Oscillators with LC feedback circuits

-LC feedback elements are normally used in oscillators that require higher
frequencies
Colpitts Oscillator
-uses an LC circuit in the feedback loop to provide the necessary phase shift and
to act as a resonant filter that passes only the desired frequency of oscillation

f=

1
2 LCt

Clapp Oscillator
-variation of the colpitts
-additional capacitor in series with the conductor

Hartley Oscillator
-the feedback circuit consists of 2 series inductors and

f=

1
2 L tC

a parallel capacitor

Crystal-Controlled Oscillator
-most stable and accurate type of feedback oscillator
-uses a piezoelectric crystal in the feedback loop to control the frequency
A quartz crystal (one of a number of crystal types) exhibits the property that
when mechanical stress is applied across the faces of the crystal, a difference of
potential develops across opposite faces of the crystal. This property of a crystal
is called the piezoelectric effect.
the crystals equivalent circuit is a series parallel RLC circuit and can operate in
either series resonance or parallel resonance. the impedance of the crystal is
minimum at the series resonant frequency, thus providing max feedback

Relaxation Oscillators
- use an RC timing circuit and a device that changes states to generate
periodic wave form
Triangular-Wave Oscillator

the op-amp integrator can be used as the basis for the triangular-wave
oscillator

utilizes an op-amp comparator to perform the switching function

Square wave oscillator

its operation is based on the charging and discharging of a capacitor