8.

Mapping by Elementary Functions

Introduction
The main purpose of this chapter is to build up a basic library of conformal mappings which is crucial in the solution of 2 - D
Laplace equations with complicated boundary conditions.
A collection of some mappings of interest can be found in App 2 of Churchill.
The program F(z).exe can be used if more details are desired.
The complete mapping of a complex function cannot be shown in a single graph since it involves a space of 4 dimensions. The
approach taken here is to list the mappings of a few representative domains. Since in applications, one is required to find a
mapping which reduces a complicated boundary to a simple one, some familarity with a collection of such mappings is needed
to get one started. Fortunately, simple composites of elementary functions already provide a respectable arsenal adequate for
most situations of interest.
Some domains of common interest are
1.
Fixed points: z = f HzL
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Lines. Of particular interest are the horizontal & vertical ones.

Circles.
Rectangles, half-planes, quadrants, strips.
Disks, annular region.
Sectors of disks or annular region.

w=az+b

Alias: Linear Transformations

b
Fixed points at z =
Ha 1L
1 - a
w=az

Let
a = a ei 0 ,
z = z ei

w = a z ei H +0 L
Interpretation: expand ( a > 1 ), contract ( a < 1 ), & rotate.
w=z+b

Interpretation: translation
w = 1z

Fixed points at z2 = 1

or

z = 1

1st Interpretation

w* =

z*

z2
1

arg w* = arg z
z
Interpretation: move points inside the unit circle to the outside radially & vice versa
w* =

w=

1
z

z*

z2

w =

arg w = arg z* = - arg z

z
Interpretation:
1st:
move points inside the unit circle to the outside radially & vice versa

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

w=

z*

z2

w =

arg w = arg z* = - arg z

z
Interpretation:
1st:
move points inside the unit circle to the outside radially & vice versa
then: reflects about the real axis.

w=u+iv=

z=

u=
1

z*

z2

x
2

x +y
u-iv

x-i y

x2 + y2

v=-

x +y

=-

z2

u2 + v2

x=

u2 + v2
Interpretation:

w2
u2 + v2
w2
transforms lines into circles & vice versa.

The inside of unit disk

y=-

=-

region outside.

2nd Interpretation

A circle in the Hx, yL plane is described by:

Hx - aL2 + H y - bL2 = r2

or

x2 + y2 - 2 a x - 2 b y + a2 + b2 - r2 = 0

A line by:
y=mx+b
Therefore, the eq
A I x2 + y2 M + B x + C y + D = 0
describes a circle, when A 0, with
B
C
a=b=2A
2A
D
1
r2 = a2 + b2 - =
I B2 + C2 - 4 A D M > 0
A
4 A2
or a line, when A = 0, with:
B
D
m= b= HC0L
C
C
mx+b=Bx+D=0 HC=0L
In the case of a circle, the distance from its center Ha, bL to the origin is r0 =
D
Its radius r is r2 = r0 2 - .
A
\
The circle passes through the origin when D = 0.
Using

x = u I x2 + y2 M y = v I x2 + y2 M

I u2 + v2 M I x2 + y2 M = 1

The eq A I x2 + y2 M + B x + C y + D = 0
becomes

I x2 + y2 M H A + B u + C v L + D = 0
A + B u + C v + D I x2 + y2 M = 0

a2 + b2 .

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

Using

x = u I x2 + y2 M y = v I x2 + y2 M

I u2 + v2 M I x2 + y2 M = 1

The eq A I x2 + y2 M + B x + C y + D = 0

I x2 + y2 M H A + B u + C v L + D = 0

becomes

A + B u + C v + D I x2 + y2 M = 0

Hence, lines & circles are mapped into lines & circles.
Summary

1.

A circle not passing through the origin:

A I x2 + y2 M + B x + C y + D = 0
is mapped into a circle not passing through the origin:
A + B u + C v + D I x2 + y2 M = 0

2.

3.

A circle passing through the origin:

A I x2 + y2 M + B x + C y = 0
is mapped into a line not passing through the origin:
A+Bu+Cv=0
A line not passing through the origin:
Bx+C y+D=0
is mapped into a circle passing through the origin:
B u + C v + D I x2 + y2 M = 0

4.

