Q. 1 Describe briefly some specific techniques of teaching of English.

(20)
Vocabulary in ESL programs. However, it is just as important because with bad or
garbled pronunciation, the spoken message gets lost. 1 think becomes I sink, to
give a common example. With ESL learners across the world, each country and culture
has its own verbal albatross. Here is how can you can begin to use pronunciation for
your
students
needs.
Pronunciation is an essential component not only of learning a language but also of
using that language. For this reason, the learning of proper pronunciation is a delicate
area; students need to feel free to make mistakes and practice their pronunciation in
order to increase their accuracy, but there are also times when pronunciation must be
quickly corrected so that it does not impede the students ability to understand and be
understood. Below we will look more closely at pronunciation and activities that can
help
students
improve
their
pronunciation.
Structuralism is a theory that seeks to explain broad subjects by looking at their
individual components and how they interact. This is particularly useful when teaching
English; many people learn English by applying individual elements, such as grammar
and vocabulary. Taking the structuralist approach to teaching English will help you
develop a methodology that can be applied to any problem.

SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES OF TEACHING OF ENGLISH

The
Theory
Structuralism views a thing as a complex system of interrelated parts. The structural
approach to English views the language as being divided into several components;
these components interact with each other and form the rules of the language.
Structuralist approaches to teaching English help students learn through context.
Theoretically, the students learn how to piece the parts of English together into a more
complete understanding of the language.
How
it
applies
When you divide English into its basics, you reduce words into several categories, such
as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and particles. Every word falls into
one of these basic categories. The words individually have meanings which signify
objects, actions and situations in the real world. When combined into sentences, the
meanings are unique and often transcend the meanings of their components. Students
learn a language by using the parts and intuitively learning how they interact.
Many different methods and methodologies exist for the teaching of English. The variety
of methods are differentiated by their theories of language acquisition and the way the
courses, procedures and activities are structured. But at the most basic level, these
teaching methods will focus on at least one of the following: grammar, conversation
(vocabulary) or conversation (meaning). For example, Latin, which is no longer spoken,
is learned via a focus on grammar. French or German, on the other hand, are more
commonly learned via conversational methods, which are better suited to languages
currently
in
use.
English is both a verbal and a written language. As a result, the types of media for
English learners can be quite varied. Learners textbooks often include non-authentic
written materials (materials that have been created for the textbook) as well as original
materials
like
articles
from
newspapers
and
magazines.
Listening exercises and video clips are other kinds of media that can be used in or out of
the classroom and aid in a verbal and aural understanding of the language.
Internet and computer-based programs, games, puzzles and realia (objects) can also
be used to assist the students learning. These kinds of media are quite popular among
students,
being
more
fun
than
the
traditional
written
exercises.

