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Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO, CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Field Station, PO, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India
ABSTRACT: The cloves are grown as plantation crops in the agroclimatic conditions of the Indian island of
Little Andaman. The dried leaves, on hydrodistillation, gave 4.8% of the oil. GC and GCMS analysis of the
oil resulted in the identification of 16 compounds. The major compound was eugenol (94.4%) followed by caryophyllene (2.9%). The clove oil from Little Andaman was found to be comparable with the best oil produced
in south India in terms of its eugenol content. It is suggested that clove can be grown as an economically viable
crop in the Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshdeep islands. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KEY WORDS: Syzygium aromaticum; Myrtaceae; leaf oil; essential oil composition; eugenol; caryophyllene
Introduction
Source of cloves and their oil is the evergreen tree1
Syzygium aromaticum (Linn.) Merr. et. L.M. Perry [syn.
Eugenia caryophyllus (Spreng). Bullock and Harrison].
The clove tree is native to India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar,
East Africa, Indonesia and Haiti. The clove plantations in
India are localized in Kerala and Tamilnadu states. The
plant is extensively cultivated in the Malagasy Republic, Indonesia, Tanzania (Zanzibar and Pemba), Penang
and Sri Lanka. The unopened green fully-grown buds,
upon drying, are the cloves spice of commerce. The
leaves, unopened buds and unripe fruits are aromatic
and contain essential oil. The clove is known to be
a traditional medicinal plant used as an expectorant,
anti-emetic, stimulant, antiflatulent and for treatment of
dyspepsia. It is also used as an anodyne and antiseptic in dentistry. Three types of clove essential oils2 are
produced commerciallythe clove leaf, stem and bud
oils; all three are extensively used in the flavour and fragrance industry. These oils are produced in all the clove
cultivation countries in proportion of their clove production. The major constituents of the clove essential oils
are eugenol, -caryophyllene, -humulene and humulene epoxide. These constituents are known to possess
antibacterial3 antifungal4 and anticarcinogenic5 properties. On account of various biological activities, clove
oils find uses in toothpaste, mouthwashes, soaps and
other cosmetic items. Because the technical use of clove
*Correspondence to: S. K. Srivastava, Central Institute of Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
CIMAP Communication No. 2001-IIJ
Experimental
Plant Material
GC analysis of the oil was performed on a PerkinElmer GC 8500, using a fused silica capillary column
(25 m 0.55 mm, film thickness 0.25 m), coated with
335
The volatile oil was obtained by conventional hydrodistillation of S. aromaticum leaves in a Clevenger-type
Table 1. Percentage composition of Syzygium aromaticum (Linn.) Merr. et L. M. Perry, leaf oil from Little
Andaman
References
S.No.
Components
RI
Percentage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
(E )--Ocimene
Linalool
Terpinen-4-ol
Nerol
Eugenol
-Copaene
-Caryophyllene
-Humulene
(E,E )--Farnesene
-Cadinene
(E )-Nerolidol
-Caryophyllene oxide
Humulene oxide II
t-Cadinol
Cadalene
Hexadecyl acetate
1038
1086
1170
1230
1337
1377
1419
1453
1495
1519
1564
1575
1599
1626
1653
2010
0.03
0.08
0.03
0.79
94.41
0.04
2.91
0.36
0.06
0.18
0.03
0.67
0.07
0.07
0.18
0.09