SPEECH COMMUNICATION

Marcus Tullius Cicero

o Eloquence; gather
scattered humanity or to
lead out of its brutish
existence
Latin word: COMMUNIS
o Com: common
o Munis: publicly
COMMUNIA
o Com: together
o Munia: duties
Working together

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
-

ORAL or SPEECH Comm

-

Preferred form of
communication
Flows SPONATANEOUSLY and
DIRECTLY
Public speaking no longer
defines the scope of human
communication; functions is
equally important for individuals
and groups

Speeches are:
-

Used for SELF DEFINITION

Used to DISSEMINATE IDEAS
and INFORMATION
Used to DEBATE QUESTIONS of
FACT, VALUE and POLICY in
communities
o Civiliations advanced
when men learned the art
of PUBLIC DEBATE instead
of resulting to weaponry
o Facts are to shed light in
any situation
o Values have to be
clarified for common
good
o Policy has to be arrived
through a democratic
consensus before any
rational action

Transform individuals and

groups
o Speech comm in any
form has to be persuasive
to bring change

Communication is a dynamic
process
o Ever changing, ever
moving and in a state of
flux
o No clear cut markers
when it STARTS or ENDS
o Interplay of different
elements (people,
settings, situations,
events, words) : Frank
Dance (1967): something
that is in constant flux,
motion and process
changing while we are in
the very act of
EXAMINING it.
o Indefinitely vast number
of particulars interact in a
RECIPROCAL and
CONTINUOUS manner
Communication is SYSTEMIC
o A system consists of
parts that comprose a
whole
o Complex process and it
take splace in a SET OF
SYSTEMS
o Cmmunication relate to
another in a system
o COMM IS CONTEXTUAL
Comm does not
transpire in
vacuum it occurs
amidst a
BACKGROUND or
setting

Atmosphere of
ambience,
sociocultural bg
ENCOMPASSING
SITUATION :
elaborate set of
implicit
conventions and
rules IMPOSE on an
individuals
behavior
IMMEDIATE
CONTEXT (impact
of social
situations)vs.
ENCOMPASSING
SITUATION (could
influence a
communicators
image of particular
situation
A system has
INTERRELATED PARTS
INTERDEPENDENCE
; each component
depends one each
other
The whole is MORE than
the sum of its parts
Herbert Hicks :
interaction of parts
results into a
SYNERGY.
Constraints within
systems influence or
affect meanings
THERE IS NO IDEAL
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
System
constraints:
features that
influence our
EFFORTS at
communicating
Meanings may be
altered. !!!

SOCIOPHYSIOLOGI
CAL (staus
diffrerence)
CULTURAL
CONSTRAINTS
(language)
Communication involve
COMMUNICATORS
o Simultaenously SPEAK
and LISTEN
Communication is
IRREVERSIBLE
o A MAN CANT STEP ON
THE SAME RIVER TWICE.
o Barnlund: human exp
flows like a stream
leaving behind it a
permanent record of
mans communicative
exp
Communication is PROACTIVE
o Capable of seeing,
perceiving, analyzing and
shaping situations
o Langer: the brain follows
its own law . actively
translating experience
into symbols
Communication is SYMBOLIC
INTERACTION
o Wood: Human comm is
symbolic, it si CREATED
and EMPLOYED by
HUMANS.
o We give meaning to our
experiences
o Animal: STIMULI
o Human: assigns and acts
upon MEANING
Meaning in comm is
INDIVIDUALLY CONSTRUED
o In the basis of past
experiences, beliefs,
attitudes, values
o The response is not in
your statement but based
on her own.

COMM DEFINED: dynamic, systemic or

contextual, irreversible and proactive
process in which communicator
construct personal meanings through
their symbolic interactions.

