ME&M I CH 2 - Screws 2011 PPT 2spp

Ch. 2.
Threaded Fasteners & Power Screws

the ridge (channel) usually of uniform section, in the form of a helix on the
external or internal surface of a cylinder or in the form of a conical spiral
on the external or internal surface of a cone or frustum of cone.
THREAD
directrix helix
generating profile
Threaded oil
sight glass cap
Cap
screw
Eye bolt
d1(d3)
Threaded pin
(setscrew /
grub screw)
d1(d3)
d2
directrix cylinder
d2
d
(1) Dedicated threaded components (fasteners) - screws, bolts,

studs, pins, nuts
(2) Various parts, threaded - caps, housings, wheels, etc
mart. 2011 - T. CICONE
1/50
ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws
Power screw applications

Turnbuckle
Micrometer
Pipe-vice
Screwjack with rotating nut
2/50
Thread functions (I)

Force amplifier
Joining/fastening
To exert/transmit forces
Sealing
Tensioning
Uploading
To adjust
To measure length
To convert rotational motion to linear motion (or vice versa)
INFO
Self locking Mechanism
WWW.BOLTSCIENCE.COM
Threaded Fastener
Power screw
3/50
Thread functions (II)

Convert rotary motion
Bolt
Jack Screw
of either the screw or

the nut into translation
Clamped
parts
of the mating member

F
Split lock
washer
Hex Nut
Clamping screw =
along the screw axis.

Also called
Lead screws
Translation screws
Linear actuators
Th d d fastener
Threaded
f
=
Bolt-and-nut assembly /joint
FUNCTION A
Fasten / Assembly / Join / Fix / Clamp
Rotating screw Translating screw

Rotating nut Translating screw
Rotating nut Translating nut
Rotating screw Translating nut
4/50
Screw thread forms

triangle
p
0.12p
R=0.137p
60
0.12p
p/2
60
55
60
0.87p
0.61p
0.54p
Unified National (inch size)

(a)
Whitworth Standard
(b)
p
0.37p
p/2
29
p/2
p
p/2
p/2
Sharp V
(c)
square
0.16p
p/2
p/2
45
0.66p
ACME (Trapezoidal)
( )
(e)
Square
( )
(e)
ISO Metric
(d)
Knuckle
( )
(g)
Buttress
(f)
trapezoid
arc of circle
reduced stress
concentrator
POWER SCREWS
one directional loading
5/50
Metric screw - Dimensions

Pitch, p
Internal thread
Crest (major) dia

(NOMINAL), d
d2=D2
Pitch (mean)
dia, d2
Root (minor)
dia, d1(d3 )
External thread
Axis of
symmetry
Pitch, p
H/8
nut
H2
H1
H1=5H/8=0.541p
H/2
H/4
d2=D2
Type
screw
D1
screw & nut axis
SPECIFICATIONS
H 2=H 1-H/16=0.487p
H/16
D
H=0.866p
60
d1
H/6
M 40 1.5 LH
p
d
6/50
Other details
Helix direction
Class of tolerances
No of starts
Metric screw - Classification

Thread series (pitch)
Coarse
Helix direction
Left hand
Number of starts
Single thread
Fine
Right hand
Double thread
Extra-fine
E t fi
l
l
p
end of thread
end of thread
2
(a) Single thread right hand
Lead, l
2
(b) Double thread left hand
end of thread
Pas
Pitch, p
7/50
Pas aparent
Threaded fasteners - Terminology (I)

Screw head
Shank diameter- d0
usually about same as
nominal
i l diameter
di
t
Helix angle,
Pitch, p
Shank
Runout
(end of thread)
Screw
body
Reduced shank
Elasticized bolt
Thread
Crest
Minor(root)
diameter, d1 (d3)
Major (nominal)
diameter, d
d0 > d
d0 < d
Fillet
Root
Tip
Enlarged shank
Shoulder bolt
(fitted bolt)
Thread: type, d & p, details

