Algae

DIVISION
Cyanophyta
Cyanobacteria
Dinophyta
Dinoflagellates

Chrysophyta
Golden algae
Bacillariophyta
Diatoms

PREDOMINANT
PIGMENT
Chlorophyll a
(Photosynthetic)

ACCESSORY
PIGMENTS
Phycocyanin
Phycoerythrin

RESERVE
FOOD

COMPONENT
OF CELL WALL

Cyanophycean

Peptidoglycan

Xantophylls
(brownish-red or
pinkish-orange)

Chlorophyll a &
c
Fucoxanthin
Carotenoids

Oils
Polysaccharides

Cellulose plates

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll c

Fucoxanthin
Carotenoids
Xanthophylls

Laminarin

Silica

HABIT

HABITAT

ASEXUAL

SEXUAL

Colonial
Filamentous
Unicellular

Marine
Freshwater
Soil

none

None

Solitary
Some colonial

Marine
Freshwater
Blooms in
warm water

Cell division
Spindle outside
nucleus
Permanently
condensed
nucleus

Not all members

undergo sexual
reproduction

Solitary

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll c

Fucoxanthin
Carotenoids
Xanthophylls

Chrysolaminarin
Oils
Carbohydrates
Leucosin

Silica

Solitary
Colonial/
filaments

Euglenophyta
Euglenoids

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b

Carotenoids
Xantophyll

Paramylon/
Paramylum

--no cell wall--

Solitary

Chlorophyta
Green algae

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
(Chloroplast,
photosynthetic)

Carotenoid
Xantophyll

True starch

Cellulose
Some have
scales rather
than cell wall

Solitary
Colonial
Coenocytic
siphonous
(tubular)
Filamentous

Phaeophyta
Brown algae

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll c
Fucoxanthin?
(Photosynthetic)

Carotenoids
Xanthophyll

Rhodophyta Red
algae

Chlorophyll a
(Chloroplast)

Phycocyanin
Phycoerythrin

Laminarin
Mannitol

Rhodophycean
or floridean
starch (similar
to glycogen)

Cellulose
Algin

Cellulose
Agar
Carrageenan
Calcium
carbonate

Cell division

Formation of
sperm and eggs

Gliding

Cell division

Not known

Two flagella

Fragmentation
Cell division for
unicellular

Isogamy,
anisogamy,
oogamy
Conjugation

Most
flagellated at
some pt in life
cycle
Some
nonmotile

Zoospores
Fragmentation of
thalli

Gametes
(flagellated)

Freshwater
ponds and
puddles that
are rich in
organic matter
Freshwater or
land

Warm coastal
waters of
tropical oceans
Freshwater
Soil

Acrasiomycota
Cellular slime
molds

Spore: cellulose
V: no cell wall

V: unicellular
R: multicell..
slug

Oomycota
Water molds

Z: no wall
V: Cellulose
Cellulose, chitin,
both

Coenocytic
mycelium/body
made of
hyphae

Sh
int
cel
som
Sto
po

Marine
Freshwater

Filamentous
Some
unicellular

Multinucleat

2 flagella:
transverse
groove and
longitudinal
groove

Cell division

Mostly marine

Spore: Chitin
and/or cellulose
V:

DI
FE
Ge
Gra

Marine
Freshwater

Multicellular

Myxomycota
Plasmodial slime
molds

LOCOMOTION

Leaf mulch
Forest floor
Moist soil
Damp,
decaying
forest floors
Moist soil
Parasitic
Aquatic
Terrestrial

Spores in
sporangia
(haplid; nuclear
wall made of
chitin or
cellulose)
Spore formation

Zoospores
(biflagellated) in
zoosporangium

2 flagella for
reproductive
cell

Ra
bila
sym
Sili

Fle
cov

Bla
Sti
Ho
Ga
So

Gametes
(no flagella)

Nonmotile

So
bu
So
a&
Ho

Swarm cell
(flagellated) +
myxamoeba

Cytoplasmic
streaming
Flagellated
repro cells

Co
Ch

Amoeboid
Cytoplasmic
streaming

Ha
Se
Pse

Flagellated
cells at some
point in life
cycle

Co
Ce
Dip
life

Observed only
occasionally

Oospores from
zygote

Chytridiomycota
Chytrids

Chitin

Unicellular

Aquatic
Moist soil
Parasitic

Co

Kingdom Fungi
DIVISION

COMMON TYPES

Zygomycota (Algal-like
fungi/zygote fungi)

Black bread mold

Ascomycota (Sac fungi)

Basidiomycota (Club
fungi)