MODELS OF COMM
-

Model: describes an event,

process, relationship
Represent the essential or major
features
Schema for understanding
Organizing value
Visualizes how features are
related to another
Heuristic : most valuable
No single model can do justice
to human comm

ARISTOTELIAN MODEL
-

Simple, basic
Three Main features:
o Speaker
o Message
o Audience
PERSUASIVENESS
ETHOS: speakers
persuasiveness
o Hinged upon the
CHARACTER of the
speaker
ARS RHETORICA; determines
the persuasiveness of a
speakers message
o Content
o Arrangement
o Manner of delivery
o Ethos
o Arguments
o Logos
o Pathos

SHANNON WEAVER MODEL

SOURCE MESSAGE TRANSMITTER
-SIGNAL -NOISE SOURCE RECEIVER
MESSAGE DESTINATION
-

LASSWELL MODEL (1948)

COMMUNICATOR MESSAGE
MEDIUM RECEIVER -EFFECT

Five key elements in a LINEAR

PATTERN
Three key functions of comm in
human society
o Surveillance : alert
society to the dangers
and opportunities
(political leaders)
o Correlation: gather,
coordinate, integrate into
meaningful form the
responses of society
(journo, educators, poll
takers)
o Transmission: hand down
values, mores, customs
(family,church,school)
Comm must perform its key
functions to PROTECT,
ENHANCE, FORTIFY AND
ENHANCE the nations stability
A country is responsible for
message controllers :
censorship, filters

Designed after a telephone

5 basic components
o Info source
o Transmitter
o Receiver
o Destination
o Noise
Somebody makes a call: source
Telephone: transmitter
(converts message to electronic
signal)
Telephone at the other end:
RECEIVER that reconverst
electronic signal to o message
Heard by another person:
destination
Static comprise: noise
NON TELEPHONE

Brain: info source

Transmitter: vocal cords
Recevier: mechanism of
the listener
o Destination: brain of
listener
LINEAR transmission and
reception
Depicts noise as an elemnt only
found within the MESSAGE and
not throughout
o
o
o

WHITES MODEL
-

SCHRAMMS MODEL
-

Wilbur Schramm
1st model:
o SOURCE ENCODER
SIGNAL DECODER
DESTINATION
nd
2 model:
o Importance of overlap of
communicators fields
rd
3 model
o Dual role of each
communicator : BOTH
SENDER AND RECEIVER
and that both ENCODING
and DECODING entail
personal interpretation
4th model
o Heuristic insight
o Emphasizes DYNAMISM of
human communication
o People interact in CYCLIC
fashion (Aristotle, Laswell
and Shannon Weaver:
linear)

BERLOS MODEL
-

Source Message Channel

Receiver
David Berlo
Source and reciver has a
personal makeup of 3 factors:
o Knowledge
o Attitude
o Comm Skills
o Sociocultural system

Message
o Message content
o Communciators
treatment
o Coding of content
Channels (how msg is shared)
o 5 senses

Eugene wHite
Eight Stages of Oral Comm
o Thinking : adesire, feeling
provides the speaker a
STIMULUS to
communicate a need
o Symboliing: a speaker
has to know the CODE OF
ORAL COMM with which
to represent his ideas
o Expressing: vocal mech,
facial exp, gestures and
body stance
o Transmitting: waves of
sound
o Receiving: waves impinge
in ears
o Decoding: listener
interprets language
symbols
o Feedbacking: listener
manifest a nod, smile or
no behavior at all
o Monitoring: speaker
watches for sign of
reception , speaker is
receiving and decoding
messages about himself
from HIS AUDIENCE
Comm is a repetitive, cyclical
event but the dynamic quality is
NOT DEPICTED
Speaker is the originator and
listener is a passive reactor who
does not initiate comm

DANCE MODEL
-

Spiraling figure: the helix

Process of comm: progresses or

moves forward in a CYCLICAL
fashion moving forward but
coming back upon itself.
WHAT HAS HAPPENED BEFORE
INFLUENCES WHAT WE SAY
NOW