Body: type, length, (d0)
Head & Tip type
8/50
Threaded fasteners - Terminology (II)

washer
clearance
grip
length of
the screw
length of
engagement
clearance
(a) Cap Screw
(b) Bolt & nut
grip
length of
engagement
(c) Stud & nut

(d) Threaded rod & nuts

9/50
Types of screws
Thread
cutting
screws
Round head
screw
Flat head
screw
Oval head
screw
Fillister head
screw
Cross-recessed
Hexagon-socket
head screw (Phillips) head screw
Round head
square neck screw
Hex head
screw
Hex flange
head screw
Square head
screw
Socket setscrews
Cone point
Flat point
Oval point
Half-dog point
Thread
forming
screws
Cup point
10/50
Types of nuts
Square nut
Weld nut
Anchor nut
Cap (acorn)
nut
Hex plain nut

(Jam nut)
Speciality nut
Serrated nut
Castle nut
Wing nut
Panel nut
Speed nut
Flanged nut
Palnut nut
11/50
Spring nut
Barrel prong
nut
Types of washers
Flat washer
External tooth
countersunk
lockwasher
Conical washer with

hardened teeth.
(Serrated washer)
Internal tooth
lockwasher
Coil spring washer

Helical spring/Split
spring/ Lockwasher
Conical spring
(Belleville)
12/50
Materials
Power screw - power & motion transmission ACME/Square/Buttress
HARD / SOFT - to prevent excessive wear and seizure at high speed
STEEL / Cast iron, bronze
Fasteners - assembly
Metric - M
Normal application - low or medium carbon steel
SCREW
Important application - alloy steel (Mo, Ti, Ni-Cr)

Special application - brass, high-resistance plastics
Phosphorous wrought steel, alloy steel, plastics
NUT
MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
M40 15 - 6.8
SCREW
Y = min 68 10MPa
u = min 6100MPa
M40 - 6
NUT
13/50
Technology (I)
Chip removal (cutting) of external thread
External thread cutting with die

Tap Drill
(Drill bit)
Reaming
Drilling
Threading
Counterboring
crest
d0
60
minor diameter diameter d

of the thread
L drill
depth
chamfer
cc45
45
Taper Tap
14/50
Technology (II)
Thread milling
Thread cutting (lathe)
Thread rolling = cold forming process

Plastic deformation (rolling or forming)
.VS.
Chip removing processes
15/50
Forces and moments acting in a screw pair (I)

directrix helix
generating profile
r r
r r
T + Ff + N + F = 0
tan 2 =
d2
d1(d3)
d1(d3)
d2
directrix cylinder
Coulomb friction model
F f = N
tan( ) =
d2
d
T cos 2 N F sin 2 = 0
T sin 2 + N F cos 2 = 0
F
T
2
b) unwind thread
d1
Ff
friction between
threads
d2
a) detail of a square thread

with a part of a nut
load
displacement
c) screwing up
(tightening)
16/50
T = F tan ( 2 + )
Forces and moments acting in a screw pair (II)

T = F tan( 2 )
Screwing down (loosening)
2
F
Self-locking
Self
locking condition
(No overhauling)
2 <
/2
N
Ff
Inclined flank of the thread
2 <
Ff = N * =
*=
cos( 2 )
N
cos( 2 )
tan *= *
T = F tan 2 *
M t1 = T
Tightening torque
d2
d
= F 2 tan 2 *
2
2
17/50
Forces and moments acting in a screw pair

a) Collar (constant contact pressure)
S 2
(i)
c rp 2r d r = c
Mt2 =
D0 2
(ii)
M t 2 = c FRm
F S 3 D03
3 S 2 D02
Rm =
p=const
.
F
S + D0
4
Do
b) Bearing surface (constant contact pressure)

S
r
F
dd00
dr
d0 2
Mt2 =
d
r c p( 2r d r ) = c F 0
3
18/50
Conclusions
Total torque M tot = M t1 + M t 2 = F d 2 tan ( 2 * ) + c FRm = K F
2
Lw (1215) d
K (0.15 0.20 ) d
M tot = KF = Lw S a
(a) F = (60 100) S a
The thread is an important force amplifier
(b) The total axial load acting upon the screw can not be accurately known
Lw
Sa
19/50
Torque - Axial Load Relationship

