B BC

V2

V1

E1

EA

BC EA

14

BC1 E1A

4
D
C

C1

A
14 16

121

 14 9

14 17

6
5
F
E

A
14 17

1
14 16 240 120 45

122

 t1 t2

14 9

t1 2t2
t1 t2 45

t2 15

t1 30

oscillating slider crank mechanism

14 12 3

14 18

4
B
3

4
1
14 18

14 19

14 19 AB 3AC
2BC 1 4
14 20 1 2 A

14

123

D
C

4
14 20

fixed slider crank mechanism

14 12 4

14 21 1 4
14 22 BC 3AB
2 3 C AB A
1
A
2
B

D
2
1
1
3

3
D

4
4

14 21

14 22

double slider mechanism

14 23 2 3
C 4 B C
BC 14 12
3

124

3
2

A
1

4
D

D
14 23

4
D

14 24

14 24
2 4 scotch
yoke
14 24 yy 4
90 14 25 4
AB
E3
O

E
E5

B
3

B
2
x

C2

B2

B1

C C1

A
P

1
C

y
14 25

E4
D
14 26

isosceles linkage

14

14 26 AB BC

125

 AB B1 B2 B1 A 4
C1 C2 C1 C1 C2 AB
4 AB
4 A 4
CB E E
y'y" 14 27 AB
y'

E
D1

B C

x"

x'
A

D1 C 2

C1

D
14 27

y"

elliptic trammel
14 28

P
1
3

1
C

E
2

126

14 28

 ECP P

b
x a cos
y b sin

14 10

P P
a b

Oldham coupling
14 29

K F 14 28 E
N G 14 28
C I

F I G
N

90 14 28 1
K
W

14

G
N

c
14 29

127

toggle mechanism
14 30 C
B P C F

E
G

C
F'

F
y

14 30

14 31

14 30

cos

14 11

cos

F ABC 0Ax0
cos 1 F P F

parallel equal crank mechanism

14 31 AB CD
AD BC
128

 AB CD
14 32

B
B

C
D

A
A

D
C

14 32

14 33

non parallel equal crank mechanism

14 33 ABCDADBC AB

DC AB

14 34 14 34

BC AD
AB

CD

CD

AB

C
C1

1
2

B2

C2
2

B1

14

A
14 34

129

 14 35
14 35a
14 35b
A

D
D

B
C

b
14 35

Q
14 36
Q

Q
14 36

130

10cm 40cm
20

30

10 cm

40

143

straight line motion mechanism

14

14 37

131

Scott Russel
a AB
C E

a C b AB 2
C D E yy
AB BC BEgrasshopper motion mechanism
y

E
B

B
C
A

E'
E'

Robert
AC CP PD DB AB 2CD
AC BD P AB
P AC BD 0.6AB

D'

C'

B
P

132

14 37

P'

Tchebicheff
2
4
ABAD AB AD 4
5
5
AB CD 5 BC 2
AB C1P1B1 AD
AB C2P2B2
AD BC P P1PP2
AB CDBC

C1

B2
C

P2

P1

C2

B1

Watt
AD AB CD AD AB CD
BC P 8
yy EF
CP AB
PB CD

14

y
E
C
D
P

B
F
y

133

452 542 352 532

21 13 31

134

12

360

Morgan

135

21

452

136

360

360

1AD

C
D

AD

P
P

A
B

2
240

120

140

220

137

ABCD A C B
D
BCAD

ABCD

1.6

2.6

3.6

4.6

138

20

220 140

15

10

120 30

A C B D

ADCB

C1

C2

B2

ABBCDCAD

B1

ABADDCBC

ABBCDCAD
ADABDCBC

360

139

140

151

pulley block

mechanical advantage
force ratio
15 1

pulley
15 1

142

F W
W
1
M
F

W
F
W SW
SW

SF SW
S
W
F
M
F
SW
2
2
1

A'

C
B

A
B
C

W
W

SF 2SW

15

F
W

15 1

143

152
pulley blocks for hoisting
15 2 4 5 2 3
W 1
4

5 4

F
F

F
F

F
F

3
F

144

3 2

W
15 2

F
F

15 3


15 3 4F=W

1
15 4

400mm
F

mm

W
15 4

W 4F SW 400mm

1600mm

2F

2F

15

4F
W

145

2
15 5 80% W
2800N F

F
W
15 5

W 7F

2800
400N
7

4F

4F

80%
F'

2F

2F

400
500N
0.8

4F 2F

2800
5.6

500
W

hoist with two single sheave blocks

15 6a A H
P B
15 6b W 2F

146

H
H

H
H
A
P
S

F
F

F
F

R
T P

F
F

F
F
F
F

F
B

15 6

15 7

double trough pulley

15 7a

15 7bW 3F

dual pulley
15 8a

15

3
4

147

 F1 F 15 8b
F1 4F W 3F1
15 2

F
F

F
F
F
F

F
F

W
W

b
15 8

Spanish burtons
15 9a
F1 F 15 9b F1
2FW F1 F W 2F F 3F

148

 15 3

R
F

F
W
a

b
15 9

Weston differential pulley blocks

15 10
A Da B Db
C A B
FA RC
PB F W
F A B W

15

149

 15 4

A
B

F
F

W
15 11

15 10

Chinese windlass
15 11 F W

15 5

150

3
15 12 W
2400N F N

W
15 12

W 6F

2400
400N
6
3F
3F
F

3F

F
F
6F
W

4
15 10 Da 30cmDb 24cm
300N N

15

15 4

230
10
30 24

W 3000N

151

3
4

152

12

16
4

20

1
2
M 1
M 1
M 1

M 12

M 3

153

400mm
300mm 800N
10

12

4800

2400

8000

6400

360mm 270mm

154

12

14

15

16

18

A
B

F
C

W
3

R r F
W

155

D d
M

150N 6000N

4W 3000N F

156

5 W 2000N
F N

6 W 1400N
F

157

7 80% W 4000N
F

8W 200N F

158

161

intermittent motion mechanism

162
intermittent gear mechanism

16 1 A B 8

B
B

S1

S2

A
16 1

16 2

16 2

160

geneva mechanism

16 3 A E B

16 4

E
1

2
3

b
16 3

1
2

2
1

16

A
16 4

16 5

star wheel mechanism

16 5 A 1 1
2 3 1

161

cam mechanism

ratchet mechanism

single pawl ratchet

16 6 a b c

C2

1 P
3

4"
4'
B2

C1

B1 B

3
C

16 6

16 7

multi pawl ratchet

16 7

162

double acting ratchet

16 8

16 8

reversible ratchet

B1

16 9

silent ratchet

16 9

16 10 A

16

wrenchdrill machine

16 10

163

jack ratchet
B

16 11 A C

B C B D B

escapement

16 11

anchor escapement
16 12 A B

dead beat escapement

16 13 A bd ef

C bd ef
A B
C
C
A

A
b

e
d

B
B

p k
16 12

164

p
16 13

163

16 14

16

165

16 14

16 15 A
A B
A

A
R

16 15

16 16

16 16 A C

R N
CR AC

16 17

CBA CA E CDBA
166

C A

B E

B
E

b
16 17

16 18 S CA B S1
D S1 E
D' A S1 D
B S1
A
S1

D'

B
D

S1

C
S
16 18

16 9 AA' S

S1 BB' C
C B C C B'

16

167

A'

B'

B
C

S1

S1

16 19

16 20
A
B

16 20

168


16 21 B A B A
A B A

16 21

16

169

170

171

90

A 10 B 2 B
A

172

0.2

10

173

174