SYMBOLIC INTERACTION MODEL

-

Language is a system of
symbols and words are symbolic
Dynamic, systemic in which
communicators CONSTRUCT
PERSONAL MEANINGS through
their symbolic interaction
NO DIRECTION SPECIFIED
(sequential or simultaneous)
Given interaction evolves out of
earlier interaction
As time progresses, SHARED
WORLDS enlarge
Systemic quality: social system
of each communicator
o Dotted lines:
belongingness to an
OPEN SYSTEM ; opent of
roces outside them
o Interrelatedness
Comms PERSONAL
CONSTRUCTION OF MEANINGS
though his PHENOMENAL
WORLD ; BASIS FOR MEANING
Overlap of worlds: clear, shared
understanding of symbols.
CONSTRAINTS (other models did
not highlight this)
o Maybe beyond our
control: social stat, bias,
mood, likes

THE LISTENING PROCESS

-

Listening is the MOST BASIC

among 4 major areas of
language development
S. lundsteen: listening is the 1st
language skill we develop

Most frequently used form of

verbal communication
HEARING vs Listening
o Hearing: physio process
of receiving aural and
visual stimuli ; raw
material
o Listening: ACTIVE PHASE
of speech reception
o Habits + attitudes +
conscious intentions of
the listener
Definitions:
o Nichols: hearing =
apprehension (to became
aware)
Listening is
comprehension:
attachment of
meaning to aural
symbols
o Baird and
Knower:listening: whole
group of mental process
to INTERPRET the
meaning
o Wolvin: receiving,
attending to and
assigning meaning to
aural stimuli
o Brooks: what we hear,
what we understand and
what we remember

NATURE OF LISTENING
-

Dynamic, transactional process

o Message originating
source must be
understood: joint
responsibility
Active process
o De Vito: dies not juts
happen
o Physical energy: to focus
o Mental energy: to
decode , encode
feedback

Complex process

STAGES OF LISTENING
-

W. Brooks
o Hearing
RECEPTION of
sound waves by
ear
3 important
factors:
Auditory
acuity :
ability of the
ear to to
respond to
various
frequencies
or to levels
of loudness
o DECIB
ELS:
loudn
ess
Masking: bg
noise
received by
ear is the
same
frequency
range as
message
Auditory
fatigue:
continuous
exposure to
sounds at
diff
frequencies
o Identifying and
recognizing
Auditory analysis,
mental
organization and
association

Auditory analysis:
comparing sounds
that are heard with
ones familiar to
listener
Mental
reorganization:
uses a system that
helps him retain
and structure
remaining sounds
Associations: links
sounds with
previous memories
and backgrounds
Auding
Assimilates word
the words and
responds to them
with inderstanding
and feeling
5 thinking skills
Indexing
o Arranging
material d/t
importance
Making
comparisons
Noting
sequence
o Arranging
materials
accoding
to time
space
position
Forming
sensory
impressions
o Material to
sensory
images
Appreciating
o Respondin
g to

aesthetic
nature
Emotional
response

ATTENTION AND LISTENING

Attention
-

at : focuses
tension : energy that a
listener needs
Unified, coordinated muscular
set which brings organs t bear
with MAXIMUM EFFECTIVENESS
upon a source of STIMULATION
and contributes to READINESS
and ALERTNESS of response.
DURATION
o Length of absolute
attention is for only a few
seconds
o Pillsbury: 3-24 seconds
o Billings: 2 swc
o Schmidt and
Kristofferson: 63.8 to 66.4
o W Scott: Brain works in
spurts
NUMBER OF STIMULI
o A stimuli can be
attended to a long period
of time but attention will
not be uniformly strong
o Attend to 4-5 bjects
visually and 5-8 auditorily
SELECTIVITY OF ATTENTION
o From one stimulus to
another

PURPOSES IN LISTENING
-

Appreciative
o Pleasure, entertainment,
enjoyment
Empathic
o Provide emotional
support
Comprehensive
o Derive info,facts, ideas