M tot = F
50,0
d2
tan 2 * + c FRm = K F
2
Tig
ghtening Torque, Mt` [Nm]
=0.4
40,0
c =
M101.5
=0.2
=0.1
30,0
=0.05
Mt123Nm
20,0
=0.01
10 0
10,0
no friction
0,0
0
10000
20000
F 19 kN !
30000
Axial force F , [N]

20/50
40000
50000
F 46 kN !
10
Total Torque Efficiency

100%
Friction on
collar
14%
M101.5
31%
Torque
80%
36%
39%
41%
%
19%
60%
41%
48%
40%
52%
66%
20%
Useful
Torque
54%
28%
16%
0%
=0.01
Friction in
threads
=0.05
=0.1
9%
5%
=0.2
=0.4
21/50
Efficiency of a threaded pair

=
Lu
Li
Lu = Fp
input work
Li = 2M tot
=0.01 ( =0.6o)
only for threaded pair Li = 2M t1
=0.05 ( =3 )
=0.1 ( =5.7o)
o
0.8
Efiiciency,
Collar friction neglected
useful work
Fp
tan 2
=
d 2T tan 2 + *
( 2 )max = 41 42
=0.2 ( =11.3o)
0.6
( 2 )typical
t i l = 2 6
0.4
square thread
ISO Metric thread
0.2
0
0
10
20
30
40
Pitch angle, 2
50
22/50
60
11
Solutions for increased efficiency (I)

=0.01 ( =0.6 )
o
=0.05 ( =3o)
=0.1 ( =5.7o)
Efiiciency,
0.8
=0.2 ( =11.3o)
0.6
0.4
square thread
ISO Metric thread
0.2
Fp
tan 2
=
d 2T tan 2 + *
0
0
10
20
30
40
Pitch angle, 2
50
60
(ii) Hydrostatic screw
(i) Multiple start screw
tan 2 =
l
d2
For the same pitch,

p, 2 increases
Very low friction coefficient

23/50
Solutions for increased efficiency (II)

(iii) Ball screw
= 0.85...0.92
Multiple circuit ball screw
24/50
12
Solutions for increased efficiency (III)
(iv) Rolling element power screw

(Planetary roller-screw)
25/50
Planetary roller screw
Wikipedia
26/50
13
Preloaded fasteners in tension (I)

F 0
F00
F=0
F00
F=0
F0=0
ls
lf
F0
F0
c)
b)
a)
1. Preloading=tightening F0
2. Operation, F
27/50
Preloaded fasteners in tension (II)
Robert Norton
28/50
14
Joint stiffness
BOLT
STIFFNESS
1
l
=
k EA
PART STIFFNESS
l
1
1
= = i
k s/f
k
E
i
i
i
i Ai
EQUIVALENT
STIFFNESS
S
FFNESS
l1
CLAMPED PARTS STIFFNESS

d0
1
1 1
= +
k f k1 k 2
1
1 1
1
1
= + +
k f k1 k 2 k gasket k gasket
unconfined
gasket
confined
O-ring
O -ring
1
l2
1 1 4l 1 4l 2
=
+
k s E d 02 d 22
29/50
Joint stiffness FEM analysis

FEM
model
F=24 kN
Di=17 mm
Do=20 mm
pm=275
275 MP
MPa
pmax=347 MPa
Simplified
model
60
30/50
15
Joint diagram - Preload

k f = tan( f ) l f =
F0
kf
l s =
Joint
compression
line
F0
ks
k s = tan( s )
Bolt extension line
F0
Extension
Compression
ls
lf
31/50
Joint diagram - Applied force

Bolt force increase
ls
F
Fz
b)
a)
F 0
kf
Residual
clamping force
lf
ls
c)
force
decrease
F0
ks
F0
F
F0 Joint clamp
Total force in the bolt Ft
F0
lf
Fz
F0
F00
F=0
F00
F=0
F0=0
F = Fz + F0
Ft = F0 + Fz
32/50
F0 = F0 F0
16
Joint diagram - Forces & Practical conclusions