Choosing material for lessons involves knowing your students level of English, interests
and preferences. Look for materials that will keep your students interest, that are
challenging enough to be encouraging but not so difficult that they will become
discouraged. Whenever possible, use up-to-date authentic materials that allow students
to see how much of their knowledge can be used in a real-life setting.
Experiment to discover the methods that work best for you as a teacher and what
media choices are most appreciated (and helpful) for your students. Enjoy being part of
their language learning goals!
Background
and
principles
Gattegno was an outsider to language education when Teaching Foreign Languages in
Schools was first published in 1963. The book conspicuously lacked the names of most
prominent language educators and linguists of the time, and for some time afterwards
Gattegnos works were only rarely cited in language education books and journals. He
was previously a designer of mathematics and reading programmes, and the use of
color charts and colored Cuisenaire rods in the Silent Way grew directly out of this
experience.
Gattegno was openly sceptical of the role the linguistic theory of his time had in
language teaching. He felt that linguistic studies may be a specialization [that] carry
with them a narrow opening of ones sensitivity and perhaps serve very little towards
the broad end in mind. The Silent Way is a special case of Gattegnos broader
educational principles. Gattegno developed these ideas to solve general problems in
learning, and he also applied them to his work in the teaching of mathematics and
spelling
in
the
mother
tongue.
Broadly,
these
principles
are:
Teachers should concentrate on how students learn, and their teaching should grow out
of this Imitation and drill are not the primary means by which students learn Learning
consists of trial and error, deliberate experimentation, suspending judgment, and
revising conclusions In learning, learners draw on everything that they already know,
especially their native language . The teacher should take care not interfere with the
learning process These principles situate the Silent Way in the tradition of discovery
learning,
that
sees
learning
as
a
creative
problem-solving
activity.
We know from Higgs Graph of Learner Needs that pronunciation is something that is
very important to beginner learners as it allows them to feel more comfortable when
speaking; teachers must be aware, however, that the more sounds differ between the
mother tongue and the second language, the higher the affective filter. A student
feeling too self-conscious will not be as willing to take the risks that are necessary when
learning a new language.
Learning
in
a
classroom
context
Pronunciation is an interesting area because when learning in a classroom context,
pronunciation isnt usually a major factor that influences comprehension however, it
may be when the learner uses the SL in the community. The value of teaching
pronunciation cannot be underestimated. Besides the difficulty of changing a bad habit
, early pronunciation instruction helps students understand how to form sounds that
are not found in their mother tongue, contributes to decoding ability and lowers the
affective filter. Some researchers suggest that pronunciation does not need to be taught
and will take care of itself over time. Others suggest that teaching pronunciation is
necessary. What do you think? It is very difficult to achieve native like pronunciation in
any language. Some language societies have greater tolerance of accents than others;
some even find certain accents more appealing. For example, many Canadian
documentaries are narrated by people with British accents. In some societies people
may appear to not understand someone whose accent does not approximate the native
speakers (e.g. Parisians or Muscovites). In some countries foreign accents are perfectly
acceptable in informal conversations based on helping give directions or sharing simple

small talk; however, in the same places the same accent may not be highly tolerated if
the person is a paid employee who needs to offer service or advice.
In order to avoid some of the pitfalls associated with poor pronunciation it is important
to hear as much of the target language (TL) as possible. This exposure to the TL can be
from the teacher, from films or media clips, songs or audio clips, guest speakers and
ones peers. In general, realistic goals surrounding pronunciation are: the pronunciation
should become smooth and natural
Intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners
Communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning
intended
by
the
speaker.
Pronunciation is an umbrella term that encompasses the interrelated areas of sounds,
phonetic
symbols,
stress,
intonation
and
rhythm.
Good pronunciation comes from a lot of technical knowledge on the part of the teacher
about placement of the mouth, etc. Most teachers in North America, unfortunately,
dont have this knowledge and therefore tend to pass it off as being unimportant but in
fact, as you progress in your fluency, pronunciation becomes more and more important.
Language learning needs a lot of practice and both mechanical and meaningful practice
lead to improved pronunciation. Only through practice will a skill become automatic and
drill-like activities are not always considered interesting. Nevertheless perception
practice is a good way to help learners distinguish between certain sounds.
The
method
emphasizes
The method emphasizes the autonomy of the learner; the teachers role is to monitor
the students efforts, and the students are encouraged to have an active role in learning
the language. Pronunciation is seen as fundamental; beginner courses start with
pronunciation, and time is spent practicing it in most lessons, even with advanced
students. The Silent Way uses a structural syllabus, and structures are constantly
reviewed and recycled. The treatment of vocabulary is different from the conventional
approach: time is spent using functional and versatile words but wider vocabulary is
only introduced as needed. Acquiring a wide vocabulary is seen as something that
students can to outside the class. Translation and rote repetition are avoided and the
language is usually practiced in meaningful contexts. Evaluation is carried out by
observation,
and
the
teacher
may
never
set
a
formal
test.
The teacher uses silence for multiple purposes in the Silent Way. It is used to focus
students attention, to elicit student responses, and to encourage them to correct their
own errors. Lven though teachers are often silent, they are still active; for example, they
use using hand gestures to help the students with their pronunciation and finger
correction to help them with grammar. Teachers also encourage students to help their
peers.
Silent Way teachers use specialized teaching materials. One of the hallmarks of the
method is the use of Cuisenaire rods, which can be used for anything from introducing
simple commands (Take two red rods and give them to her.) to representing objects
such as clocks and floor plans. The method also makes use of color association to help
teach pronunciation; there is a sound-color chart which is used to teach the language
sounds, colored word charts which are used for work on sentences, and colored Fidel
charts which are used to teach spelling.
Q. 2:- What is the importance of teaching prose and pronunciation skills of
English? Explain the objectives of teaching prose and techniques for teaching
pronunciation. (20)
Many people aspire to become teachers for different reasons. Some will have been
inspired by one of their own teachers, while others may just have an innate desire to
pass on knowledge and help children to develop into successful adults. Teaching is
certainly
a
rewarding,
yet
highly
challenging,
career.