A line passing through the origin:

Bx+C y=0
is mapped into a line passing through the origin:
Bu+Cv=0

Example 1

Vertical line

x=c

The quickest way is to apply the formulae developed above. However, direct derivation for each special case is more appealing
to those who detest memorization.

or

z=c+i y
c - iy
1
w= =
=u+iv
z
c2 + y2
y
c
u=
v=c2 + y2
c2 + y2
1
u
u2 + v2 =
=
c
c2 + y2
u -

+ v2 =

2c

2c
1

which is a circle of radius

1
, centered at

2c

, 0 & passes through the origin.

2c

Note also that

1.
The circle & line are on the same side of the y -axis.
2.

The size of the circle is inversely proportional to the distance of the line from the y -axis.

Example 2

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

Example 2

Horizontal line y = c
z=x+ic
1
x - ic

w= =
=u+iv
z
x2 + c2
x
c
u=
v=x2 + c2
x2 + c2
1
v

u2 + v2 =
=2
2
c
x + c
2
2
1
1
or
u2 + v +
=
2c
2c
1
1
which a circle of radius
, centered at 0, 2c
2c

& passes through the origin.

Note also that

1.
The circle & line are on the opposite side of the x -axis.
2.
The size of the circle is inversely proportional to the distance of the line from the x -axis.
Example 3

xc

Half plane

z=x+i y
x - iy
1
w=
=
=u+iv
z
x2 + y2
y
x
u=
v=x2 + y2
x2 + y2
1
u
v
u2 + v2 =
= =2
2
x
y
x + y
x=

Hc>0L

c>0

u2 + v2

u2 +v2 -

c
or

u -

+ v2

2c

2c
1

which denotes the region inside a circle of radius

2c

w=

az + b
cz + d

Had -bc0L

Fixed points at
c z2 + Hd - aL z - b = 0
1

z=
: a - d Hd - aL2 - 4 c b >
2c

1
, centered at

, 0 & passes through the origin.

2c

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

Mobius Transformation

czw -az +d w- b=0

Azw+Bz +Cw+D
The last form is called the Mobius or bilinear transformation.
Since A = c, B = -a, C = d, D = -b,

a d - b c = -B C + D A 0
Properties in the finite plane

For c = 0:
w=

z+

is a linear transform with d 0.

For d = 0:
w=

b 1
is a combination of translation & inversion with c 0.
c z

In general, assuming c 0:
az + b
a
w=
= +
cz + d
c
Let

Z=cz + d

w=

a
c

b-

ad
c

W=
b-

cz + d
1
=
Z
cz + d
1

ad
W
c

Provided
ad-bc0,
it is a composition of linear transformations & inversion.
\
lines & circles lines & circles
The inverse of the transform
az + b
w=
cz + d
is:
-dw + b
z=
cw - a

ad-bc0

For c 0, the transform is 1 - 1 provided

d
1.
c z + d 0 or z - .
c
a
2.
c w - a 0 or w .
c
For c = 0, we have:
a
b
w= z+
d
d
d
b
z= wa
a
The transform is 1 - 1 provided a, d 0.

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

Extended Plane

For the extended complex plane which includes the point , the above pair of transform is everywhere 1 - 1. To be more
precise, let
az + b
THzL =
cz + d
-dw + b
T -1 HwL =
cw - a
Points at which these transforms fail to exist in the finite complex plane now becomes well defined.
Thus, for c 0,
d
1.
T =
c
a
2.
T -1
=
c
In addition, we need to consider the transforms for the extended point .
a
THL =
c
d
T -1 HL = c
For c = 0, the undefined points of the finite plane transform are simply so that
THL =
Hd=0L
-1
T HL =
Ha=0L
Example 1

Find transformation which maps

-1, 0, 1
into
-i, 1, i
Let the transformation be

wHzL =

az + b

cz + d
The mapping of the 3 points give:
-a + b
b
a + b
-i =
1=
i=
-c + d
d
c + d