Fz = F
Bolt force increase
ks
ks + k f
Ft = F0 + Fz = F0 + F
Total force in the bolt
ks
ks + k f
kf
Joint clamp force decrease
F0 = F
Residual clamping force
F0 = F0 F0 = F0 F
ks + k f
kf
ks + k f
Objectives
ks
=
ks + k f
Ft
Low force in the bolt
CONTRADICTION
High residual force in the joint
kf
F0
ks + k f
33/50
1+
1
kf
1+
1
ks
ks
kf
Joint diagram Parametric analysis
Ft
F*t
F0
F0
F 0
F 0
l
ls
34/50
17
Joint diagram - Variable loading & Practical conclusions

Reduced shank down to the stress
diameter of the bolt in this regions
to reduce the bolt stiffness
Elastic bolts for

connecting rod big end
Fz
Ft
F0
Elastic bolts
F0
F0
Rigid clamped parts
35/50
Threaded fasteners - Preload control

measurement of torque applied to the fastener during tightening;
(dynamometric wrench)
measurement of change in the length of the fastener (bolt elongation)
turn of the nut method (control nut rotation)
the use of Torque-Limited Fasteners (controlled-tension break-away bolts)
the use of Load-Indicating Washers.
Load Indicating Washers

Torque-Limited
Fasteners
outer ring
inner ring
plane washer
36/50
18
Bolt failures
15%
(A)Failure through the shank or

threaded section of the fastener
20%
65%
Stress concentrators
true
average
(B) Failure of the threaded part

Stripping of the external or internal thread
Wear of the mating surfaces
www.boltscience.com
Plastic deformation of the turns

Rupture of the turns
37/50
Bolt failures - Vise Power Screw
38/50
19
Thread Strength Calculation - Bearing Pressure

FOR Power Screws ONLY
ASSUMPTION
Uniform load repartition among the engaged turns
P=F/z
P=F/z
1. Contact stress
F/z
Bolt
Contact surface - plane & annular
h/2
Nut
d1(d3)
D1
d2 (D2)
H1
d2
a
D4
30K80MPa fixed
5K30MPa mobile
k =
ak =
F/z
(d
D12
F/z
< ak
d 2 H1
39/50
Thread Strength Calculation - Bending & Shear

FOR Power Screws ONLY
2. Bending stress
Screw
d d
b =
1( 3)
d1(3) g
F/z
Cantilever beam
<
P=F/z
Bolt
h/2
ab
Nut
d1(d3)
D1
d2 (D2)
Nut
F D4 D2
2
z
<
b =
ab
2
D4 g
6
H1
a
d2
h
D4
3. Shear stress (Stripping)

s =
F/z
< as
d1( 3) g
Compound stress
Screw
s =
F/z
< as Nut
D1 g
eq = b2 + 4 s2 < at
40/50
20
Stress Repartition
Uniform load repartition among the
engaged turns - CRITICIZABLE
Elasticized nut
bolt
nut
P
Force flow lines
clamped
memeber
50%
30%
20%
Number of mating
threads z=max 10
41/50
Thread Strength Calculation

FOR Threaded Fasteners ONLY
No need to calculate standard fastening screws BUT for BODY STRESSES
Thread standard dimensions are designed

g
for equal
q strength
g with screw bodyy
Cap screws
(
)
Number of mating threads
z=max 10
p 0.1K 0.2 d
Nuts & Bolt head m 0.8d
D0 (1.5K1.8) d
Length of engagement
=max (1.0-2.0) d
Equal strength contact

surface & screw body
No need to calculate standard fastening screws

BUT for BODY STRESSES
m
D0
42/50
21
Screw Body Strength Calculation - Static loading

15%
A. Centrally loaded bolts
20%
65%
Critical cross-section - threaded zone

Effective cross-section - root diameter
true
1 Traction/Compression
1.
t ,c =
2. Torsion
F
d12(3)
average
(= at ,c )
M t1
16
d13(3)
d1
Mt
Compound stress
eq = 2 + 4 2 < at
43/50
Screw Body Strength Calculation - Time variable loading