Accuracy of perception, a
considerable degree of
concentration
Critical Listening
o To make an EVALUATION
o Intellectual judgement,
criticize, evaluate
o Controlled appreciative
listening and analytical
listening is necessary
o

BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING

-

Hasty branding the subject as

uninteresting
Focusing attention on
appearance/delivery
o Judge content, not
delivery
Avoiding difficult and
unpleasant material
o Practice listening in a
wide variety of situations
Getting overstimulated by what
speaker says
o Set your feelings about
the speaker and set aside
Listening primarily for facts
o Facts are stepping stones
of ideas leading to a
major point
Try to outline everything that
the speaker says
o Note Taking Methods
Key word outline:
main points +
supporting
evidence
Precis writing:
listen, mentally
summarize, write
short paragraph
from time to time
Fact vs
principle:right
column: principles,
left column: facts

Mapping: main
idea at center then
branch out; for
disorganized msg
Annotation:opposit
e printed speech
Cornell system:
RECORD and
RECALL
Faking Attention
Creating or yielding to
distractios
Engaging in private planning
Wasting adv of thought speed
o Brain can understand
more words that speakers
can produce
o Rate of speaking: 125175 words per kin
o Rate at we think: 400
words per min
o Capitalize!

GUIDES TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING

-

Listen actively
o Listen with effort
o Physical alertness
Listen with empathy
Listen for total meaning
o Observe body actions
o Visual aids
o Listen between the lines
Listen with open mind
Give effective feedback
o Feedback: response
(overt and covert)
o Immediate, honest,
appropriate, clear and
informative
Listen critically
o Weighing and evaluating
poijt by point

PROPAGANDA ETCHNIQUES
-

Name calling
o Unfavorable label to a
person

Glittering generalities
o Vague but virtuous
sounding label
Irrelevant personal attacks
False appeal to authority : ipse
dixit: because he says it
Transfer: shifts the authority of
something known to other to
make the latter acceptable
Half truth : neither false nor true
Card stacking: use evidence
that supports , omit unfavorable
Plain folks device: humble
origins, modest bg
Bandwagon
False causality: wrong cause of
an effect
False analogy: instances
compared are not closely similar
in all essential aspects
Hasty generalization: too little
evidence

VOICE
-

Second major element of a

speakers presentation
Vocal delivery
o Involves mechanics of
vocalization, vocal
characteristics (pitch,
volume, rate and quality)
and pronunciation
PHYSIOLOGY OF SPEECH
o Voice production
RESPIRATION: air to
produce sound
Sound is produced
during exhalation
when vocal folds
inside larynx come
together until there
is only a slit. Air
forced up in the
trachea = folds
vibrate to produce
sound

Diaphragmatic
breathing
PHONATION: air
pushed through
the vocal cords
which vibrate to
produce sound:
throughout the
vocal chamber of
mouth. Nose and
throat
RESONATION:
qualities are added
to the sound as it
passess through
the throat and
head
Principal
resonators:
larynx,
throat, nasal
cavities and
mouth
o Mechanism of Articulation
Tongue, teeth lips,
jaw, gumridge ,
hard and soft
palate
ASPECTS OF VOICE USAGE
o Volume
Intensity/loudness
of voice
Adjust voice to the
acoustics of the
room, size of
audience and level
of background
noise
o Pitch
How high or low
the voice sounds
Natural pitch:
length and width of
the vocal cord
Women:
thinner and

longer than
men
The faster sound
waves vibrate, the
higher their pitch;
the slower; the
lower
Pitch can affect
meaning
Upward:
question
Downward:
affirmation
Emphasis

Rate
Speed at which the
person speaks
120-160 per
minute
Comprehension
Speech tension:
under the pressure
Quality
Timbre of the
voice:
distinguishes one
voice from another
Resonant quality:
deep and mellow
Poor phonation
Pauses
Adds
color,expression,fe
eling
Periods, transition
of ideas
Emphasis
Changes the give
meaning to a word
Change volume,
pitch , rate
Variety
Natural feature of
ordinary
conversation