b=d
-a + b
a + b
-i =
i=
-c + b
c + b
a - b
a + b

=
-c + b c + b
b2
2
2 a c - 2 b = 0 or
c=
a
a + b
a

i=
=
or
b = -i a
b2
b
+
b
a
\

d = -i a
c = -a
z - i
i - z
w=
=
-z - i i + z

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

Example 2

Find transformation which maps

-1, 0, 1
into
1, , i
Let the transformation be

wHzL =

az + b

cz + d
The mapping of the 3 points give:
-a + b
b
a + b
1=
= i=
-c + d
d
c + d

d=0
-a + b
a + b
1=
i=
-c
c

a - b = -i Ha + bL

or

b=

1+i
1-i

a= ia

c = H1 - iL a
z + i
Hz + iLH1 + iL H1 + iLz + i - 1
w=
=
=
H1 - iLz
2z
2z

Implicit Form

Since 3 points defines a linear fractional transformation ( see eg 1 & 2 ), we can write
H w - w1 L H w2 - w3 L H z - z1 L H z2 - z3 L
=
H w - w2 L H w2 - w1 L H z - z2 L H z2 - z1 L
which is called the implicit form of the linear fractional transformation.
One can prove the above assertion by demonstration ( see Churchill sec 71 ).
However, this leaves the form itself a product of pure inspiration. The following derivation aims to rectify this shortcoming.
proof

It's well-known that a linear transformation

w= Az + B
can be written as
w - w1
z - z1
=
(1)
w2 - w1 z2 - z1
showing that 2 points determine the transformation uniquely.
We now try to obtain a similar form for the bilinear ( Mobius ) transformation:
Azw+Bz +Cw+D=0
The presence of the H z w L term then suggests the form
w - w1 w3 - w2
z - z1 z3 - z2

(2)
w2 - w1 w - w2 z2 - z1 z - z2
where we've multiply (1) with the reciprocal of another linear transform.
w - w2
z - z2
=
w3 - w2 z3 - z2
The use of the reciprocal is to create ( z w ) terms.
Writing (2) as
H w - w1 L H z - z2 L H z2 - z1 L Hw3 - w2 L
= H z - z1 L H w - w2 L Hz3 - z2 L H w2 - w1 L
(3)
we see that it reduces to the bilinear form after expanding the 1st two factors on each side & collecting terms.
What remains is to show that (3) is satisfied by points H wi , zi L " i = 1, 2, 3.
For i = 1, 2, both sides = 0.
For i = 3, we have
H w3 - w1 L Hz2 - z1 L = Hz3 - z1 L H w2 - w1 L
Incorporating this condition into (3) then gives
H w - w1 L H z - z2 L H z2 - z1 L Hw3 - w2 L

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

Writing (2) as
H w - w1 L H z - z2 L H z2 - z1 L Hw3 - w2 L
= H z - z1 L H w - w2 L Hz3 - z2 L H w2 - w1 L
(3)
we see that it reduces to the bilinear form after expanding the 1st two factors on each side & collecting terms.
What remains is to show that (3) is satisfied by points H wi , zi L " i = 1, 2, 3.
For i = 1, 2, both sides = 0.
For i = 3, we have
H w3 - w1 L Hz2 - z1 L = Hz3 - z1 L H w2 - w1 L
Incorporating this condition into (3) then gives
H w - w1 L H z - z2 L H z2 - z1 L Hw3 - w2 L
H z2 - z1 L
= H z - z1 L H w - w2 L Hz3 - z2 L H w3 - w1 L
z3 - z1
H w - w1 L H w3 - w2 L H z - z1 L H z3 - z2 L

=
H w - w2 L H w3 - w1 L H z - z2 L H z3 - z1 L
which the correct transform satisfying wi = wHzi L for i = 1, 2, 3.
To bring it into complete agreement with eq(1) in sec71 of Churchill, we make the interchange of index 2 3, giving
H w - w1 L H w2 - w3 L H z - z1 L H z2 - z3 L
=
H w - w3 L H w2 - w1 L H z - z3 L H z2 - z1 L
The last form is easier to memorize since the subscripts appear in the order 1, 2, 3 & 3, 2, 1 in the numerator & denominator,
resp.
The implicit form is particularly suited for cases where the transorm of 3 points are known, as will be illustrated in the
following examples.
Example 1

Find transformation which maps

-1, 0, 1
into
-i, 1, i
Using

H w - w1 L H w2 - w3 L

H z - z1 L H z2 - z3 L

H w - w3 L H w2 - w1 L H z - z3 L H z2 - z1 L
we have
H w + i L H 1 - i L H z + 1 L H -1 L
=
Hw - iLH1 + iL
Hz- 1LH1L
w+ i
z + 1

i=
w- i
z- 1
Hz - 1L - i H z + 1 L
w=
iHz - 1L - Hz + 1L
H 1 - i L z - H1 + i L
=
Hi - 1Lz - H1 + iL
-i z - 1
=
iz - 1
-z + i
=
z + i
=