Rewarding Helping children to learn and develop can be highly rewarding, and seeing
that light bulb moment when something that youve taught has been understood by a
student is a privilege. If you are passionate about your subject and can inspire that love
in your students, you are likely to have a lot of good days. Sometimes, getting that love
across takes a lot of practice, but practice makes perfect, so dont despair.
Stability
If you are lucky enough to land a permanent teaching contract, your income will be
stable with yearly rises as you move automatically up the main pay scale. This happens
because the majority of teachers become even better with every year they work. After 6
years, you would need to prove that you meet certain standards to move onto the upper
pay scale.
Pension
In the UK, teachers are automatically enrolled in the Teacher Pension Scheme with
generous contributions from the Local Authority in which you teach. There has recently
been a lot of unease with the pension scheme, as the government are looking to
increase employee contributions and reduce pension payouts. However, teachers will
hopefully still end up with a good sum upon retirement.
Colleagues
Schools, particularly secondary schools, can be large establishments with many
members of staff who are generally supportive of each other. This support network can
be vital when dealing with the stress of the job. Having someone to sound off to after an
incident or to lend you a bit of extra support with any troublesome students is always
helpful.
Long
holidays
One of the biggest benefits of teaching in the UK is the 13 weeks of holiday you get
each year. That sounds a lot to people in most jobs, but believe me, you will need it.
Contradictory to the beliefs of many, you will spend a lot of your holiday time marking,
planning lessons and filling in a lot of paperwork. It can, however, be nice to have
holidays
at
the
same
time
as
your
school-age
children.
While outlining your resume for a teaching position, you must come up with one or more
strong career objectives to support your education and work experience categories.
Defining exactly what it is that you hope to achieve through a teaching career can be a
challenge, but there are many noble and complementary objectives that may fit your
future
goals.
English as a Second Language (ESL) instructors teach reading and writing in English;
however, teaching effective communication skills is also an important objective.
Teaching students to carry out conversations about topics relating to everyday life will
help them gain a better grasp of the English language, develop new relationships and
have a better understanding of the world around them.
Provide
a
Positive
Learning
Environment
A teacher who truly cares about her students will have a positive effect on their
learning. With many students coming from dysfunctional families, broken homes and
busy households, an objective that defines the importance of creating and providing an
environment in which children can be free to be learn and be creative is highly
commendable. Teaching is all about students and their welfare, so using this goal as a
main objective on your resume shows that you will always have your students best
interests and welfare at heart while working in your new position.
Inspire
Students
and
Instill
a
Love
for
Learning
Helping students realize what their strengths are and inspiring them to excel in their
studies is a teaching resume objective that will potentially aid students for a lifetime.
Instilling self-confidence in children and motivating and encouraging them is always an