FACTORS INFLUENCING YOUR VOICE

Physical makeup
o During phonation: lungs,
vocal cords, larynx and
resonating organs
Psychological factors
Past and present environment:
members of the family have the
same voices
Regional dialects: intonation,
phonation

CHARACTERISITCS OF AN EFFECTIVE
VOICE
-

AUDIBILITY
o Effective use of force and
the need for vocal
projection
o Adjust volume of his/her
voice to the sound of
audience and to
competing noises
PLEASANT
o Speaking mechanism
must be relaxed
o Pleasant = appearance,
likeability and personality
o Well-modulated, smooth,
resonant voice
o Optimum pitch : tone in
middle range
o Habitual pitch
FLUENCY
o Smooth, easy and ready
flow of utterances
o Produced by a general
tempo suited to the
occasion, message or
speaker
o Use of appropriate
pauses and eliminating
hesitation
FLEXIBILITY
o Hold attention, clarify
meaning, get response
o Pitch, rate, volume and
quality enhances
meaning

PRONUNCIATION
-

Combination of words, vowels,

consonants, syllables and
accents
Geographical area, occasion or
education
International Phonetic Alphabet:
standard guide for
pronunciation of vowels and
consonants

ARTICULATION
-

Process of forming meaningful

oral symbols through
manipulation of the articulators
tongue, soft and hard palates
Failure to form particular speech
sounds as crisp and distinct is a
result of sloppy articulation
NOT ALL ERRORS IN
PRONUNCIATION ARE FROM
ARTICULATION

DIALECTS
-

Distinct grammar, accent and

vocabulary
No dialect is inherebtly better or
worse
Dialects appropriateness =
composition of the audience

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
-

Edward Hall: Those of us who

keep our eyes open can read
volumes into what we see going
on around us.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
o Ruesch and Kees: neither
written nor spoken
o Paralanguage: all the
nuances: tone, pitch and
articulation
Categories of Non Verbal
Communication
o Sign Language

Codes which
number,words and
punctuation signs
have been
supplanted or
replaced by
gestures
o Action Language
All movements that
ARE NOT used
exclusively as
signals
o Object Language
Embraces all
INTENTIONAL and
NON-INTENTIONAL
display of material
things
Dimensions of Nonverbal
Communication
o Knapp enumerates
SEVEN dimensions
Body motion /
kinesics
Physical
characteristics
Touching behavior
or haptics
Paralanguage
Proxemics
Artifacts
o Joseph de Vitos typology
Body
communication
Gestural,faci
al,eye,touch
Space
communication
Proxemics,
territoriality,
aesthetics
and colors
Silence,
paralanguage and
temporal
communication

Silence,
paral,time

PRINCIPLES OF NONVERBAL
MESSAGES
-

CONTEXTUAL
o It takes good practice/
exposure
IN WHOLES not in PARTS
o Congruence
Verbal and
nonverbal
behaviors reinforce
each other
Always COMMUNICATE
o Regardless what one
does or does not
o It is impossible to not
communicate
Follow CERTAIN RULES
o Learned through
behaviors
MOTIVATED
o Why
o It is not possible to tell
whats going om inside a
person just by looking
closely at his non verbals
MORE CREDIBLE THAN VERBAL
o Total impact = .07 verbal
+ .38 vocal + .55 facial
REFERS TO OTHER
COMMUNICATION
o Metacommunication
Goes beyond
verbal messages
and comments on
them, ON HOW
THE
COMMUNICATOR IS
SENDING OUT
THESE VERBAL
MESSAGES
Joseph de Vitos UNIVERSALS OF
NONVERBAL MESSAGES
o Contextual