Example 2

Find transformation which maps

-1, 0, 1
into
1, , i
Using

H w - w1 L H w2 - w3 L

H z - z1 L H z2 - z3 L

H w - w3 L H w2 - w1 L H z - z3 L H z2 - z1 L
we have
H w - 1 L H L H z + 1 L H -1 L
=
=

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

Using

H w - w1 L H w2 - w3 L

H z - z1 L H z2 - z3 L

H w - w3 L H w2 - w1 L H z - z3 L H z2 - z1 L
we have
H w - 1 L H L H z + 1 L H -1 L
=
Hw - iLHL
Hz- 1LH1L
w -1
z + 1

=w- i
z- 1
i Hz + 1 L + z - 1
w=
z - 1 + z + 1
H1 + iLz + i - 1
=
2z
=

Mappings of Upper Half Plane

w = ei

z - z0

Im z0 > 0
z - z0 *
is the mapping which maps the upper half plane into the unit circle:
w <1
Im z > 0
>
:
Im z = 0
w =1
proof

Assuming the transform to be bilinear:

az + b
w=
Had-bc0L
cz + d
The task is to determine a, b, c, d.
For convenience, we'll adopt the convention f
i

z=Ze
w = W ei W
a = A ei
c = C ei

F for all complex number f . Thus:

0
0W 1
b = B ei
d = D ei

Consider 1st points on the real axis:

Im z = 0, z = Z:
Za + b
1=
Zc + d
For the origin z = 0:
B
1=

D=B0
D
For Z :
A
1=

C= A0
C
For the rest of the upper plane:
Im z > 0
az + b
a
w=

c z + d z c
A
\
W
=1
z C
This is to be expected from the real axis case. It also emphasizes the fact that all 'points' with z = is considered as a single
point .
Using the fact that D = B 0, C = A 0 we can write
a z +
w=
c z +

b
a
d
c

10

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

For the rest of the upper plane:

Im z > 0
az + b
a
w=

c z + d z c
A
\
W
=1
z C
This is to be expected from the real axis case. It also emphasizes the fact that all 'points' with z = is considered as a single
point .
Using the fact that D = B 0, C = A 0 we can write
b
a

a z +
w=
c z +

d
c

iH-L

= e

z +

B
A

z +

B
A

e i H - L
e i H - L

For points on the real axis:

Z +
1=
Z +
Using

a-b

B
A

e i H - L

B i H - L
e
A
2
2

= A + B - 2 A B cosH - L ,

cosH - L = cosH - L
We therefore have
either - = -

or

- = -H - L

w = ei H - L
w=e

iH-L

z +

z +

B
A
B
A

e i H - L
e- i H - L

The 1st choice is clearly too restrictive.

The 2nd option, which we shall adopt, can be beautified with the following notations:
-=

B
A

e i H - L = -z0 = -Z0 ei 0

so that
w = ei

z - z0

z - z0 *
with 3 free parameters , Z0 , & 0 .
To ensure the upper plane is mapped inside the circle, we need
z - z0
1>
z - z0 *

cosH + 0 L < cosH - 0 L

for
0< <
-sin sin0 < sin sin0
- sin0 < sin0

> 0 > 0
ie.
Im z0 > 0
Note: This condition can be obtained by inspection from fig 79 since z0 * is always further away from z than z0 does whenever z is in the upper plane.
See example 2 for the case Im z0 = 0.
Example 1

w=

i - z
i + z

w= -

z - i

z + i
z - i
= ei
z + i
z0 = i
Im z0 = 1 > 0

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

w= -

z - i

z + i
z - i
= ei
z + i

z0 = i
Im z0 = 1 > 0
\ w is of the form that maps the upper plane into a circle.
Example 2

w=

z - 1
z + 1

z0 = 1
Im z0 = 0
The range of the mapping is no longer confined as witnessed by
wH-1L =
Using z = x + i y ,
y > 0,

w=
=

=
\

x - 1 + iy
x + 1 + iy
Hx - 1 + i yLHx + 1 - i yL
H x + 1 L2 + y 2

x2 - 1 + y2

H x + 1 L + y2
2

Im w > 0

+i

2y

H x + 1 L2 + y2

for y > 0.

The upper half z - plane is mapped onto the upper half w - plane with
wHL = -1.
The real axis y = 0 is mapped onto the real axis of the w - plane.
x2 - 1

H x + 1 L2
For points near -1, let x = -1 +
wHxL =

wHxL =

H-1 + L2 - 1

= 1-

-2 +
=

0
which shows the entire real w axis is indeed covered.
w = ez

Let

z=x+i y

w = ez = e x ei y = ei
= ex
= y+2n

The mapping is in general many to 1.

