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Introduction to Biology
Lecture 1
School
S
h l off Biological
Bi l i l Sciences
S i
Nanyang Technological University
8 August 2011
Lecturer
Professor Alex Law
Tutorials
Donna Tan
Ou Sirong
Ravishankar Chandrasekaran
Teo Zi Qiang
Laboratory Assistants
Chen Xi
Guan Siyu
Mukesh Mahajan
Shubhadra Pillay
Tan Jiazi
Tay Qi Xiang Martin
W
Wang
Qi
Zenita Adhireksan
Zhang Qiaoyun
2
Confucius said:
"To learn without thinking, one will be lost.
To think without learning,
learning one will be imperilled
imperilled."
NTU Blue Ribbons Commission cover page
Remember: this is y
your first University
y course,,
emphasis on self-learning, and thinking
3
Knowledge Acquisition
Understanding throughThinking
Learning
ea
g tthrough
oug Curiosity
Cu os ty and
a d Enthusiasm
t us as
Understanding by putting the facts together there are more
than one way
Research may be generalized to tackling of new problems where
standard answers, or solutions, do not exist.
If we knew what it was we were doing
doing, it would not be called
If
research, would it? Albert Einstein
There is no distinct boundaries between the different
disciplines in science.
science
All information should be qualified with a ?, some with a BIG
one, some with a small one. The size of the ? should be
modified
difi d according
di to
t new information
i f
ti
available.
il bl
4
Half the things a man knows at 20 are no longer true at 40, and
half the things he knows at 40 hadnt been discovered when he
was 20
20. Sir Arthur C Clarke (1917-2008,
(1917 2008 science and science
fiction writer).
5
Textbook:
CA marks (40%)
A mid-term quiz and two lab reports.
reports
Participate in the Discussion Board. I will answer your queries.
Additional CA points may be given if you post an interesting
question, or make an interesting point. Please always put your
name and Matriculation Number when you post anything so that
I can know who you are.
7
Evolution
Nothing in biology makes sense
except in the light of evolution.
Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975)
EARTH
Singapore
1 3 N
1.3
Equator
0 latitude
Latitude:View
from 149687715
km =above
95'S 6327'E
Longitude: 103.9 E
Galaxy Cluster
10
Sequels
q
2010: Odyssey Two (book and film)
2061: Odyssey Three (book only)
3001: The Final Odyssey (book only)
11
Sagittarius Arm
Orion Arm
M13
M13
Perseus Arm
SUN
S n
Sun
12
Mercury
Mars
Uranus
Venus
Jupiter
p
Neptune
p
Earth
Saturn
24 August 2006
Pluto
dwarf
d
a p
planet
a et
14
Mercury
Diameter
Km
Mass
Kg
57.9
0.38
4880
3.30 x 1023
Venus
108.2
0.72
12104
4.87 x 1024
Earth
149.6
(1)
12756
5.97 x 1024
Mars
384.4
1.52
6794
6.42 x 1023
Jupiter
778 3
778.3
5 20
5.20
142984
1 90 x 1027
1.90
Saturn
1429
9.54
120536
5.68 x 1026
Uranus
2871
19.2
51118
8.68 x 1025
Neptune
4505
30.1
49532
1.02 x 1026
AU = astronomical unit = average distance between the Earth and the Sun
AU academic unit
15
Galileo
1564-1642
16
Parent
Planet
Orbit
Km
Diameter
Km
Mass
Kg
Moon
Earth
384 000
3 476
7.35 x 1022
Io
Jupiter
422 000
3 630
8.49 x 1022
Europa
Jupiter
671 000
3 139
4.80 x 1022
Ganymede
Jupiter
1 070 000
5 262
1.48 x 1023
Callisto
Jupiter
1 883 000
4 800
1.08 x 1023
Galilean moons
17
Europa
p
6th of the Jupiter satellites
and fourth largest
Callisto
8th of the Jupiter satellites
and second largest
18
19
Jerry Ehman
20
We are here!
Pioneer Plaque
Pi
Pioneer
10 (1972)
Pioneer 11 (1973)
21
The message
1679 (23 x 73)
binary digits
22
0
0
1
x
0
1
0
x
0
1
1
x
1
0
0
x
1
0
1
x
1
1
0
x
1
1
1
x
00
00
01
x
00
00
11
x
00
10
01
x
10
23
Are we intelligent?
Life Intelligence (in SETIs context)
History
y of Wireless Communication
Pre-1900: theory only
Michael Faraday: demonstration of induction
Radio broadcasting after 1900
Before that, we were NOT intelligent
Or, nobody out THERE can tell if we were intelligent
If someone sent us a signal which arrived 100 years ago, we were not
intelligent enough to detect it.
Technical limitations:
Signal strength: Areciba Broadcast our galaxy, SETI-like setup
Can they figure out the message in the Arecibo message?