Cannot be isolated
from its context
Packaged
Occu in clusters;
consistent with
other messages
Communicative
All nonverbal send
a message
Rule-governed
Embedded in
culture
Motivated
Occur with some
reason,
IDENTIFIABLE or
NOT
Credible
More highly
believable
Metacommunicational
Refers on verbal
and other
nonverbal
messages by
reinforcing or
contradicting
Nonverbal that
carry meaning that
enhance/ disallow
what we ay in
wrods

CATEGORIES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
-

Body Motion or Kinesic Behavior

o Ekman and Friesen
o EMBLEMS:
correspond to
DIRECT VERBAL
TRANSLATION ;
STRONGLY SHARED
Used when verbal
channels are
blocked or when
they fail

Deliberate body
movements
Sign language, TV
crew signals
o Illustrators
Illustrate wat is
said verbally
Accent, stress or
emphasize
Sketch a path or
direction
Depict spatial
relationship
Body cues that
support/reinforce
speech
o Affect Displays
Unintentional
mvmt, reflects
emotional states of
being
Can be intentional
Facial configuration
o Regulators
Head nods and eye
movements
Maintain and
regulate the back
and forth nature of
speaking and
listening
TURN TAKING
Hmmm..hmm
Hurry up, continue,
elaborate
o Adaptors
Unintentionak
mvmts
Sign of
nervousness
Physical Characteristics
o Physique, body shape,
general attractiveness
Touching Behavior (Haptics)
o Conveys an array of
emotions or affectvie
states

Paralanguage
o How something is said
and not what is said
o 2 components
VOICE QUALITIES
Pitch range,
pitch
control,
rhythm
control,
tempo,
articulation
VCALIZATIONS
Vocal
characterize
rs: laughing,
crying,
sighing,
yawning
Vocal
qualifiers:
intensity,
pitch height
and extent
Vocal
segregates:
uh-uh, hmm
Silent
pauses,
interrupting
sounds
Proxemics
o Study on how man uses
his personal and social
space
o Small group ecology
Study how people
respond to spatial
relationships in
informal and
formal settings
o Gronbeck and Monroe
Intimate: up to ft
Personal: 1 to 4
ft
Social: 4 to 12 ft
Public: 12 ft up

Artifacts
o Close contact with person
o Bags, shoes, pins
Environmental factors
o Not in close contact
o Amy impinge on the
human rel
o Furniture, archi, lighting,
o Chronemics: how we use
time to communicate

FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
-

Repeating
o Verbal then nonverbal
o Sequential not
simultaneous
o Complementing/accentin
g but with a delay
between the verbal and
nonverbal
Contradicting
o Incongruent behavior
o Mixed signals/ double
message
o Doen to confuse
o Subconsciously done
while lying
Substituting
o NO VERBAL MESSAGE
Complementing
o Maintained all throughout
o Complement or reinforce
words
o Maiantianing the
animated voice
Accenting
o One point a the situation
o Making emphasis
Relating and regulating
o Turn taking cues
o Eye contact to signal,
control, interrupt

*Importance of nonverbal cannot be

relegated to background
*65% is carried on the nonverbal band

LANGUAGE
-

De vito: Language is the code,

system of symbols, utilized in
the construction of verbal
messages
Early history
o Invention: analysis
o Disposition:
a=organization
o Elocution: language or
style
o Memoria
o Pronunciation: delivery
Hughes: system of arbitrary
symbols
Speech: ongoing multisyllabic
beh in social situation

NATURE OF LANGUAGE
-

Words are only symbols

o Represent meanings
o NOT THE ACTUAL THING
ITSELF
o Alfred Korzybski : map is
not the territory that
stands for; functional
symbol that stands for
physical territory
o Triangle of meaning by
Ogden and Richards (The
Meaning of Meaning)
Thought
(reference)
Referent (Thing
itself) - - - - Word
(symbol)
Mental connection
between referent
and word
o Euphemism: substitution
of an agreeable
expression
MEANINGS ARE IN PEOPLE not in
words