The vertical line x = c, or z = c + i y is mapped into
w = ec ei y

w = ec

with
c

which is a circle of radius e .

Moving upward along the line ( y increases ) results in moving counterclockwise on the circle ( increases ).
Any y interval of length 2 will cover the whole circle once.
This mapping is many to 1.
The horizontal line y = c, or z = x + i c is mapped into
w = e x ei c

with

w = ex

which is a ray ( line extending from the origin to infinity ) in the direction = c.

11

12

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

The horizontal line y = c, or z = x + i c is mapped into

w = e x ei c

w = ex

with

which is a ray ( line extending from the origin to infinity ) in the direction = c.
A rectangular region
axb
c yd
is mapped into
w = ei
with limits
ea eb

cd

An infinite strip a y b is mapped into

w = ei
with a b
which is a fan shape region of infinite extend.
w = ln z

The mapping is 1 - 1 only within a single branch of ln z.

Let
z = r ei
+2

w = ln z = ln r + i
which is simply the inverse of the exponential mapping.
Example

w = Log

Let

Z=

z -1
z + 1

z -1

z + 1
w = Log Z

Since Z maps the upper half z - plane into the upper half Z - plane,
& Log maps the upper half Z - plane into the infinite strip 0 < Im w < ,
the composite maps the upper half z - plane into the infinite strip.
w = sin z

Let
z=x+i y

w=u+iv

w = sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y

u = sin x cosh y

v = cos x sinh y

The mapping is many to 1 with period 2 in the x direction.

Fixed point at
x = sin x cosh y

y = cos x sinh y

z=0

x = 0, y = 0. or

Ranges

From the definitions

1
1
sinh y = H e y - e - yL cosh y = H e y + e - yL
2
2
One sees that for

- y

sinh H-yL = -sinh y

cosh H- yL = cosh y

- sinh y

1 cosh y

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

- y

One sees that for

sinh H-yL = -sinh y

cosh H- yL = cosh y

- sinh y

1 cosh y

13

a yb

For a finite range

sinh a sinh y sinh b.

we have

cosh c cosh y cosh d

where

c=:

min 8 a ,
0

d = max 8 a ,

b <
b <

if a, b are of the :

same
sign.
opposite

The situation for sin x & cos x is even more complicated owing to their periodicity. We'll dispense with an enumeration of the
results for every possible combinations in the perhaps unjustifiable hope that an average student should be able to work it out
for his/her-self.
Vertical Line

The vertical line x = c or z = c + i y

is mapped into
w = sin c cosh y + i cos c sinh y
u = sin c cosh y

v = cos c sinh y

The bounds for u & v must be carefully calculated according to the rules given in sec Ranges.
For the case

0 y b,

cn
2

we have
u

cosh b

sin c
cosh2 y - sinh2 y = 1

Using
u2

sinh b

cos c

v2

=1
cos2 c
sin2 c
which is a hyperbola with foci points at
w=

sin2 c + cos2 c = 1

The signs of sin c & cos c determine into which portion of the hyperbola is mapped.

If c = n

, we have u or v = 0 for n = even or odd, which corresponds to the imaginary or real axis, resp. Further more, the
2

n = odd case uses only portions of real axis which satisfies 1

sin In 2 M

14

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

Vertical Strip

For the semi-infinite vertical strip

- x
y0
2
2
we have
-1 sin x 1
0 cos x 1
0 sinh y 1 cosh y

- u
0v
which is the upper half w - plane.
Horizontal Line

The horizontal line y = c or z = x + i c is mapped into

w = sin x cosh c + i cos x sinh c
u = sin x cosh c
v = cos x sinh c
u
v

-1
1
-1
1
cosh c
sinh c
Using
cos2 y + sin2 y = 1

u2

v2

=1
cosh2 c
sinh2 c
which is an ellipse with foci points at
w=

cosh2 c - sinh2 c = 1

Rectangular region

Region

0 yb
2

-1 sin x 1
1 cosh y cosh b
u = sin x cosh y

-cosh b u cosh b

0 cos x 1
0 sinh y sinh b
v = cos x sinh y
0 v sinh b

For the vertical boundaries:

