Chapter 1

7 Lecture

HUMAN ANATOMY
Fifth Edition

Chapter 7
The Skeletal System:
Appendicular Division

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Frederic Martini
Michael Timmons
Robert Tallitsch

Introduction
The appendicular skeleton is involved in
changing your position in the external
environment.
Standing
Walking
Sitting
Dressing
Driving a car

 Includes bones of the:

Limbs
Girdles that attach the limbs to the trunk
Ligaments
Landmarks on each bone

Introduction

Figure 7.1 The Appendicular Skeleton

The Pectoral Girdle and the Upper Limb

Includes the S-shaped clavicle (collarbone)
and the flattened scapula (shoulder blade).
The clavicle articulates with the sternums
manubrium; is the only direct connection
between the axial skeleton and the pectoral
girdle.
The scapula is attached to the clavicle
anteriorly but has no connection to the
actual axial skeleton; instead skeletal
muscles and ligaments support it.
PLAY

The Pectoral Girdle

The Clavicle

Figure 7.3 The Clavicle

The Scapula

Figure 7.5a,b,c The Scapula

The Scapula

Figure 7.5d,e,f The Scapula

Glenohumeral joint
The loose glenohumeral (scapula /
humerus) joint has a wide range of
flexibility but less stability
The glenohumeral joint is a commonly
dislocated joint

Fig
7.2

The Upper Limb

Consists of the:
Brachium (humerus)
Antebrachium (ulna and radius)
Wrist (carpals)
Hand (metacarpals and phalanges)

PLAY

The Upper Limb

The Humerus: Anterior

Figure 7.6a The Anterior Humerus

The Humerus: Posterior

Figure 7.6d The Posterior Humerus

Ulna

Radius

The Wrist and Hand

The carpal bones are the eight bones of
the wrist.
The five metacarpal bones articulate with
the distal carpal bones and make up the
palm of the hand.
The fourteen phalanges of the hand make
up the finger bones.

PLAY

The Wrist and Hand

Metacarpals numbered 1 5, lateral to medial

Phalanges numbered 1 5, lateral to medial

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

The pelvic girdle supports and protects the
lower viscera and developing fetus in females.
The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb
are much more massive than their homologues
of the upper limb.
Consists of two ossa coxae bones.
The lower limb includes the thigh (femur),
kneecap (patella), leg, (tibia and fibula), ankle
(tarsals), and foot (metatarsals and
phalanges).
PLAY

The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

Fig
7.9

The pelvic girdle & lower limbs

Bones of the pelvic girdle include:
Two coxal bones
Each coxal bone is made of three bones
Ilium, ischium, & pubis

The pubic symphysis joins the coxal bones

on the anterior side

ilium

ischium

pubis

body

 The sacroiliac joint connects the sacrum to the

coxal bones on the posterior side (strongest joint
in the body)

Fig
7.11

The Pelvis

Figure 7.11a Anterior Pelvis

Figure 7.11b Posterior Pelvis

Fig
7.12

The Pelvis: Male vs. Female

The male and female pelvis contains
numerous differences.
Generally the male pelvis is heavier with more
prominent markings due to the larger muscles
attached to it.

The Pelvis: Male vs. Female

Characteristics of the female pelvis:

Enlarged pelvic outlet, due to wider ischial spines

Less curvature of the sacrum and coccyx
Wider, more circular pelvic inlet
Broader, lower pelvis
Widely fanning ilia
Pubic angle greater than 100

PLAY

The Pelvis

Fig
7.13

Broad low
pubis
Wider pelvic
inlet & pelvic
outlet
Less anterior
curve to the
sacrum &
coccyx

Ilia that
project
farther
laterally

Broader
pubic arch

The Femur: Anterior

Figure 7.14a The Anterior Femur

The Femur: Posterior

Figure 7.14d The Posterior Femur

The Patella

Figure 7.15 The Patella

The Tibia and Fibula: Anterior

Figure 7.16a The Anterior Tibia and Fibula

The Tibia and Fibula: Posterior

Figure 7.16d The Posterior Tibia and Fibula

The Ankle and Foot

Seven tarsal bones make up the ankle.
The five metatarsal bones articulate with
the distal tarsal bones and make up the
arches of the foot.
The fourteen phalanges of the foot make
up the toe bones.

PLAY

The Ankle and Foot

The talus articulates

with the tibia

tarsals

Metatarsals
numbered 1 5,
medial to lateral

phalanges
numbered 1 5,
medial to lateral

Ankle injury-Inversion-eversion injury

Inversion injury Forces plantar surface medially

Talus is shoved into the medial malleolus
of tibia
Talaus & calcaneus are forced away from
the lateral malleolus of fibula

 Torn or stretched Cancaneofibular ligament &/or

anterior. & posterior Talofibular ligament

 Eversion injury Forces plantar surface laterally

Talus is shoved into the lateral malleolus
of fibula (fracture to lateral malleolus)
Talaus & calcaneus are forced away from
the medial malleolus of tibia

 Talus may be driven between fibula & tibia

forcing bones apart & tearing interosseus
membrane
Torn or stretched-deltiod ligament