instructors primary goal. Developing students proficiencies for use in future projects
and professions is what teaching is all about. As a prospective teacher, realizing the
impact you may have on young lives is important from the very beginning of your
career. The fruits of your diligent labor and personal attention to individual students will
affect young minds for years to come.
Establish
Guidelines
and
Routines
A great objective, especially for new teachers, is to establish guidelines and class
curricula that can be used for future instructors and classes. Each time a teacher
finishes with a class they will have new or revised methods of instruction, motivation or
inspiration to improve or expand upon their teaching methods, and their teaching
expertise will improve with each room of fresh new faces.
To
Continue
Learning
and
Growing
Teachers, as well as students, must continue their education to stay effective in their
profession. Learning is not just for students. Keeping up to date with new trends, laws
and skills in the classroom is vital for the effective instructor. To continue learning
educational essentials and methods of classroom management is a resume objective
that shows flexibility and an interest in ongoing training, classroom improvements and
new teacher requirements. This will also make a teacher more marketable and easier to
cross-train
for
positions
in
other
departments.
All writing is art, and this maxim holds true for writing a teacher evaluation, as well.
College students probably wont realize that they are being asked if a teacher has met
the goals and objectives for a course; they may simply feel flattered that they are being
asked for their opinion. After all, most teacher evaluations are titled Student Evaluation
of Teaching Effectiveness or Student End-of-Course Survey. But have no doubt about
it: students responses will teem with information about whether a teacher has fulfilled
the expectations for a course if an evaluation is written with the right quantitative and
qualitative questions.
Objectives
Ask the students to read a paragraph regarding an everyday topic and then have them
discuss the ideas in teams of two or hold a group discussion. Your teaching objectives
are to assist them to develop critical thinking skills, predict outcomes, understand cause
and effect, make comparisons and enable them to hypothesize. For example, you might
have them read a paragraph about surfing the Internet, then discuss the pros and cons
or Internet use. Ask them to locate specific websites such as a good online dictionary
and thesaurus.
Recommended
Topics
Combine a conversational topic with a vocabulary lesson. Allow the students to choose
a topic of interest to them from a list of six or seven general subjects and then provide
them with corresponding nouns, verbs, adverbs and terms to use in a conversation
regarding that topic. Choose universal topics such as food and ask the students to
discuss cooking, their favorite food, or to role-play ordering food from a menu at a
restaurant. Other suggested topics include the weather, sports, animals and love and
relationships.
Role-playing
An effective and fun way to teach adult students English is to have them role-play
various roles in the community in teams of two. Allow them to choose the characters
they wish to play. Some suggestions include a police officer giving a parking ticket,
buying a specific item at a store or a visit to the doctor or dentist. Have the students
exchange roles so each gets to role-play a conversation in the community twice.
Intermediate
Conversation
Give small groups of students a specific scenario involving a problem they must solve
together. One task could be to make a list of items they would need for survival, if lost

in the woods. Once they have made a list, they will need to explain how to use the
items
to
survive
or
successfully
make
it
out
of
the
woods.
One cause for assessment anxiety is confusion about what assessment means and
about its purpose. In the minds of many community members and parents, assessment
means testespecially a high-stakes state test. For students, assessment often is
perceived as a means of competing with classmates for the highest grade instead of as
a mile marker on the journey to increased knowledge and understanding.
All assessments are created to serve some purpose, whether to diagnose a learning
disability, to identify a student who needs remediation, or to determine whether a
school district has met its achievement goals. However, no one assessment serves all of
these purposes well. Standardized, summative assessmentsthose high-stakes tests
are designed to provide information on the performance of districts and schools so
resources and support can be well targeted. But for classroom teachers, that
information is incomplete. The results might tell teachers which students in their classes
have not mastered a reading comprehension objective, but they do not tell what kind of
instruction those students need to master the objective or what errors in thinking led to
the incorrect answers. To get that kind of information, teachers need the results
provided by the consistent use of classroom-based formative assessments.
Q 3:- Describe the objectives of teaching poetry. How can we teach poetry
effectively and can test the learning of poetry? (20)
A theme is not simply a topic that a poet chooses to write about. A theme also includes
what a poet thinks or feels about the subject. Poetry themes are as varied as the
experiences that make up human life. Themes like life and death, love, loneliness and
nature occur often in poetry; however, there is no limitation on what is an appropriate
subject for a poem.
Love
and
Nature
Whether a poet is currently in love with someone or has lost her love, the simple act of
loving occurs again and again in poetry. Another common theme is nature, which
includes what the poet thinks or feels about experiencing the natural environment or
about surviving a natural disaster. How a poet feels about important life events such as
illness, loneliness or grieving the death of a loved one arises often as a theme in poetry.
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Celebrations
and
Devotion
A poets insights about the experience of a holiday or celebration are conventional
themes found in poetry. Holiday-themed poetry often appears in greeting cards or might
be written in advance of the event as a gift. Poetry with a devotional theme revolves
around a poets experience with the divine and can also appear in the form of a prayer.
Mythology is yet another theme found in conventional poetry. The journey of a hero on
an adventure is the major theme in epic poetry.
Cliches
Since some themes show up so often, common themes can become a cliche. The
purpose of a poem is to share an extraordinary insight the poet has. This aim will not be
accomplished, however, if a reader has heard a love poem or a lament so many times
that the idea of reading another one drives him away. The way to avoid cliche in poetry
is to write concretely from an unusual perspective that jolts the reader into reading the
poem to the end.
Unconventional
Themes
Unconventional themes can provide a relief from over-used subject matter. Poems
describing states of consciousness and politics occur with less frequency and offer a