24
25
Man-made satellites
26
The Elements
27
Atomic structure
Location
Mass
Charge
Proton
Nucleus
+1
Neutron
Nucleus
Electron
Orbitals
~1/2000
-1
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Number of protons
or
Number of electrons
Number of protons
+
Number of neutrons
Mass Weight
Hydrogen
Oxygen
P=1
N=0
E=1
AN = 1
AM = 1
P=8
N=8
E=8
AN = 8
AM = 16
28
Dmitri Mendeleev
(1834-1907)
H
Li Be
Na Mg
Al Si
Cl
K Ca Sc Ti
Rb Sr
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Zr Nb Mo
Cs Ba
Ta W
La Ce
Th
Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Os Ir
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
Dy
U
Er
29
The
e Periodic
e od c Table
ab e
H
He
Li Be
Na Mg
Al Si
Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti
Rb Sr
Ne
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
Xe
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Natural elements
Synthetic elements
30
http://www.dayah.com/periodic/
10
0
10
14
10
14
10
14
10
14
While the 3d shell is being filled, all the 10 elements have similar
properties because their outer shell (4s) has two electrons, they are
the first 10 transition metals including iron, copper and zinc.
31
% Wt
Earth
Element
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Oxygen
16
46.6
30.1
65.0
Silicon
Si
14
28
27.7
15.1
trace
Aluminium
Al
13
27
6.5
1.4
trace
Iron
Fe
26
56
5.0
32.1
trace
Calcium
Ca
20
40
3.6
1.5
1.5
S di
Sodium
N
Na
11
23
28
2.8
t
trace
02
0.2
Potassium
19
39
2.6
trace
0.4
Magnesium
Mg
12
24
2.1
13.9
0.1
0 14
0.14
trace
95
9.5
25
55
0.1
trace
trace
Hydrogen
Manganese
H
Mn
Atomic
Weight
% Wt
Earth Crust
% Wt
Human Body
Fluorine
19
0.07
trace
trace
Phosphorus
15
31
0.07
trace
1.0
Carbon
12
0.03
trace
18.5
Sulphur
16
32
0.03
2.9
0.3
Chlorine
Cl
17
35.5
0.01
trace
0.2
Nitrogen
14
trace
trace
3.3
Nickel
Ni
28
53
trace
1.8
trace
32
Number of electrons in
the outermost shell:
1
1(1s)
2(1s)
2(2s)
2(2p)
2(1s)
2(2s)
3(2p)
2(1s)
2(2s)
4(2p)
Li Be
Na Mg
K Ca Sc Ti
Rb Sr
He
B
Ne
Al Si
Cl Ar
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
Xe
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Uuq
Uuh
Uuo
possible trace
essential elements ?
33
Nonreactive
Reactive
2 protons
2 neutrons
2 electrons
7 protons
7 neutrons
7 electrons
K
L
2+
7+
Helium
Nitrogen
35
36
Ionic Bond
Na++
Na
Na
NaCl
Sodium atom
Cl
Cl
Chlorine atom
Chloride ion ()
a.
Cl
Na++
Cl
Na++
Cl
Na++
Cl
Na++
Cl
b. NaCl crystal
37
Covalent bond
No net charge
Filled outermost shell
(in this case 1)
No free electrons
Hydrogen
H2
Single
Oxygen
O2
Double
Nitrogen
N2
Triple
38
C C
H H
H
He
Ne
N N
O O
P P
S S
Cl Cl
Ar
triple
bond
double
bond
single
bond
inert
gas
39
3.5
30
3.0
2.5
21
2.1
Electronegativity describes the relative ability of an atom to attract electrons
in a covalent bond: it is a dimensionless q
quantity.
y
Thus, if the covalent bond is between two atoms of different electronegativities,
the one with higher electronegativity would pull the electrons in the covalent
bond towards its nucleus,, rendering
g the bond polar.
p
Alternatively, if the electronegativities of the two elements are similar, they will
exert similar pull to the bond electrons, making the bond non-polar.
Large difference in electronegativities between O and H (3.5 vs 2.1) makes
O-H bond polar, and small difference between C and H (2.5 vs 2.1) makes
C-H bond non-polar.
40
Hydrogen bond
Also note that there are two pairs of electrons on the oxygen as
well as two hydrogen. This symmetry allow the water molecules
to form an infinite matrix.
Clearly, hydrogen bond can also be formed between H and N.
41
42
Consequences:
43
Other p
properties
p
of water (all
( derivatives of being
g H2O))
and being able to form network of hydrogen bonds
Higher freezing/melting point: 0C
High
g condensation/boiling
g point:
p
100C
Large temperature range to remain in a liquid state (from 0C to 100C)
High specific heat: 1 cal/gm/C
Excellent general solvent
Cohesion:
44
Melting
Point
Boiling
Point
Range
H2
-259.1
-253.9
5.2
He
-272.2
-268.9
3.3
CH4
-182
-161.6
20.4
NH3
-77.7
-33.3
44.4
H2O
0.0
100.0
100.0
HF
-83.6
19.5
103.1
Ne
-248.6
-246.1
1.5
PH3
-133.5
133 5
-85.0
85 0
48 5
48.5
H2S
-85.5
-60.7
14.8
HCl
-114.2
-85.1
29.1
Ar
-189.2
-185.7
3.5
Compounds
H2
CH4
He
NH3
H2O
HF
Ne
PH3
H2S
HCl
Ar
45
Consider ammonia
Melting/freezing point: -77.7C
Condensation/boiling point: -33.5C
H
H
107
107
N
Number
b off lone
l
pair
i electrons:
l t
1
Number of hydrogen: 3
The asymmetry of the lone pair
electrons and hydrogen atoms
d
does
nott allow
ll
the
th formation
f
ti off a
spaceous matrix as water. Solid
ammonia sinks.