Only sound and light

waves come between
speaker and listener
Language Is DYAMIC
o Words are static while
meanings are dynamic
o Language is a function of
tme
o Language is a function of
culture; what the group
deems important to their
everyday lives
Words have many types of
meanings
o Denotation
Objective,
precise,literak
o Connotation
Subjective,
figurative and
variable
S.L. Hayakawa:
language in
Thought and Action
Snarl words:
politician
Purr words:
statesman
Loaded words
o Structural meaning
Meaning of a
sentence is
determined not by
the word alone but
also by the
arrangement and
sequence of words
o Contextual meaning
Linguistic and non
linguistic factors
Linguistic: words
which the term is
surrounded
Nonlinguistic: facial
exp, gestures
o Sound meaning
o

Derived from the

way a word is
spoken

THE ATTRIBUTES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL

LANGUAGE
-

CLEAR
o Correctness:
grammatically correct
o Accuracy: precise word
choice
Imprecision: use of
abstract words;
move from
abstract to
concrete
o Simplicity
Short, simple word
Avoid technical
jargon
Avoid verbosity
Brief messages
produced more
attitude change
Avoid tautology
and redundancy
Avoid hackneyes
phrases: last but
not the least
o Understandability
Define terms
Avoid jargon, slang
and uncommon
foreign words
Slang:
sublanguage :
extreme
informality
Direct and conversational
o Instant intelligibility
o Quickly, comprehensible,
less formal, more
restatement, direct and
personal, easily spoken
o Simple but graphic words
o Direct and rhetorical
questions

Idiomatic exp
ACTIVE VOICE
More repetitions and
restatement
Appropriate to the listeners,
occasion, speech purpose and
personality
o Appropriate to audience
Audience analysis
will help u
Avoid alienating
audience
o Appropriate to occasion
o speech purpose
Accuracy of
vocabulary,
explanation of
technical terms
and correctness of
language
o speaker
Must reflect
character
Vivid
o Colorful language
o Use of imagery
o Visual imagery: make
your audience see the
objects or situations
described
o
o
o

THE SELF AND INTRAPERSONAL COMM

-

Self: we frequently depend on

others who perceive us
Civikly: the way we see
ourselves has an inevitable
impact on human interactions
SELF CONCEPT FORMATION
o Reflected Appraisals
1st principle of
direct reflections:
self concept is
largely shaped by
responses of
others
2nd principle of
perceived self:

Cooleys looking
glass self; we
imagine our
appearance to that
personWhat do I
perceive to be his
attitude towards
me?
3rd principle of
generalized other:
self arises out of
social experience :
applying to
yourself the
attitudes of the
society as a whole
Social comparisons
Social evaluation
theory
Human beings
learn about
themselves by
themselves to
others.
Referent individual
becomes your
standard
Rosenberg:
Criterion
based:
(superior or
inferior)
excellence,
virtue, merit
Norm based
(same or
different):
conformity
or deviance
Self-attribution
Woolfolk on Educ
Psych: notion of
individual
perception
Believe that you
can, and you will.
Self- values

Self concept as an
organization , not
an arbitrary
collection of parts,
places and
components and
that these are
hierarchically
organized and
interrelated in
complex ways
WHAT IS
IMPORTANT TO AN
IDNIVIDUAL
WOULD RELATE TO
ONES GLOBAL
SELF-ESTEEM
Self concept is
LESS COMPETITIVE
As LONG As
someone focuses
in the area he
excels, each is
superior to the rest

WISEMAN and BARKER MODEL

-

Creating, functioning and

evaluation of symbolic
processes which operate within
the originating or responding
communicator
Entire rectangular area as the
individual communicating to
himself
CENTER: Life orientation
o Result of the sum total of
social, hereditary and
personal factors which
influenced you.
Takes place inside the brain
INTERNAL STIMULI
o Received by brain
o Makes self communicator
aware of the
physiological and
psychological condition of
body