challenge to the poet to avoid abstract language, which can make a poem banal. Poems
describing the horrors of war and the effect it has on people and the landscape is a less
familiar theme in poetry. Another unconventional theme in poetry is curiosity about the
future.
Music:
Music is the first essential of poetry, which is verbal music. The skill full poet varies this
music to suit his subject so that the sound of the lines helps us to understand their
meanings clearly.
Vision:
Vision is the second essential of poetry. A great poet is seen. The poet has a great
power of seeing and feeling things around him. In many places where there is a shy,
and subtle beauty that most of us would never see, a poets eye discovers it and his
voice makes it plain to us. All true poetry is the product of vision of imagination.
Imagery:
We mean by imagery the suggestion of vivid mental picture of image, by the skilful of
use of words. It is due to the poets gift imagination, which makes him talk in picture.
Emotion:
Emotion is the essential of poetry; there must be the expressions of deep feeling
whether of love or hate, of joy or pain, of admiration or contempt etc.
Refinement:
Refinement is essential that poetry should be refined in thought and language also that
it should have a refining influence upon the mind of reader. The spirit of great poets
work
is
optimistic
rather
than
pessimistic.
Harmony:
The poet secures harmony of thought and expression in a poem just as a painter must
secure harmony of form and color.
Poetry
as
Music:
Verbal music does not depend only on the musical sounds of the word but also on the
rhythm. The music of poetry is produced by combination of lovely rhythm with sweet
sounding words. To consider the way in which the poet obtain some of their musical
effects.
How
can
teach
effectively:
The teacher can dramatize a poem in the classroom. It will create interest in the
learners and make poetry come alive. For example, there are three characters in the
poem. The son, the father and the mother. He wants to watch the TV, but his parents do
not allow him to do so. A child debates watching TV with his parents.
Categories
of
rhyme
Rhyming is not always present in poetry as it comes and goes with literary fashion.
When it is present, it falls into three distinct types. Rhyming can depend on similarity of
sound, relation to cadence, or position in the line or stanza. Being able to discern these
differences in rhyming poetry will help you better understand the style and the intent of
the writer. Words rhyming together give a musical sound that is why rhyme is so much
used in poetry. Vowel and consonant sounds contains onomatopoeia, Alliteration,
Repetition also. In repetition words, phrase, sentence and refrain are important.
Similarity
Rhymes
What comes to most peoples minds when they hear the word rhyme is similarity in
sounds: fat/cat, fox/socks, sat/hat, and so on. This is known as rhyme by nature of
similarity. Often it is referred to as a full rhyme, a true rhyme or a perfect rhyme. This
sort of rhyming includes consonant rhyming as well, which pairs similar consonants with
different vowels as in limp/lump or bit/bet. Although writing poetry with this type of
obvious rhyme fell out of style in the 19th Century, it is still prevalent in todays
childrens literature and is also popular in Hip Hop, Rap and often in the chorus lyrics of