46
Solubilizing NaCl
Water interacting with the individual Na+ and Cl ions to keep them apart.
NaCl is said to be soluble. When the amount of Na+ and Cl increase to
the point where there is insufficient number of water molecules to keep
them apart,
apart they aggregate to form crystal
crystal. The maximum amount of NaCl
can be kept apart without crystallizing defines the solubility of NaCl.
49
B: two bonds
B
B
B
B
B
B
A string
C: three bonds
A surface
D ffour bonds
D:
b d
A th
three di
dimensional
i
l structure
t
t
51
ethylene
ethane
acetylene
methane
hexane
benzene
52
Nanotube
Football
Buckminsterfullerene
Buckyball
The Jubalani Ball WC2010
53
Graphite
Diamond
54
Valence
He
Li
Be
Ne
Na
Mg
g
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
+1
+2
+3
-3
-2
-1
Carbon: 6 electrons
1s2
2s2 2p2
Silicon: 14 eletrons
1s2
2s2 2p6
Carbon dioxide
(gas)
3s2 3p2
Cannot form
double bond
Silicone dioxide
(solid)
55
Collision
C
lli i off Earth
E th with
ith a Mars-size
M
i object,
bj t
leading to formation of a moon or two.
George Gamow
(1904-1968)
56
Our Sun: second or third generation stars (population I), thus our solar
system has the heavier elements necessary for the kind of life we are.
98% of the matter collapsed
p
into a single
g mass,, which is the Sun (1.39
(
x
106 km in diameter, 1.99 x 1030 kg). Other found ways to materialize
into the planets.
Closer to the Sun favours heat resistant silicates, farther out allows
lighter molecules to condense, including water.
Violent nature off the early solar system resulted in the ejection and capture
of interplanetary material, the origin of earths rocky crust and water are
likely to be of planetary and cometary origin.
Last significant impact of a meteorite ~ 65 mya, extinction of dinosaurs.
Worldwide deposition of a layer of the rare layer of iridium. Giant crater
under Mexico 180 km across,, impact
p
of an object
j
estimated to be about 20
km in diameter.
58
Venus
Earth
Mars
Orbit x 103 km
108 200
149 600
227 940
Di
Diameter
t (km)
(k )
12 104
12 756
6 794
4.87 x 1024
5.97 x 1024
6.42 x 1023
90
0 01
0.01
CO2
(mostly)
N2 (77%)
O2 (21%)
CO2 (95%)
N2 (2.7%)
Surface
H2SO4
71% water
Ice/CO2 caps
Surface temp
>450C
Ave ~ 15C
Ave ~ 55C
none
Moon
Phobos
Deimos
Mass (kg)
At
Atmosphere
h
Component of Atm
Satellite
59
Darwin
D
i
(1809-1882)
Oparin
(1894-1980)
60
Whatever the origin is, we can be certain that all living organisms
today has the same origin
origin.
Although your textbook lists many common properties of life, including:
cellular organization,
organization sensitivity,
sensitivity growth,
growth development,
development reproduction
reproduction,
regulation, homeostasis, and heredity, I have condensed them to three.
Basic building raw materials proteins, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates lipids
carbohydrates,
lipids.
We can cross-feed each other.
Same genetic code and material.
With this argument, does it happen only once? Not necessarily,
since the other forms simply went extinct and not detected.
Extraterrestrial Origin: panspermia?
This simply transfer the problem to elsewhere
elsewhere . I will let you
think about what are the pros and cons of this conjecture.
61
The Miller-Urey
Miller Urey Experiment (1953
(1953, University of Chicago)
Harold Urey
(1893-1981)
Stanley Miller
(1930-2007)
64
65
Barringer Crater: 1
1.2
2 km across
100 m deep, 30 000 years old
Extinction
E
i i off dinosaurs
di
Crater 180 km across
65 million years ago
Oldest fossil
of eukaryotes
Multicellular
g
Organism
End of serious bombardment at
less than 10 million years
intervals: 200 million years ago
ago.
67
A prebiotic simulation of a black smoker with pieces of minimal rich lava with
seawater. When superheated, minerals from lava with carbon dioxide move to
a second chamber where the chemicals react to form simple organic molecules.
69
Animals
Microorganisms
C
Current
t Classification
Cl
ifi ti
S
System
t
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Eukarya
Fungi
g
Plantae
Animalia
72
Fig. 1.7
73