Traction - fluctuating cycle
Fz
Ft
Fmin = F0
F0
Fm = F0 +
F0
F0
v = 0
Fz
2
4 Fv
v =
d12(3)
1
K v
c = c
m
ceq =
Fz
2
4 Fm
d12(3)
c =
Torque - constant during variable loading
16 M t
16M
m =
d13(3)
m =
Fmax = F0 + Fz
44/50
Fv =
m
c
c cv
c2 + cv2
22
Screw Dimensioning
Total torque Mtot not known -- estimated with
A. Statically loaded
d 1(3) >
4 F
= 1 .2 1 .5
at
Typical value
=1.3
B. Variable (dynamically) loaded

d2
F0 = (0.6 0.8) Y 1
4
45/50
Fasteners in shear
A) Clearance
B) Close fit
l1
l2
d0
F=
1. Bearing pressure k =
2. Shear stress
46/50
T
d0 l min
s =
4T
d02
23
Locking devices
Prevail screw loosening (nuts, washers or else)
Principle of the operation

Free-spinning locknuts
(A) Solutions which exert supplementary forces into
h assembly
bl nut andd jam nut, split-lock
l l k washer,
h
the
spring head, etc.
Slotted nut
Prevailing torque locknuts

(B) Solutions which do not exert supplementary loads
into the assembly (which use the shape or the
friction force in order to lock the assembly) cotter
pin and castle nut, pin-lock nut, distortion nut, etc.
Nut and split

spring washers
Castle nut
47/50
Locknuts
Elliptical or polygon locknut
Split locknut
(a)
Adhesive
(b)
Distorted threads
(c)
(d)
Pin locknut
Nylon insert
(e)
Nut & jam-nut
(g)
(f)
(h)
Nut & twistedtooth washer
Spring nut
Spring-top nut
(i)
48/50
(j)
(k)
24
Thread insert
Repairing solution
49/50
CONCLUSIONS
Operating Features / Applications
High force amplifier for clamping, sealing, tensioning, lifting, etc.
Adjustment of relative position (leading screw) in positioning devices
Transformation of the motion (rotation translation)
L
Length
h measurement
Positive Features
Shortcomings
High clamping load with moderate tightening force

Small overall dimensions
Great variety of design solutions, adapted to all types of applications
Simple technology
High stress concentration in the threaded zone (K 2...4)
Difficult to control exactly the clamping load
Requires supplementary solutions to secure clamping
Low mechanical efficiency
Does not ensure centering of the assembled parts
Does not provide sealing
50/50
25

ME&M I CH 2 - Screws 2011 PPT 2spp

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Ch. 2.

Threaded Fasteners & Power Screws

(1) Dedicated threaded components (fasteners) - screws, bolts,

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Power screw applications

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

Screwjack with rotating nut

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Thread functions (I)

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Thread functions (II)

of either the screw or

of the mating member

along the screw axis.

Rotating screw Translating screw

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Screw thread forms

Unified National (inch size)

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Metric screw - Dimensions

Crest (major) dia

screw & nut axis

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

Metric screw - Classification

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Threaded fasteners - Terminology (I)

Thread: type, d & p, details

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Threaded fasteners - Terminology (II)

(b) Bolt & nut

(c) Stud & nut

(d) Threaded rod & nuts

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Hex plain nut

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Conical washer with

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

Coil spring washer

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Normal application - low or medium carbon steel

Important application - alloy steel (Mo, Ti, Ni-Cr)

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

External thread cutting with die

minor diameter diameter d

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Thread cutting (lathe)

Thread rolling = cold forming process

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

ME&M I Cap. 2. Screws

Forces and moments acting in a screw pair (I)

Coulomb friction model

mart. 2011 - T. CICONE

a) detail of a square thread

Forces and moments acting in a screw pair (II)

Screwing down (loosening)

Inclined flank of the thread