popular songs. Traditional rhyming poetry is also quite popular with jumping rope as the
participants recite the poetry in time with the ropes movements.
Rhymes
in
Stress
Patterns
Rhyming can also occur in poetry not only by simple sounds and words, but in words
that are stressed in the same manner. Take, for example, flying/dying, words that have
the same number of syllables and construction. The same goes for two- or three-syllable
words such as generate/venerate and captions/functions. The manner in which the
words are pronounced as well as their sounds are remarkably similar.
Rhymes
by
Position
Position in a line is very important when it comes to rhyming. Rhyming that occurs by
position includes the traditional end rhyme in which the last word to every line contains
a matching sound. Initial rhymes are those rhymes or alliterations that occur at the
beginning of a sentence. These types of rhymes do not have any rhymes in the center
of the line or on the end. In contrast, a medial rhyme is a rhyme that occurs at the
middle of the sentence and will rhyme with a word at the end of the sentence. This sort
of rhyme can also happen in various places in the same stanza and still count as a
rhyme by position.
Verbal
music
out
of
similar
sounds
Rhyming activities and games are popular for young children in the kindergarten age
group. Simple rhymes are a great way to teach kids. Rhyming teaches phonics and
promotes literacy. Rhyming games can also teach the alphabet and counting. Rhyming
activities can come in a number of different formats including worksheets, which stress
cognitive recognition through similar phonetic sounds, and out loud games, which do so
verbally.
On
the
Go
Rhyming
One kind of rhyming game is On the Go Rhyming. This is a game that :s great while on
a trip. The adult picks something out they see and says it out loud followed by another
word and then ask if the two words rhyme. They couple this with another word. For
example, the adult would say, Car, far. Do these two words rhyme?
Silly
Nursery
Rhymes
Silly Nursery Rhymes is another fun verbal rhyming game. Read a nursery rhyme with
a child. Then re-read it but substitute rhyming words into the nursery that dont belong
in it. For example, Hickory-dickory-dock, the mouse ran up the sock. Ask the
kindergartener what is wrong with the rhyme and invite them to make up their own
replacement words.
One
Potato,
Two
Potatoes
Rhyming songs are also a great activity for help learn to rhyme as well as teaching
other skills. A rhyming song that teaches counting is One Potato, Two Potato. The
lyrics
are:

One
potato,
two
potato,

Three
potato,
four,

Five
potato,
six
potato,

Seven potato, more!

Fish
A rhyming song that kindergartners can sing that focuses more on rhyming than
counting
is
Fish.
The
Fish
Song
lyrics
are:

Pretty
little
goldfish

One,
two,
three,
four,
five,

I
caught
a
fish
alive.
Six,
seven,
eight,
nine,
ten,

let

him

go

again!