1.
x=
0 yb
2
is mapped into a segment of the real axis with
u = cosh y @1, cosh bD
v= 0

2.
x=- 0 yb
2
is mapped into a segment of the real axis with
u = - cosh y @- cosh b, -1D v = 0
For the horizontal boundaries:

1.
- x
y=b
2
2
is mapped into a segment of the upper ellipse with
u2
v2
+
=1v>0
cosh2 b
sinh2 b

2.
- x
y=0
2
2
is mapped into a segment of the real axis with
u = sin x @-1, 1D
v= 0

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

For the horizontal boundaries:

1.
- x
y=b
2
2
is mapped into a segment of the upper ellipse with
u2
v2
+
=1v>0
cosh2 b
sinh2 b

2.
- x
y=0
2
2
is mapped into a segment of the real axis with
u = sin x @-1, 1D
v= 0
w = cos z

w = cos z = sin z +

= sin Z
2

where Z = z +

.
2
The mapping is therefore a composition of a translation & sin transformation.
w = sinh z

w = sinh z = i sin Hi zL = i sin Z

where Z = i z
The mapping is therefore a composition of a rotation, a sin transform, & then a rotation.
w=

Let

z = r ei = r ei H + 2 n L

w=

z =

r e
i

H+2nL
2

+in

=
r e 2
n = 0 is the principal branch when

n = 0, 1
- < < .

Alternatively, the same result can be obtained as follows:

1

w=e2
=

ln z

= e2

r e

8 ln r + iH + 2 n L <

+in

A fan shaped region

0rR
ab
is mapped into another fan shaped region
a
b
0 R

2
2
where w = ei .
1

w = zn

Generalization of the above treatment to this case is obvious.

15

16

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

Example

w=

sin z =

Z = sin z

with

Z >0

0 < Arg Z <

2

This composite mapping is most easily illustrated graphically. ( see fig 91 ).

w=

Pn HzL

Here Pn is a polynomial of order n.

ie.

Pn HzL = ak zk = an Iz - z j M
n

k=0

j=1

where z j are its roots.

an Iz - z j M 2
n

w=

j=1

We have therefore n + 1 branch points at z = z j & if all roots are distinct.

In general, there are m + 1 branch points where m is the number of distinct roots of odd order. ( roots of even order are not
branch points )
Branch cuts are obtained by joining pairs of branch points. Since represents the entire region outside the finite plane, the
number of choices of cuts is infinite & one just pick the most convenient ones.
The examples in Churchill were already discussed in Chap 3 & 6 so we won't repeat here.
Example

w = f HzL =

z2 - 1

H z - 1 L H z + 1L

w=

8 logH z-1L + logHz+1L <

= e2
Branch points are at z = 1.
Caution:
z = is not a branch point since
w

z2 = z

is single valued.

The branch cut is therefore the line segment joining points z = 1.

It's also legitimate to use 2 lines each extending from a branch point to in an arbitrary direction. Since is a single point,
these 2 lines are actually 1. The situation is best visualized in the Reimann sphere.
With the line between z = 1 as the branch cut, we have:
z-1 =

r- e

i
i

2
+

+ i n-

- < - <

+in

+
z + 1 = r+ e 2
0 < + < 2
where any 2 consecutive n 's are adequate to denote the 2 branches.

r + r - ei

w=

H + + - L + H n+ + n- L
2
If + & - remains in a specific branch, we see that

3
- + H n+ + n- L < <
+ H n+ + n- L
2
2
with a range of 2.
The minimum of occurs at - = - & + = 0, which is a point just beneath the branch cut.
The maximum of occurs at - = & + = 2 , which is a point just above the branch cut.
This confirms the correctness of the branch cut assignment.
where =

08._MappingByElementaryFunctions.nb

With the line between z = 1 as the branch cut, we have:

z-1 =

r- e

i
i

2
+

+ i n-

- < - <

+ i n+

z + 1 = r+ e 2
0 < + < 2
where any 2 consecutive n 's are adequate to denote the 2 branches.

r + r - ei

w=

H + + - L + H n+ + n- L
2
If + & - remains in a specific branch, we see that

3
- + H n+ + n- L < <
+ H n+ + n- L
2
2
with a range of 2.
The minimum of occurs at - = - & + = 0, which is a point just beneath the branch cut.
The maximum of occurs at - = & + = 2 , which is a point just above the branch cut.
This confirms the correctness of the branch cut assignment.
where =

17