Deuteromycota
(Imperfect fungi)

Yeasts
Powdery mildew
Molds
Morrels
Truffles

Mushrooms
Bracket fungi
Puffballs
Rusts
Smuts

Molds
Verticillium
Wilt
Athletes foot fungus

HABITAT
Soil
Decaying plant or
animal matter
Parasitic;
sapotroph

HYPHAE/MYCELIUM
Coenocytic zygospore
Septa separates
hyphae from
reproductive structures

Septate (perforated)
Non-coenocytic

Septate (perforated)
Non-coenocytic
Monokaryotic haploid
hyphae of primary
mycelium
Dikaryotic haploid
hyphae of secondary
mycelium

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Nonmotile haploid spores called
sporangiospores
(zygote meiosis mitosis) in
sporangia (spore sacs) at aerial
hyphae/sporangiophore
Conjugation
Conidia (asexual spores produced by
mycelium) in conidiophore tips
(specialized hyphae) grows into a
new mycelium upon contact with food
Budding for yeasts

Conidia, if asexual stage is present

Conidia

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Zygospores protects diploid zygote
(fused hyphae)
Zygospore germinates to form aerial
hypha

PARTS
Chitinous
cell wall

Dikaryotic hyphae grows from fused

hyphae forms ascocarp (fruiting
body) where asci develop
Diploid zygote forms within
ascus meiosis 4
haploid mitosis 8 haploid develop
into 8 haploid ascospores (in ascus)
Mature basidiospore primary
mycelium (monokaryotic haploid) upon
contact with environment secondary
mycelium (dikaryotic haploid) upon
fusion of 2 primary dikaryotic hyphae
intertwine (buttons grow) to form
basidiocarp fusion of nuclei forms
diploid zygote on gills meiosis 4
haploids move to edge of
basidium finger-like extensions
develop becomes 4 basidiospores

Chitinous
cell wall,
septate

Not observed

Pileus
Gills
Stipe
Annulus
Volva
Chitinous
cell wall,
septate

Kingdom Plantae
DIVISION

PREDOMIN
ANT
PIGMENT
Chlorophyll
a
Chlorophyll
b

ACCESSO
RY
PIGMENT
Xanthoph
yll
Carotenoi
d

HABITAT

GAMETOPHYTE
(haploid)

SPOROPHYTE
(diploid)

ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

Moist
environme
nt

Dominant
Leafy, green, perennial
plant
Protonema + gametophore
Filamentous rhizoid
Gametangia formed by
gametophytes:
F: archegonia
M: antheridia

Initially green and

photosynthetic (has plastids),
turns golden brown at
maturity
Foot, seta,
capsule/sporangium
(calyptra, peristome)
Nutritionally dependent on
gametophyte, remains
attached
Smallest and simplest among
modern plants
Has stomata

Protonema from
germinating moss
spores produces buds
with tissue-producing
meristems, which
generate gametophore
(gamete-producing
structure)

Anthocerophyt
a (Liverworts)

Chlorophyll
a
Chlorophyll
b

Xanthoph
yll
Carotenoi
d

Damp
environme
nt

Develops from a zygote

Nutritionally dependent on
gametophyte, remains
attached
Smallest and simplest
(simplest among bryophytes)
among modern plants
Foot, seta, capsule

Gemmae (reproductive
bodies formed by
gametophyte) in
gemmae cups (saucershaped structure on
thallus)
Thallus branching

Hepatophyta
(Hornworts)

Chlorophyll
a
Chlorophyll
b

Xanthoph
yll
Carotenoi
d

Disturbed
habitats

Dominant
Flattened, ribbon-like,
lobed thallus
Underside: tubular,
unicellular rhizoids
F: archegoniophores with
archegonia
M: antheridiophores with
antheridia
Dominant
Superficially resembles
liverworts
Produces multiple
sporophytes
Archegonia and antheridia
are embedded in
gametophyte thallus
Unicellular, tubular rhizoids

Bryophyta
(Moss)

Needle-like
Projects out of gametophyte
thallus after fertilization and
development
Continues to grow for the
remainder of gametophytes
life, remains attached
Nutritionally dependent on
gametophyte
Smallest and simplest among
modern plants
Has cuticle, stomata

SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

DISTINGUISHING
CHARACTERISTICS
Nonvascular
Dioecious
Most closely related
to vascular plants
Lacks lignin
Sphagnum produces
peat (undecayed
organic material)

Archegonia and
antheridia on thalli

Nonvascular
Thalli resemble lobes
of a liver
Herbaceous

Single large
chloroplast in each
cell
Herbaceous