Joints ache, stuffy nose,

headache -> rush to the
infirmary for checkup
External Stimuli
o Come from outside of
body, from immediate or
proximate environment
o 2 types of external
stimuli:
OVERT: received at
conscious stimuli
COVERT: received
at the preconscious
or subconscious
level
Reception
o When body receives
stimuli: intrapersonal
comm starts
o Can take place singly or
in combination
o External (physical,
chemical, mechanical)
and internal (empty
stomach or itchy throat)
receptors in 5 organs
receive stimuli -> nerve
impulses -> brain
Discrimination
o You cannot attend to ALL
stimuli.
o Determines what stimuli
are allowed to stimulate
thought.
o Occurs below conscious
level
Regrouping
o Strongest and most
important stimuli
selected is arranged in a
meaningful sequence
o Attend to the strongest
first
Ideation
o Messages are thought
out, planned and
organized
o

From individuals
storehouse, knowledge
and experiences
Incubation
o Allowing your ideas to
grow and develop further
o Hatching period
o Weigh, evaluate, organize
and reflect on your
message
Symbol Encoding
o Symbols of thought are
transformed into words,
gestures and actions
Transmission
o Destination is the
communicator itself
o If message received by
self then they travel from
nervous system to the
muscles which are
responsible for
movements and actions
Feedback
o Response to a message
coming from an external
source
o External self feedback:
response through
airwaves. You heard
yourself commit an error
then you correct it
o Internal Self feedback:
bone conduction and
muscular mvmt
o

INCREASING SELF AWARENESS

-

Johari Window
o Joseph Luft and
Harrington Ingham
o OPEN, BLIND AREA,
HIDDEN and UNKNOWN:
EA
Open self
o Willing to divulge
o Comm is dependent to
our degree of openness

Blind self
o Known to others, not
known to self
o Decreasing blind self
enhance interpersonal
relationships
Hidden self
o Information known to self
but unknown to others
o Selective disclosers:
screen information they
reveal to certain people
Unknown self
o Uncharted areas
o Time will disclose to self

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OUR SELFPRESENTATION

-

Other: determine the way we

present ourselves.
o Many selves depending
on the person
Situation: shifts in identity for
maximization of reward
Motivation: motives of the self
in undertaking a relationship, to
gain acceptance and approval
of others.

*Intrapersonal comm is not an

uncomplicated process, individual
must practice opennessto learn more,
willingness to listen and communicate
it back to himself through reflection.

ETHOS
-

SPEAKERS ETHOS

Ethos: most potent means of

convincing and influencing
audience.
Quintillian (Training of an orator)
o Good man speaking well
o Training since infancy
McCroskey: process dimensions
o Initial credibility
o Produced credibility

Listeners reception of message

source, which impression he
processes at a given time or
situation in order to assess the
speakers worth.

NATURE OF ETHOS

- dynamic, ongoing operating in a

process of becoming.

o Terminal credibility
Source credibility
o References to yourself
and experience inc
perceived trustworthiness
and competence
o Use of highly credible
authorities to backup
your claims
o If you can demonstrate
that you and your
audience have the same
beliefs = overall
credibility will increase
o Well organized speech
o More sincere = better
chance of changing your
listener;s attitudes
Mc Croskey on Ethos: receivers
impression of a message source

Varying from individual to

individual
Changing through time
Being personal and situational
Being composite
o Context, previous
reputation, audience
needs, rhetorical aspects
of message
McCroskey; communal char
o Competence
o Honesty
o Trustworthiness

DYNAMICS OF ETHOS:
-

Extrinsic
o Previous knowledge of
the speakers good

character, competence,
intelligence and
trustworthiness
Intrinsic
o Speakers words and
actions are assessed by
his listeners; heighten or
diminish the initial ethos
Terminal ethos
o Listener perceives and
assess speaker upon

completion of the
communication event.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
-

Display adequate knowledge

Sincere
Must appear well-groomed and
personable, behaving with
decorum