 Why did I let him go? Because he bit my finger so. Which finger did he bite?
The little one on the right.
Rhyming Worksheets
Rhyming worksheets are another great way to teach kids rhyming. There are many
different formats these can take, but most involve the child recognizing pictures of two
objects that rhyme. For example, make two columns of objects that rhyme, but are
jumbled up. Have the child draw lines from the pictures in one column to the picture in
the second that rhymes with it. There are numerous online resources that provide
printable worksheets for teaching rhymes.
Q. 4 What are the problems of English composition in Pakistan? Enumerate
some basic rules and principles for writing correct English. (20)
It is indispensable in our daily life to live without communication. People need to talk
teach other to convey their thoughts and to execute the daily life works. We can say
that we need communication to move further in our life. It is clearly observed that even
the people who are not bestowed with the ability to speak, they need communication,
and they have their own ways to express their thoughts. In short, the significance of
communication cannot be ignored at all. In case of people who have been gifted with
the ability to talk, communication is much easier. But here the question rises that it is
really about only communication. If so, then what is the significance of verbal
communication when the deaf and dumb people can do it as well? Here it is important
to understand the role of pronunciation in communication which makes the difference.
Pronunciation is an aspect of verbal communication which makes it more effective and
attractive. Therefore, the significance of pronunciation becomes highly considerable in
the process of verbal communication. Speakers of a particular language have a very
depend strong impact of the sounds of the alphabet on their pronunciation. There are
certain sounds which every language possesses. Most of the sounds which a language
has seem to be similar, but they are not pronounced in the exact manner. There are
certain differences in pronunciation. Therefore, when a person speaks any non-native
language, he has to face certain sound difficulties. For example, the Japanese do not
have the sound of r in their language. Therefore they have to use an alternative sound
available in their language according to their convenience. While pronouncing the sound
r, they pronounce I sound. Similarly, the Arabic language does not have p sound and
they replace it with b sound. But there are many other factors present which affect the
mispronunciation
of
sounds
Written communication permeates our lives, so the ability to communicate through
writing is essential in the academic world, professional environment and everyday life.
Students write papers and essays from elementary school through graduate school.
Business professionals write reports, emails and memos regularly, if not daily. Nearly
everyone engages in written communication for personal reasons, whether its emailing
a long-distance family member or chatting with friends on social networking sites. Being
an
effective
writer
makes
these
communications
more
productive.
Effective communicators know how to write concisely. They do not use needless words
just to fill space. They write thoughtfully, selecting words carefully to ensure they
convey their message in as few words as they can. Strong writing isnt about using big
words or lots of words. Instead, it is about keeping writing as brief and clear as possible.
In doing so, readers will better understand the message, making the written document
more
effective.
Effective written communication could mean the difference when youre trying to land
your dream job; prevent your promotion after you land the job; or prohibit your success
in the academic world. To break down barriers in written communication, dont rush
when writing because writing too quickly often leads to errors that cause

misunderstandings. Avoid misunderstandings by reviewing your writing before you

submit it. Clear written communication is an important aspect in any business or
academic correspondence.
Speech
Organs
The sounds of English and Urdu are certainly different from each other. The Pakistani
students mix them up and try to shape their speech organs according to sounds of Urdu
while pronouncing English sounds which distorts it.
Connected
Speech
It is a craze to speak fluently among Pakistani students. While attempting fluency
misspeaking skill, they become unconscious of the rules of connected speech and make
mistakes in pronunciation unwittingly.
Small
Stuff
Incorrect grammar or spelling errors may seem a trivial detail in correspondence such
as an e-mail, but lazy writing can distract the reader from the point you are trying to
make. While its unavoidable to make an error on occasion, when your text is full of
them, negative consequences such as job loss or course failure can follow. Minor errors
can indicate that you are uneducated or careless. For example, avoid common spelling
mistakes, including using to instead of too, and loose instead of lose when
referring to something thats lost. Know when to use their, there and theyre, for
instance. Always remember to spell-check your work, and, if possible, find someone to
edit your work before you submit it.
Topic
of
the
Correspondence
Writers often include useless information instead of focusing on the target, but the
message is communicated more easily by leading with the topic of the discussion.
Follow the text by flails about the topic. You can clearly communicate any additional
information by using the word also or the phrase I should also note. Separate your
writing into paragraphs when writing about side topics. By breaking your text into
chunks, the reader can more easily follow the flow of your discussion.
Basic
principles
and
rules
for
good
writing
Any literate person is able to sit down and write something, but the effort is useless
without knowing the components of good writing. Writing is more than putting words on
a page. Your work needs to speak to your target audience in a compelling way that
prompts them to keep reading and teaches them something.
Strong
Structure
Written communication is generally most effective when it follows an elementary
sentence structure. The basic subject-verb-object sentence structure that writers first
learn in elementary school works just as well in doctoral dissertations and business
reports. This structure eliminates confusion and easily walks the reader through the
sentence. Ultimately, this improves the effectiveness of the communication and the
message. Awkwardly structured sentences run the risk of misplaced modifiers and other
grammatical errors that weaken or obscure meaning.
Proper
Tone
Tone can be one of the most difficult things to accurately convey in a written piece of
communication. Effective communicators have the ability to use the right tone in their
documents. For example, a cover letter should have an authoritative yet persuasive
tone. An encouraging email to a friend should be positive and uplifting. Strong writers
are able to use the correct language to convey the tone of the message they want to
transmit to their readers.
Focus
Effective communications are also well focused. Writers do not stray from the topic or
go off on tangents. Often, a thesis statement, for academic papers in particular, helps

writers keep their focus. Their arguments have to relate directly to the thesis, helping
keep the paper on track. In non-academic works, writers can use a similar tactic to
maintain focus. Think of the overall goal of the work and ensure that every sentence
you include helps move readers toward that goal.
Firm
Structure
A well-written paper must have a direct purpose to keep the reader tuned in. Determine
what information you want the reader to take away from your writing. Create your paper
keeping that direct purpose in mind the whole time, incorporating it into every section.
Write using clear, decisive wording so your reader doesnt start to second-guess your
message. Avoid words such as May or might since they make it sound like you
arent sure of yourself, stripping some of the direct impact from your work.
Credibility
When you make a claim while writing something, provide information to espouse your
point. Avoid unsupported statements, opinions or speculation that will otherwise make
your reader stumble while reading. When using numbers and statistics, give exact
numbers and back up your statement with fact. For example, saying something like
thousands of people die every day due to squirrel attacks is an interesting assertion,
but you must provide proof to add credibility to your statement. Government agencies,
colleges and reputable organizations offer solid references to your work.
Appropriate
Language
and
Grammar
Know your target audience thoroughly, and tailor your writing to your audience. When
your audience reviews the work, it must come off as easy to understand, compelling to
read and informative. For example, when writing a childrens story, use small words
suitable for your audience and themes that will capture the childrens attention. If you
write a childrens book as thick as a medical text and just as confusing, no child will
want to sit down and read it. Grammar also plays a big part in the writing. Improper use
of words and punctuation can turn a reader off your writing.
Creativity
Stale writing that provides simple facts without any personality grows old quickly. While
you must stick to the facts, injecting a little of your personality into your writing wont
hurt. This gives your work a personable touch that your readers can identify with and
appreciate. Expressing your ideas from a personal point of view helps your readers view
a subject in a light they didnt consider before as well. Adding a creative aspect to your
writing also helps separate it from other works, which is refreshing to readers.
Written communication can be more effective than a spoken conversation, because you
have time to think about what you are writing. You can employ several techniques to
make the most of that extra time and enhance your written pieces. If you apply these
writing techniques consistently, your pieces are more likely to be read, and the reader
will understand exactly what you are trying to convey.
Clarity
Written communications biggest advantage is that it is clearer than a verbal
conversation. When one person is listening to another, he might miss part of what is
said or misinterpret it. Written communication lays out the words, which means it is
critical to choose the right vocabulary and be clear in what you say. Do not be vague;
write specifically what you mean, and give examples if appropriate. Conclude with
action words that spell out the response you are seeking, whether it is an answer to a
specific question, an action on the readers part or something else. Keep the piece as
objective as possible rather than interjecting emotion that could confuse the reader or
make him defensive.
Brevity
Time is a valuable commodity for just about everyone. Keep the piece itself short, and
use concise sentences and brief paragraphs that are written in the active voice. If you

write a long communication piece and riddle it with passive sentences, the reader may
not get through all of it, because she does not have enough time. She may even toss it
to the side and not read it at all. Your work is much more likely to be read immediately
and thoroughly if you make it short and to the point. This brevity also shows respect for
your readers time, which will give her a better overall impression of you.
Accuracy
Thoroughly proofread any written communication piece before you send it out. Check it
for incorrect grammar, misspellings, use of the passive voice and other mechanical
flaws. Errors can create a bad impression, so it is vitally important that your written
communication be error-free. Pay attention to the tone, too, and make sure the piece
does not contain anything that the reader may accidentally misinterpret.
Audience
Consider your audience, and aim your communication piece appropriately. Business
writing should have a formal tone. When you are writing to a friend, use a more
conversational tone and even interject some humor. If you are not sure whether a
written piece has the right tone, read it out loud. This makes it easier to tell how it will
come across to the reader, and it is also a good way to catch mistakes you might have
missed.